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The extended application of device-dependent systems’ vision is growing exponentially, but these systems face challenges in precisely imitating the human perception models established by the device-independent systems of the Commission internationale de l’éclairage (CIE). We previously discussed the theoretical treatment and experimental validation of developing a calibrated integrated sphere imaging system to imitate the visible spectroscopy environment. The RGB polynomial function was derived to obtain a meaningful interpretation of color features. In this study, we dyed three different types of textured materials in the same bath with a yellow reactive dye at incremental concentrations to see how their color difference profiles tested. Three typical cotton textures were dyed with three ultra-RGB remozol reactive dyes and their combinations. The color concentration ranges of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% were chosen for each dye, followed by their binary and ternary mixtures. The aim was to verify the fundamental spectral feature mapping in various imaging color spaces and spectral domains. The findings are quite interesting and help us to understand the ground truth behind working in two domains. In addition, the trends of color mixing, CIE color difference, CIExy (chromaticity) color gamut, and RGB gamut and their distinguishing features were verified. Human perception accuracy was also compared in both domains to clarify the influence of texture. These fundamental experiments and observations on human perception and calibrated imaging color space could clarify the expected precision in both domains.

The synthesis of a high value-added product, gahnite ferroan nano composite, from a mixture of fly ash silica and ZnO is a low-cost and non-expensive technique. The XRD pattern clearly reveals the synthesized product from fly ash after leaching is a product of high-purity gahnite ferroan composite. The grains are mostly cubical in shape. The optical band gap of powdered gahnite ferroan nano composite is 3.37 eV, which acts as a UV protector. However, the bulk sample shows that the 500 to 700 nm wavelength of visible light is absorbed, and UV light is allowed to pass through. So, the bulk sample acts as a band pass filter of UV light which can be used in many optical applications for conducting UV-irradiation activity. Dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss increase with a rise in temperature. The increase in the ac conductivity at higher temperatures denotes the negative temperature coefficient resistance (NTCR) behavior of the material.

“Wear a mask. Save lives” is the slogan of WHO and all the government agencies over the world to the public. One of the most adopted prevention measures that can limit the spread of the airborne virus in the form of respiratory viral diseases, including the new strain of COVID-19, is wearing a proper mask. If the mask surface is heated to 65 to 70 °C, it could help potentially diminish any viruses or bacteria accumulated. The FAR-Ultraviolet -C (FAR-UV-C) dose for the influenza limit to 254 nm light is ~3 mJ/cm2/hour exposure is not harmful to the human skin and eyes. Here, we propose an intelligent mask served by FAR-UV-C and conducting a yarn-based heater that could potentially be activated in a controlled manner to kill the virus. The effective irradiation intensity for skin application would be under 0.1 µW/cm2. The exposure risk of UV-C is technically prevented by fabricating multi-layered fabrics with multiple functionalities. Along with experimental validation on bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE), tinker cad simulation for circuit design, and comsol multiphysics for temperature profile study, we probed Moisture Management Test (MMT) in addition with cytotoxicity risk by MTT Assay for survivability to ensure safer application potential. This novel proposed design with the germicidal combination of heating and FAR-UV-C models, described here, is promising in retaliating and combating any airborne viruses.

Scattering of atmospheric particles in hazy or foggy weather conditions is the primary reason for the degradation of images. Though a level of saturation has been obtained in the improvement of restoration model to overcome the visual vividness those termed as a dehazing method, there still remains a void while restoring of the digital image. We, in this paper, have proposed a novel and efficient haze removal algorithm by considering an efficient prior knowledge like DCP in order to eliminate haze and, restore albedo by combined with diffusion patch process after soft mating to enhance again for better clarity and accuracy of a hazy input image. In this research analysis, we critically examined popular Dark Channel Prior haze resisting removals algorithm such as Fattal, He, Tan and Tarel with our proposed novel haze removal model, The image quality assessment such as qualitative and quantitative index of the de-hazed image is concerned with estimating the parameters such as RSME, PSNR, SSIM, FSIM, and FSIMc are also reported for measuring precise accuracy of our proposed methodology as compared to the existing one. This novel method found to be distinctive and ensures efficient production of a high-quality haze-free image.

Numerous imaging applications and analyses demand human perception, and color space transformation of device-dependent tri-band color interpretation (RGB) to device-independent CIE color space standards needs human intervention. The imaging acquisition environment, theoretical conversion errors, viewing geometry, well-defined illumination uniformity, and calibration protocols limit their precision and applicability. It is unfortunate that in most image processing applications, the spectral data are either unavailable or immeasurable. This study is based on developing a novel integrating sphere imaging system and experimentation with textiles’ controlled variation of texture and color. It proposes a simple calibration technique and describes how unique digital color signatures can be derived from calibrated RGB derivatives to extract the best features for color and texture. Additionally, an alter-ego of reflectance function, missing in the imaging domain, is suggested that could be helpful for visualization, identification, and application for qualitative and quantitative color-texture analysis. Our further investigation revealed promising colorimetric results while validating color characterization and different color combinations over three textures.

This chapter discusses various wastes (preconsumer and postconsumer) generated in fashion and textile manufacturing and the environmental problems created by them. The environmental problems created by textile chemical processing and the recent trend to manage the problem have been discussed. The concept of 3Rs, exchange, and renting; the concept of upcycling has also been discussed in this chapter. Various approaches to minimize the process and material waste by adopting lean concepts are highlighted. The problems of effluent generation and recycling of effluent are highlighted. Furthermore, this chapter also highlights the recycling of plastics such as nylon and polyester into usable products. The findings of an interview conducted involving the small-scale enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises (LEs) of Vietnam are also included in this chapter.

Various restoration model depending on the prior knowledge had consider an arduous vision task. We present in this paper an effective algorithm for restoring a recognizable picture from a hazy image. Instead of using conventional methods i.e.; image priors as the restoration process, in form of color attenuation, dark channels, or color line contrast, we use a point-to-point gated background aggregation structure to reestablish the final image free from haze. A hybrid dehazing algorithm of CNN framework with features learning recurrent modeling is applied. The transmission map or its depth of scene, structural attributes is obtained in form of ranking layer is applied with the CNN network model so that hazy images can be captured at same instant. Post processing is carried out by Fast guided filter. Hence this hybrid model basically gives a inter connection idea between coarse layer and fine layer by extensive results obtained on experimental, simulated and real-world images prove that the proposed algorithm operates against state-of-the-art algorithms in a beneficial way.

Fractal Dimension (FD) is a very useful feature in fractal geometry for analysis of digital images. For estimating FD, several existing algorithms are, (i) box-counting, (ii) probability box-counting, (iii) differential box-counting (DBC), (iv) relative DBC (RDBC), and (v) improved DBC (IDBC) for gray-scale images. For color images the existing methods are, (i) extended version of probability box-counting method, (ii) box merging method and (iii) improved version of IDBC method. However, the accuracy of an algorithm for estimation of FD in RGB color domain is still a challenging issue! In this article, we have attempted to estimate FD of RGB color images by extending the DBC algorithm into a color domain. To validate this new approach, we have generated gradient images with known FD along with experimentally controlled images. The experimental work were carried out by three sets of color images; one set of color brodatz database, one set of smooth color images from SGA color checker, and one set of generated gradient images. The experimental results are found to be more precise and time saving in case of the proposed method. From the t-test results, it was found to be more efficient to compute the FDs that distinguish the surface roughness of RGB color images as compared to existing methods.

Fractal dimension (FD) estimation has become most popular in the field of image analysis and applications; especially estimating the roughness and smoothness of complex objects. In this present investigation, we are considering three most popular methods in the controlled images acquisition experimental setup for eight colored fabrics of the same texture, material property, and illumination. The concept of previous work and the results obtained by this ground truth experiment were discussed to indicate whether FD might be a worth useful metric for the study of color images with self-similarity, such as textures! Interestingly, we found ambiguous FD results here and tried to explain such phenomenon in relation to the development of CIE-based human perception model as texture perception are well associated with the viewing parameters and observer that perceives the image in terms of spatial distribution of color intensity.

Textile industries, especially textile wet processing operations such as pretreatments, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations, consume numerous toxic chemicals and auxiliaries. These chemicals due to their toxicity and nonbiodegradability are of utmost concern to environment and human health. Thus, there is imperative need to replace harmful chemicals with sustainable alternatives. Natural substances based on living organisms, plants, and other natural resources are best alternatives to synthetic chemicals, dyes, and finishing agents being renewable, biocompatible, and plentiful. Certain natural substances are by-products such as chitosan and sericin which are obtained from sea food waste and silk industry, respectively. Both these biopolymers have wide applicability in various industries as well as in textiles. Similarly, enzymes being biocatalyst have various environmental friendly bio applications from fiber production to bioremediation. Thus, this chapter discusses the various natural finishing substances such as chitosan, sericin, enzymes, starches, celluloses, gums, dextrins, melanin, lignin, natural clay, and their derivatives in textile finishing applications one by one. Further, plant-based oils and aqueous extracts have been discussed as natural finishing agents in detail. Plant-based essential oils such as pine, guggul, rosewood, rosemary, eucalyptus, turpentine, clove, cedar wood, etc., serve as mosquito repellent, antioxidant, antibacterial, etc., healing properties owing to their distinctive aromatic structures. Similarly, extract of plant-based substances rich in polyphenols, quinines, flavonoids, flavones, tannins, coumarins, terpenoids, lactins, polypeptides, polyacetylenes, etc., makes them suitable to explore as finishing agents for textiles. These natural extracts can be viable eco-friendly finishing agents due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, UV protection, and other useful properties without any adverse effects on environment and human being.

Handloom weaving and craft practices by local artisan communities have a strong cultural identity. Handloom textiles are the scoreline of culture, history, heritage and holistic approach of creation using traditional craft techniques with no hazardous impact on the environment.

This chapter describes a novel method to enhance degraded nighttime images by dehazing and color correction method. In the first part of this chapter, the authors focus on filtering process for low illumination images. Secondly, they propose an efficient dehazing model for removing haziness Thirdly, a color correction method proposed for color consistency approach. Removing nighttime haze technique is an important and necessary procedure to avoid ill-condition visibility of human eyes. Scattering and color distortion are two major problems of distortion in case of hazy image. To increase the visibility of the scene, the authors compute the preprocessing using WLS filter. Then the airlight component for the non-uniform illumination presents in nighttime scenes is improved by using a modified well-known dark-channel prior algorithm for removing nighttime haze, and then it uses α-automatic color equalization as post-processing for color correction over the entire image for getting a better enhanced output image free from haze with improved color constancy.

Considerable efforts have been made to develop conductive fibers for electronic, medical, and other applications. Although most common fibers are nonconductive, extensive studies have been done to convert them into conductive fibers primarily through by adding inherently conductive polymers. Often poly(aniline) or polypyrrole (PPy) is being added as the conductive polymer into various substrates. Some studies have developed for pure PPy conducting fibers by dissolving the substrate such as PVA. Another approach adopted is to blend carbon nanotubes into polymers to impart conductivity. In terms of preparation, electrospinning is the most common method adopted. Fibers with conductivity ranging from 0.5 up to 200 S/cm have been developed. Few researchers have demonstrated that the conductive fibers developed are suitable for osteoblast and cardiac tissue engineering and other medical applications. This chapter reviews the polymers, processing methods, and properties of conductive fibers.

This chapter investigates various fabrication techniques used for nanofibres. Electrospinning or electrostatic spinning is the most common method used to fabricate nanofibres. The work was based on a combination of normally aligned magnetic and electric fields acting on a two-layer system, where the lower layer was a ferromagnetic suspension and the upper layer was a polymeric solution. Nanofibres of both thermoplastic and thermosetting resins can be produced by electroblowing. The difficulty in fabricating nanofibres in melt blowing is due to the inability to design sufficiently small orifice in the die and the high viscosity of the polymeric melt. Bi-component spinning can be used for the fabrication of smaller nanofibres by sacrificing one of the polymer components as well as to create multicomponent nanofibres. In self-assembly, the shape and properties of nanofibres depend on the molecules and the intermolecular forces that bring the molecules together.

The synthesis and application of layered double hydroxide (LDH) is gaining impetus for developing nano-hybrids with desired functionality. They are environmentally benign and of potential use in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, drug design, flame retardancy, separation and membrane technology, filtration, scavenging and controlled release of anions, electro-active and photoactive materials. However, there has been a limited research in wearable textile applications. In this study, magnesium–aluminium LDH nano-particles were synthesized and applied to cotton fabric to enhance mechanical, ultraviolet protection and flame retardancy properties. In addition, their cytotoxicity tests were investigated to ensure safe wearable applications. It was found that the application of this Mg–Al nano-LDH (1.5%) with reactive remazol dye (98.5%) at 2% shade improved the UV protection (UV protection factor: 20.184), enhanced flame-suppressing capacity (limiting oxygen index from 16.5 to 20.8) with significantly increased tensile strength (76.85%) of cotton.

The Nanoparticle (NP) and their oxides are being progressively used and expected to be more frequently used in textiles. Nanoparticle (NP) has higher toxicological risk than larger particles because of their physicochemical properties, chemical reactivity and biological activity. In fact, the stability of nano-oxide particles in the medium is always challenging as they lack functional groups to leverage upon textile materials directly. Thus, in many finishing processes, cross-linkers and/or adhesives are applied together with NP at the cost of inferior comfort, feel and fastness which tends to be toxic and prone to release NPs under common laundering, physical stress and sweat. This study shows that the diffusion of NPs into the fibre polymer matrix via dyeing technique could be much durable, safer in terms of cytotoxicity levels and easy to process for tailoring desired functional attributes. We studied the possibility of a simple application technique via dyeing of vinyl sulphone based reactive dye with four kinds of NPs followed by their cytotoxicity test using cell line A431.1% silica dyed sample have shown highest (198.5%) increase in tensile strength followed by 2% silica and 2% CNT whereas a decrease in elongation is highest in the case of CNT 2% (5.31%) and significantly enhancing the moisture management properties in case of CNT and silica. The study showed promising results in dyeing with TiO2, CNT (Carbon nanotubes), Silica and Alumina NPs in enhancing the mechanical, moisture management, and surface frictional properties to ensure comfortable and safe wear.

In this paper, uniform and durable deposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on cotton fabric by conventional dyeing method with is reported. MWCNTs were synthesized byarc discharge method in deionized water and purified. Synthesized MWCNTs wereanalyzed by XRDs and TEM analysis. Purified MWCNTs were incorporated on cotton fabric with reactive vinyl sulphone class dyeing and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and FE-SEM. It has been observed that there is effective improvement in strength, bending length and flexural rigidity of fabric. Sheet resistance of cotton fabric was also enhanced by 105 fold. Results remain same even after 10 laundries washing which confirm the durability of deposition.

‘Sustainable fashion’ is one of the most widely used terms in the fashion industry today. It is not only about the trend of socially responsible brands with eco-friendly products or coming up with some regulatory policies but also for catering to upcoming demands of conscious consumers to adopt sustainable fashion. Consumers have evolved over the ages and have become educated about the materials and manufacturing process, which results in their growing interest to make socially responsible choices while updating their wardrobes with a value tag. In fact, International brands like Patagonia, People Tree, HM how fashion brands and consumers are advancing towards sustainable fashion.

We investigated a simple way of incorporating TiO 2 nano particle with reactive vinyl sulphone class dyeing of cotton. It has been observed that there is significant and lasting improvement in strength, wear resistance, stiffness and UV protection. The experimental results obtained from SEM, Raman, FTIR and UV visible spectral analysis along with physical property tests confirms the diffusion of TiO 2 nanoparticle along with dye into the fibre polymer matrix.

In this the world, though it the major employment generator, the textile industry is considered as ecologically one of the most polluting industries [2]. The issues which make the life cycles of textiles and clothing unsustainable are the use of harmful chemicals, high consumption of water and energy, generation of large quantities of solid and gaseous wastes, huge fuel consumption for transportation to remote places where textile units are located, and use of non-biodegradable packaging materials. Chemical processing of textiles ranging from preparatory processing to dyeing and finishing majorly add its value for fashion and function. It is a matter concern that these processes use water, energy, and chemical intensive and cause serious environment hazard. Thus, global awareness on environmental demands natural fiber-based textiles, natural dye and finishes are gaining momentum in academic, research and industrial research. We discussed here various eco-friendly processes emerging in this area.

An internal arrangement of fibres in the yarn plays a key role in determining the physical properties and the performance characteristics of yarns and fabrics. Crosswise and lengthwise fiber migration and twist are important components to generate strength and cohesion in yarns. Their objective study is becoming essential as various new yarns has been developed with dissimilar properties and they are blended frequently. In addition, many modern techniques of spinning coming up since last few decades. Though new equipment and image processing techniques has been reported by few scientists, it is still jargon for new researchers to apply it for their own investigation. We demonstrated here how image processing technique in MATLAB could be employed by taking tracing fibre images from economic USB camera to evaluate tracing fibre angle accurately. This non-destructive evaluation method could potentially be applied in various fields of biomedical imaging, material engineering and other photogrammetric applications.

Enzymes are being extensively used in industry as they are environmentally friendly. They show a variety of advantages over chemicals, like their specificity, high efficiency and eco-friendliness. Nowadays different kinds of cellulase enzyme mixtures are commercially formulated for the finishing of cellulosic fabrics. This study investigated the effect of acid cellulase treatment on bamboo knitted-fabric to reduce pill. It has been observed that specific range of concentration only can effectively reduce pills with substantial weight loss. The common process and method followed by a textile chemist to optimize or standardize the concentration of enzyme treatment to reduce pill is still cumbersome and doubtful. A quicker and objective method is proposed to optimize the concentration of enzyme. The effectiveness is evaluated using standard Martindale tester and the weight loss of the fabric.

Fabric drape is one of the most important factors which affect the graceful appearance of the garment. The drape coefficient is the widely used parameter to describe fabric drape but it needs other parameters to explain the fabric behavior. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between the fabric drape parameters such as drape coefficient, drape distance ratio, fold depth index, amplitude and number of nodes and low stress mechanical properties. Drape parameters were tested on a specially developed instrument based on a digital image processing technique and the low stress mechanical properties were tested by the Kawabata evaluation system. Then the drape parameters were predicted by constructing models using multiple regressions method and feed-forward back-propagation neural network technique. Simple equations are derived using regressions method to predict the five shape parameters of drape profile from the low stress mechanical properties. It is observed that bending, shear and aerial density affect the drape parameters most whereas the tensile and compression have little effect on the drape parameters.

Application of flame retardants plays a crucial protective function to reduce overall fire risk by suppressing the spread of fires or by delaying the time of flashover, thus enabling people or resources to have sufficient time to escape or rescue from the fire hazards, respectively. Among them, only few have gained commercial importance, are halogenated and phosphorus-based flame retardants those proved to be persistent are carcinogenic, bioaccumulative, and toxic for animals and humans. There has been an ever-growing demand for new flame retardant product options recognizing not only to ensure a favourable ecological profile but also to have a durable and cost-effective product. The sustainability concerns of various hazardous textile chemicals have been intensively researched. This chapter discusses fire science concepts, histrotical development in fire retardants their types, applications and some potential alternative products that have recently been reported—such as natural extracts of casein, spinach, and banana—along with currently reported technology such as DNA, nano materials, plasma, etc.

Clothing made up of natural fibres has prompted growing interest among users over time. It is environmentally friendly and benign from a health perspective especially when compared with synthetic materials and those natural fibres that are prone to degrade. Besides the development of routine natural fibres such as cotton, hemp, silk and wool, research has been directed towards developing technologies and optimizing new ways of utilizing some unconventional plant fibres. These plant fibres not only enrich the textile materials domain, but also bring certain economic and social benefits. Sabai grass (Eulaliapsis binata), a perennial plant belonging to the family Poaceae is grown in many Asian countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. Since it’s thin and long leaves possess high-quality fibre, it is used as a major raw material for the paper industry as it is superior to most other available grasses. In India, it is being used for paper making since 1870. For their flexibility and strength, the leaves are utilized for making ropes and other rope-based utility items. Most importantly, sabai grass has a prominent role to play in the sustainability of tribal economics of some regions of various countries. The very survival of tribal people completely depends on sabai grass processing in some parts of India. The components of Eulaliopsis binata are reported to have cellulose contents up to 52 %, which is more than sisal and palm. The fundamental characteristic of this fiber is that it is better with a lignin content close to 18.5 %. At present (as of 2016) the fibre and the way it is processed has not been fully developed, because it is mainly used to make paper, conserve soil and fabricate yarn for knitting. It is used in making of many tribal products, craft items and pulp. Some recent research, aimed at developing degumming and bleaching in a single bath using an ultrasonic-assisted process, concluded that the fiber deserves to be developed further as a means of deriving cellulose. It holds a lot of promise both for apparel and technical textiles. This chapter will discuss the history and socioeconomic importance, chemical constitution, fibre properties, recent research and potential applications.

Today’s customers not only look at aesthetic beauty but also quality, comfort and fit. New technologies such as digitization and virtual 3D tailoring are providing more options to consumers and designers in designing different styles with the least possible time. Next to the shoe fashion and style, good fit and comfort are the second important determinant in the purchase of footwear. Although there is a need for better fitting, there are no techniques for fit quantification. In traditional shoemaking, the shoe is categorized by the length and width (or girth), hence there is always a mismatch between the complex foot shape and shoe shape. For the industry in order to meet the demand for better footwear, new techniques for fit quantification is required in order to have a direct mapping form foot to shoe-last (a mold for making shoes). In recent years, with the rapid development of computer technology and advanced design and manufacturing technologies such as computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), the manufacturing of customized shoe lasts is becoming possible. Still research is needed to find the best shoe-last. This paper discusses the basic concepts and current methods being followed to convert foot to shoe-last, retrieve the best fitting shoe last based on the 3D foot scan of the customer, and to obtain customized shoe last. Keywords-custom shoe last; foot scan; computer-aided design