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1. Retrotransposons Are the Major Contributors to the Expansion of the Drosophila ananassae Muller F Element.

Author

Leung W, Shaffer CD, Chen EJ, Quisenberry TJ, Ko K, Braverman JM, Giarla TC, Mortimer NT, Reed LK, Smith ST, Robic S, McCartha SR, Perry DR, Prescod LM, Sheppard ZA, Saville KJ, McClish A, Morlock EA, Sochor VR, Stanton B, Veysey-White IC, Revie D, Jimenez LA, Palomino JJ, Patao MD, Patao SM, Himelblau ET, Campbell JD, Hertz AL, McEvilly MF, Wagner AR, Youngblom J, Bedi B, Bettincourt J, Duso E, Her M, Hilton W, House S, Karimi M, Kumimoto K, Lee R, Lopez D, Odisho G, Prasad R, Robbins HL, Sandhu T, Selfridge T, Tsukashima K, Yosif H, Kokan NP, Britt L, Zoellner A, Spana EP, Chlebina BT, Chong I, Friedman H, Mammo DA, Ng CL, Nikam VS, Schwartz NU, Xu TQ, Burg MG, Batten SM, Corbeill LM, Enoch E, Ensign JJ, Franks ME, Haiker B, Ingles JA, Kirkland LD, Lorenz-Guertin JM, Matthews J, Mittig CM, Monsma N, Olson KJ, Perez-Aragon G, Ramic A, Ramirez JR, Scheiber C, Schneider PA, Schultz DE, Simon M, Spencer E, Wernette AC, Wykle ME, Zavala-Arellano E, McDonald MJ, Ostby K, Wendland P, DiAngelo JR, Ceasrine AM, Cox AH, Docherty JEB, Gingras RM, Grieb SM, Pavia MJ, Personius CL, Polak GL, Beach DL, Cerritos HL, Horansky EA, Sharif KA, Moran R, Parrish S, Bickford K, Bland J, Broussard J, Campbell K, Deibel KE, Forka R, Lemke MC, Nelson MB, O'Keeffe C, Ramey SM, Schmidt L, Villegas P, Jones CJ, Christ SL, Mamari S, Rinaldi AS, Stity G, Hark AT, Scheuerman M, Silver Key SC, McRae BD, Haberman AS, Asinof S, Carrington H, Drumm K, Embry T, McGuire R, Miller-Foreman D, Rosen S, Safa N, Schultz D, Segal M, Shevin Y, Svoronos P, Vuong T, Skuse G, Paetkau DW, Bridgman RK, Brown CM, Carroll AR, Gifford FM, Gillespie JB, Herman SE, Holtcamp KL, Host MA, Hussey G, Kramer DM, Lawrence JQ, Martin MM, Niemiec EN, O'Reilly AP, Pahl OA, Quintana G, Rettie EAS, Richardson TL, Rodriguez AE, Rodriguez MO, Schiraldi L, Smith JJ, Sugrue KF, Suriano LJ, Takach KE, Vasquez AM, Velez X, Villafuerte EJ, Vives LT, Zellmer VR, Hauke J, Hauser CR, Barker K, Cannon L, Parsamian P, Parsons S, Wichman Z, Bazinet CW, Johnson DE, Bangura A, Black JA, Chevee V, Einsteen SA, Hilton SK, Kollmer M, Nadendla R, Stamm J, Fafara-Thompson AE, Gygi AM, Ogawa EE, Van Camp M, Kocsisova Z, Leatherman JL, Modahl CM, Rubin MR, Apiz-Saab SS, Arias-Mejias SM, Carrion-Ortiz CF, Claudio-Vazquez PN, Espada-Green DM, Feliciano-Camacho M, Gonzalez-Bonilla KM, Taboas-Arroyo M, Vargas-Franco D, Montañez-Gonzalez R, Perez-Otero J, Rivera-Burgos M, Rivera-Rosario FJ, Eisler HL, Alexander J, Begley SK, Gabbard D, Allen RJ, Aung WY, Barshop WD, Boozalis A, Chu VP, Davis JS, Duggal RN, Franklin R, Gavinski K, Gebreyesus H, Gong HZ, Greenstein RA, Guo AD, Hanson C, Homa KE, Hsu SC, Huang Y, Huo L, Jacobs S, Jia S, Jung KL, Wai-Chee Kong S, Kroll MR, Lee BM, Lee PF, Levine KM, Li AS, Liu C, Liu MM, Lousararian AP, Lowery PB, Mallya AP, Marcus JE, Ng PC, Nguyen HP, Patel R, Precht H, Rastogi S, Sarezky JM, Schefkind A, Schultz MB, Shen D, Skorupa T, Spies NC, Stancu G, Vivian Tsang HM, Turski AL, Venkat R, Waldman LE, Wang K, Wang T, Wei JW, Wu DY, Xiong DD, Yu J, Zhou K, McNeil GP, Fernandez RW, Menzies PG, Gu T, Buhler J, Mardis ER, and Elgin SCR

Subjects
Animals, Base Composition genetics, Base Sequence, Codon genetics, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Genes, Insect, Histones metabolism, Protein Processing, Post-Translational genetics, Wolbachia genetics, Chromosomes genetics, Drosophila genetics, Retroelements genetics
Abstract

The discordance between genome size and the complexity of eukaryotes can partly be attributed to differences in repeat density. The Muller F element (∼5.2 Mb) is the smallest chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster , but it is substantially larger (>18.7 Mb) in D. ananassae To identify the major contributors to the expansion of the F element and to assess their impact, we improved the genome sequence and annotated the genes in a 1.4-Mb region of the D. ananassae F element, and a 1.7-Mb region from the D element for comparison. We find that transposons (particularly LTR and LINE retrotransposons) are major contributors to this expansion (78.6%), while Wolbachia sequences integrated into the D. ananassae genome are minor contributors (0.02%). Both D. melanogaster and D. ananassae F-element genes exhibit distinct characteristics compared to D-element genes ( e.g. , larger coding spans, larger introns, more coding exons, and lower codon bias), but these differences are exaggerated in D. ananassae Compared to D. melanogaster , the codon bias observed in D. ananassae F-element genes can primarily be attributed to mutational biases instead of selection. The 5' ends of F-element genes in both species are enriched in dimethylation of lysine 4 on histone 3 (H3K4me2), while the coding spans are enriched in H3K9me2. Despite differences in repeat density and gene characteristics, D. ananassae F-element genes show a similar range of expression levels compared to genes in euchromatic domains. This study improves our understanding of how transposons can affect genome size and how genes can function within highly repetitive domains., (Copyright © 2017 Leung et al.)

Published
2017
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2. Dynamin 1 isoform roles in a mouse model of severe childhood epileptic encephalopathy.

Author

Asinof S, Mahaffey C, Beyer B, Frankel WN, and Boumil R

Subjects
Alternative Splicing genetics, Animals, Brain Diseases etiology, Brain Diseases physiopathology, Disease Models, Animal, Dynamin I metabolism, Electroencephalography methods, Epilepsy complications, Epilepsy physiopathology, Mice, Transgenic, Neurons metabolism, Synaptic Transmission genetics, Synaptic Vesicles metabolism, Brain Diseases genetics, Dynamin I genetics, Epilepsy genetics, Mutation genetics, Protein Isoforms genetics
Abstract

Dynamin 1 is a large neuron-specific GTPase involved in the endocytosis and recycling of pre-synaptic membranes and synaptic vesicles. Mutations in the gene encoding dynamin 1 (DNM1) underlie two epileptic encephalopathy syndromes, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and Infantile Spasms. Mice homozygous for the Dnm1 "fitful" mutation, a non-synonymous coding variant in an alternatively spliced exon of Dnm1 (exon 10a; isoform designation: Dnm1a(Ftfl)) have an epileptic encephalopathy-like disorder including lethal early onset seizures, locomotor and neurosensory deficits. Although fitful heterozygotes have milder recurrent seizures later in life, suggesting an additive or semi-dominant mechanism, the molecular etiology must also consider the fact that Dnm1a(Ftfl) exerts a dominant negative effect on endocytosis in vitro. Another complication is that the fitful mutation induces alterations in the relative abundance of Dnm1 splice variants; mutants have a downregulation of Dnm1a and an upregulation of Dnm1b, changes which may contribute to the epileptic pathology. To examine whether Dnm1a loss of function, Dnm1a(Ftfl) dominance or compensation by Dnm1b is the most critical for severe seizures, we studied alternate isoform-specific mutant mice. Mice lacking Dnm1 exon 10a or Dnm1 exon 10b have neither spontaneous seizures nor other overt abnormalities, suggesting that in normal conditions the major role of each isoform is redundant. However, in the presence of Dnm1a(Ftfl) only exon 10a deleted mice experience severe seizures. These results reveal functional differences between Dnm1a and Dnm1b isoforms in the presence of a challenge, i.e. toxic Dnm1(Ftfl), while reinforcing its effect explicitly in this model of severe pediatric epilepsy., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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3. Drosophila muller f elements maintain a distinct set of genomic properties over 40 million years of evolution.

Author

Leung W, Shaffer CD, Reed LK, Smith ST, Barshop W, Dirkes W, Dothager M, Lee P, Wong J, Xiong D, Yuan H, Bedard JE, Machone JF, Patterson SD, Price AL, Turner BA, Robic S, Luippold EK, McCartha SR, Walji TA, Walker CA, Saville K, Abrams MK, Armstrong AR, Armstrong W, Bailey RJ, Barberi CR, Beck LR, Blaker AL, Blunden CE, Brand JP, Brock EJ, Brooks DW, Brown M, Butzler SC, Clark EM, Clark NB, Collins AA, Cotteleer RJ, Cullimore PR, Dawson SG, Docking CT, Dorsett SL, Dougherty GA, Downey KA, Drake AP, Earl EK, Floyd TG, Forsyth JD, Foust JD, Franchi SL, Geary JF, Hanson CK, Harding TS, Harris CB, Heckman JM, Holderness HL, Howey NA, Jacobs DA, Jewell ES, Kaisler M, Karaska EA, Kehoe JL, Koaches HC, Koehler J, Koenig D, Kujawski AJ, Kus JE, Lammers JA, Leads RR, Leatherman EC, Lippert RN, Messenger GS, Morrow AT, Newcomb V, Plasman HJ, Potocny SJ, Powers MK, Reem RM, Rennhack JP, Reynolds KR, Reynolds LA, Rhee DK, Rivard AB, Ronk AJ, Rooney MB, Rubin LS, Salbert LR, Saluja RK, Schauder T, Schneiter AR, Schulz RW, Smith KE, Spencer S, Swanson BR, Tache MA, Tewilliager AA, Tilot AK, VanEck E, Villerot MM, Vylonis MB, Watson DT, Wurzler JA, Wysocki LM, Yalamanchili M, Zaborowicz MA, Emerson JA, Ortiz C, Deuschle FJ, DiLorenzo LA, Goeller KL, Macchi CR, Muller SE, Pasierb BD, Sable JE, Tucci JM, Tynon M, Dunbar DA, Beken LH, Conturso AC, Danner BL, DeMichele GA, Gonzales JA, Hammond MS, Kelley CV, Kelly EA, Kulich D, Mageeney CM, McCabe NL, Newman AM, Spaeder LA, Tumminello RA, Revie D, Benson JM, Cristostomo MC, DaSilva PA, Harker KS, Jarrell JN, Jimenez LA, Katz BM, Kennedy WR, Kolibas KS, LeBlanc MT, Nguyen TT, Nicolas DS, Patao MD, Patao SM, Rupley BJ, Sessions BJ, Weaver JA, Goodman AL, Alvendia EL, Baldassari SM, Brown AS, Chase IO, Chen M, Chiang S, Cromwell AB, Custer AF, DiTommaso TM, El-Adaimi J, Goscinski NC, Grove RA, Gutierrez N, Harnoto RS, Hedeen H, Hong EL, Hopkins BL, Huerta VF, Khoshabian C, LaForge KM, Lee CT, Lewis BM, Lydon AM, Maniaci BJ, Mitchell RD, Morlock EV, Morris WM, Naik P, Olson NC, Osterloh JM, Perez MA, Presley JD, Randazzo MJ, Regan MK, Rossi FG, Smith MA, Soliterman EA, Sparks CJ, Tran DL, Wan T, Welker AA, Wong JN, Sreenivasan A, Youngblom J, Adams A, Alldredge J, Bryant A, Carranza D, Cifelli A, Coulson K, Debow C, Delacruz N, Emerson C, Farrar C, Foret D, Garibay E, Gooch J, Heslop M, Kaur S, Khan A, Kim V, Lamb T, Lindbeck P, Lucas G, Macias E, Martiniuc D, Mayorga L, Medina J, Membreno N, Messiah S, Neufeld L, Nguyen SF, Nichols Z, Odisho G, Peterson D, Rodela L, Rodriguez P, Rodriguez V, Ruiz J, Sherrill W, Silva V, Sparks J, Statton G, Townsend A, Valdez I, Waters M, Westphal K, Winkler S, Zumkehr J, DeJong RJ, Hoogewerf AJ, Ackerman CM, Armistead IO, Baatenburg L, Borr MJ, Brouwer LK, Burkhart BJ, Bushhouse KT, Cesko L, Choi TY, Cohen H, Damsteegt AM, Darusz JM, Dauphin CM, Davis YP, Diekema EJ, Drewry M, Eisen ME, Faber HM, Faber KJ, Feenstra E, Felzer-Kim IT, Hammond BL, Hendriksma J, Herrold MR, Hilbrands JA, Howell EJ, Jelgerhuis SA, Jelsema TR, Johnson BK, Jones KK, Kim A, Kooienga RD, Menyes EE, Nollet EA, Plescher BE, Rios L, Rose JL, Schepers AJ, Scott G, Smith JR, Sterling AM, Tenney JC, Uitvlugt C, VanDyken RE, VanderVennen M, Vue S, Kokan NP, Agbley K, Boham SK, Broomfield D, Chapman K, Dobbe A, Dobbe I, Harrington W, Ibrahem M, Kennedy A, Koplinsky CA, Kubricky C, Ladzekpo D, Pattison C, Ramirez RE Jr, Wande L, Woehlke S, Wawersik M, Kiernan E, Thompson JS, Banker R, Bartling JR, Bhatiya CI, Boudoures AL, Christiansen L, Fosselman DS, French KM, Gill IS, Havill JT, Johnson JL, Keny LJ, Kerber JM, Klett BM, Kufel CN, May FJ, Mecoli JP, Merry CR, Meyer LR, Miller EG, Mullen GJ, Palozola KC, Pfeil JJ, Thomas JG, Verbofsky EM, Spana EP, Agarwalla A, Chapman J, Chlebina B, Chong I, Falk IN, Fitzgibbons JD, Friedman H, Ighile O, Kim AJ, Knouse KA, Kung F, Mammo D, Ng CL, Nikam VS, Norton D, Pham P, Polk JW, Prasad S, Rankin H, Ratliff CD, Scala V, Schwartz NU, Shuen JA, Xu A, Xu TQ, Zhang Y, Rosenwald AG, Burg MG, Adams SJ, Baker M, Botsford B, Brinkley B, Brown C, Emiah S, Enoch E, Gier C, Greenwell A, Hoogenboom L, Matthews JE, McDonald M, Mercer A, Monsma N, Ostby K, Ramic A, Shallman D, Simon M, Spencer E, Tomkins T, Wendland P, Wylie A, Wolyniak MJ, Robertson GM, Smith SI, DiAngelo JR, Sassu ED, Bhalla SC, Sharif KA, Choeying T, Macias JS, Sanusi F, Torchon K, Bednarski AE, Alvarez CJ, Davis KC, Dunham CA, Grantham AJ, Hare AN, Schottler J, Scott ZW, Kuleck GA, Yu NS, Kaehler MM, Jipp J, Overvoorde PJ, Shoop E, Cyrankowski O, Hoover B, Kusner M, Lin D, Martinov T, Misch J, Salzman G, Schiedermayer H, Snavely M, Zarrasola S, Parrish S, Baker A, Beckett A, Belella C, Bryant J, Conrad T, Fearnow A, Gomez C, Herbstsomer RA, Hirsch S, Johnson C, Jones M, Kabaso R, Lemmon E, Vieira CM, McFarland D, McLaughlin C, Morgan A, Musokotwane S, Neutzling W, Nietmann J, Paluskievicz C, Penn J, Peoples E, Pozmanter C, Reed E, Rigby N, Schmidt L, Shelton M, Shuford R, Tirasawasdichai T, Undem B, Urick D, Vondy K, Yarrington B, Eckdahl TT, Poet JL, Allen AB, Anderson JE, Barnett JM, Baumgardner JS, Brown AD, Carney JE, Chavez RA, Christgen SL, Christie JS, Clary AN, Conn MA, Cooper KM, Crowley MJ, Crowley ST, Doty JS, Dow BA, Edwards CR, Elder DD, Fanning JP, Janssen BM, Lambright AK, Lane CE, Limle AB, Mazur T, McCracken MR, McDonough AM, Melton AD, Minnick PJ, Musick AE, Newhart WH, Noynaert JW, Ogden BJ, Sandusky MW, Schmuecker SM, Shipman AL, Smith AL, Thomsen KM, Unzicker MR, Vernon WB, Winn WW, Woyski DS, Zhu X, Du C, Ament C, Aso S, Bisogno LS, Caronna J, Fefelova N, Lopez L, Malkowitz L, Marra J, Menillo D, Obiorah I, Onsarigo EN, Primus S, Soos M, Tare A, Zidan A, Jones CJ, Aronhalt T, Bellush JM, Burke C, DeFazio S, Does BR, Johnson TD, Keysock N, Knudsen NH, Messler J, Myirski K, Rekai JL, Rempe RM, Salgado MS, Stagaard E, Starcher JR, Waggoner AW, Yemelyanova AK, Hark AT, Bertolet A, Kuschner CE, Parry K, Quach M, Shantzer L, Shaw ME, Smith MA, Glenn O, Mason P, Williams C, Key SC, Henry TC, Johnson AG, White JX, Haberman A, Asinof S, Drumm K, Freeburg T, Safa N, Schultz D, Shevin Y, Svoronos P, Vuong T, Wellinghoff J, Hoopes LL, Chau KM, Ward A, Regisford EG, Augustine L, Davis-Reyes B, Echendu V, Hales J, Ibarra S, Johnson L, Ovu S, Braverman JM, Bahr TJ, Caesar NM, Campana C, Cassidy DW, Cognetti PA, English JD, Fadus MC, Fick CN, Freda PJ, Hennessy BM, Hockenberger K, Jones JK, King JE, Knob CR, Kraftmann KJ, Li L, Lupey LN, Minniti CJ, Minton TF, Moran JV, Mudumbi K, Nordman EC, Puetz WJ, Robinson LM, Rose TJ, Sweeney EP, Timko AS, Paetkau DW, Eisler HL, Aldrup ME, Bodenberg JM, Cole MG, Deranek KM, DeShetler M, Dowd RM, Eckardt AK, Ehret SC, Fese J, Garrett AD, Kammrath A, Kappes ML, Light MR, Meier AC, O'Rouke A, Perella M, Ramsey K, Ramthun JR, Reilly MT, Robinett D, Rossi NL, Schueler MG, Shoemaker E, Starkey KM, Vetor A, Vrable A, Chandrasekaran V, Beck C, Hatfield KR, Herrick DA, Khoury CB, Lea C, Louie CA, Lowell SM, Reynolds TJ, Schibler J, Scoma AH, Smith-Gee MT, Tuberty S, Smith CD, Lopilato JE, Hauke J, Roecklein-Canfield JA, Corrielus M, Gilman H, Intriago S, Maffa A, Rauf SA, Thistle K, Trieu M, Winters J, Yang B, Hauser CR, Abusheikh T, Ashrawi Y, Benitez P, Boudreaux LR, Bourland M, Chavez M, Cruz S, Elliott G, Farek JR, Flohr S, Flores AH, Friedrichs C, Fusco Z, Goodwin Z, Helmreich E, Kiley J, Knepper JM, Langner C, Martinez M, Mendoza C, Naik M, Ochoa A, Ragland N, Raimey E, Rathore S, Reza E, Sadovsky G, Seydoux MI, Smith JE, Unruh AK, Velasquez V, Wolski MW, Gosser Y, Govind S, Clarke-Medley N, Guadron L, Lau D, Lu A, Mazzeo C, Meghdari M, Ng S, Pamnani B, Plante O, Shum YK, Song R, Johnson DE, Abdelnabi M, Archambault A, Chamma N, Gaur S, Hammett D, Kandahari A, Khayrullina G, Kumar S, Lawrence S, Madden N, Mandelbaum M, Milnthorp H, Mohini S, Patel R, Peacock SJ, Perling E, Quintana A, Rahimi M, Ramirez K, Singhal R, Weeks C, Wong T, Gillis AT, Moore ZD, Savell CD, Watson R, Mel SF, Anilkumar AA, Bilinski P, Castillo R, Closser M, Cruz NM, Dai T, Garbagnati GF, Horton LS, Kim D, Lau JH, Liu JZ, Mach SD, Phan TA, Ren Y, Stapleton KE, Strelitz JM, Sunjed R, Stamm J, Anderson MC, Bonifield BG, Coomes D, Dillman A, Durchholz EJ, Fafara-Thompson AE, Gross MJ, Gygi AM, Jackson LE, Johnson A, Kocsisova Z, Manghelli JL, McNeil K, Murillo M, Naylor KL, Neely J, Ogawa EE, Rich A, Rogers A, Spencer JD, Stemler KM, Throm AA, Van Camp M, Weihbrecht K, Wiles TA, Williams MA, Williams M, Zoll K, Bailey C, Zhou L, Balthaser DM, Bashiri A, Bower ME, Florian KA, Ghavam N, Greiner-Sosanko ES, Karim H, Mullen VW, Pelchen CE, Yenerall PM, Zhang J, Rubin MR, Arias-Mejias SM, Bermudez-Capo AG, Bernal-Vega GV, Colon-Vazquez M, Flores-Vazquez A, Gines-Rosario M, Llavona-Cartagena IG, Martinez-Rodriguez JO, Ortiz-Fuentes L, Perez-Colomba EO, Perez-Otero J, Rivera E, Rodriguez-Giron LJ, Santiago-Sanabria AJ, Senquiz-Gonzalez AM, delValle FR, Vargas-Franco D, Velázquez-Soto KI, Zambrana-Burgos JD, Martinez-Cruzado JC, Asencio-Zayas L, Babilonia-Figueroa K, Beauchamp-Pérez FD, Belén-Rodríguez J, Bracero-Quiñones L, Burgos-Bula AP, Collado-Méndez XA, Colón-Cruz LR, Correa-Muller AI, Crooke-Rosado JL, Cruz-García JM, Defendini-Ávila M, Delgado-Peraza FM, Feliciano-Cancela AJ, Gónzalez-Pérez VM, Guiblet W, Heredia-Negrón A, Hernández-Muñiz J, Irizarry-González LN, Laboy-Corales ÁL, Llaurador-Caraballo GA, Marín-Maldonado F, Marrero-Llerena U, Martell-Martínez HA, Martínez-Traverso IM, Medina-Ortega KN, Méndez-Castellanos SG, Menéndez-Serrano KC, Morales-Caraballo CI, Ortiz-DeChoudens S, Ortiz-Ortiz P, Pagán-Torres H, Pérez-Afanador D, Quintana-Torres EM, Ramírez-Aponte EG, Riascos-Cuero C, Rivera-Llovet MS, Rivera-Pagán IT, Rivera-Vicéns RE, Robles-Juarbe F, Rodríguez-Bonilla L, Rodríguez-Echevarría BO, Rodríguez-García PM, Rodríguez-Laboy AE, Rodríguez-Santiago S, Rojas-Vargas ML, Rubio-Marrero EN, Santiago-Colón A, Santiago-Ortiz JL, Santos-Ramos CE, Serrano-González J, Tamayo-Figueroa AM, Tascón-Peñaranda EP, Torres-Castillo JL, Valentín-Feliciano NA, Valentín-Feliciano YM, Vargas-Barreto NM, Vélez-Vázquez M, Vilanova-Vélez LR, Zambrana-Echevarría C, MacKinnon C, Chung HM, Kay C, Pinto A, Kopp OR, Burkhardt J, Harward C, Allen R, Bhat P, Chang JH, Chen Y, Chesley C, Cohn D, DuPuis D, Fasano M, Fazzio N, Gavinski K, Gebreyesus H, Giarla T, Gostelow M, Greenstein R, Gunasinghe H, Hanson C, Hay A, He TJ, Homa K, Howe R, Howenstein J, Huang H, Khatri A, Kim YL, Knowles O, Kong S, Krock R, Kroll M, Kuhn J, Kwong M, Lee B, Lee R, Levine K, Li Y, Liu B, Liu L, Liu M, Lousararian A, Ma J, Mallya A, Manchee C, Marcus J, McDaniel S, Miller ML, Molleston JM, Diez CM, Ng P, Ngai N, Nguyen H, Nylander A, Pollack J, Rastogi S, Reddy H, Regenold N, Sarezky J, Schultz M, Shim J, Skorupa T, Smith K, Spencer SJ, Srikanth P, Stancu G, Stein AP, Strother M, Sudmeier L, Sun M, Sundaram V, Tazudeen N, Tseng A, Tzeng A, Venkat R, Venkataram S, Waldman L, Wang T, Yang H, Yu JY, Zheng Y, Preuss ML, Garcia A, Juergens M, Morris RW, Nagengast AA, Azarewicz J, Carr TJ, Chichearo N, Colgan M, Donegan M, Gardner B, Kolba N, Krumm JL, Lytle S, MacMillian L, Miller M, Montgomery A, Moretti A, Offenbacker B, Polen M, Toth J, Woytanowski J, Kadlec L, Crawford J, Spratt ML, Adams AL, Barnard BK, Cheramie MN, Eime AM, Golden KL, Hawkins AP, Hill JE, Kampmeier JA, Kern CD, Magnuson EE, Miller AR, Morrow CM, Peairs JC, Pickett GL, Popelka SA, Scott AJ, Teepe EJ, TerMeer KA, Watchinski CA, Watson LA, Weber RE, Woodard KA, Barnard DC, Appiah I, Giddens MM, McNeil GP, Adebayo A, Bagaeva K, Chinwong J, Dol C, George E, Haltaufderhyde K, Haye J, Kaur M, Semon M, Serjanov D, Toorie A, Wilson C, Riddle NC, Buhler J, Mardis ER, and Elgin SC

Subjects
Animals, Codon, Computational Biology, DNA Transposable Elements, Drosophila melanogaster genetics, Exons, Gene Rearrangement, Heterochromatin, Introns, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Polytene Chromosomes, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Selection, Genetic, Species Specificity, Drosophila genetics, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Genomics
Abstract

The Muller F element (4.2 Mb, ~80 protein-coding genes) is an unusual autosome of Drosophila melanogaster; it is mostly heterochromatic with a low recombination rate. To investigate how these properties impact the evolution of repeats and genes, we manually improved the sequence and annotated the genes on the D. erecta, D. mojavensis, and D. grimshawi F elements and euchromatic domains from the Muller D element. We find that F elements have greater transposon density (25-50%) than euchromatic reference regions (3-11%). Among the F elements, D. grimshawi has the lowest transposon density (particularly DINE-1: 2% vs. 11-27%). F element genes have larger coding spans, more coding exons, larger introns, and lower codon bias. Comparison of the Effective Number of Codons with the Codon Adaptation Index shows that, in contrast to the other species, codon bias in D. grimshawi F element genes can be attributed primarily to selection instead of mutational biases, suggesting that density and types of transposons affect the degree of local heterochromatin formation. F element genes have lower estimated DNA melting temperatures than D element genes, potentially facilitating transcription through heterochromatin. Most F element genes (~90%) have remained on that element, but the F element has smaller syntenic blocks than genome averages (3.4-3.6 vs. 8.4-8.8 genes per block), indicating greater rates of inversion despite lower rates of recombination. Overall, the F element has maintained characteristics that are distinct from other autosomes in the Drosophila lineage, illuminating the constraints imposed by a heterochromatic milieu., (Copyright © 2015 Leung et al.)

Published
2015
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