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Climate change is a global crisis that has a direct impact on human health. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and changes in precipitation patterns are affecting the health of individuals, communities, and ecosystems worldwide. To address this challenge, a protocol and strategies have been identified that aim to mitigate the impact of climate change on health. The main protocol involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the adoption of cleaner and renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and sustainable transport. Other strategies include enhancing public awareness, building climate-resilient communities, promoting sustainable agriculture, and improving health systems' preparedness for climate-related emergencies. Implementation of these measures can help reduce the risk of climate-related health problems such as heat stress, respiratory illnesses, and vector-borne diseases. The protocol and strategies identified provide a roadmap for governments, organizations, and individuals to take action against climate change and protect the health of the planet and its inhabitants.

Drought is one of the major constraints affecting the economic yield of maize worldwide. Present study was carried out to select the surrogates for drought resilience in 70 maize landraces collected from diverse agro-ecologies of Kashmir Himalayas. Significant variation was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under well-watered and drought conditions. Due to the drought stress, the highest reduction was observed for the canopy temperature (175.18%), followed by root volume (69.77%), top root biomass (69.1%), shoot biomass (67.2%), bottom root biomass (53.75%), chlorophyll content (22.85 SPAD units) and shoot height (21.63%). The reduction was also recorded for other traits like shoot to total biomass ratio (2.70%), relative water content (13.42 %), cell membrane stability (17.33%) and rooting depth (19.86%). Root to total biomass ratio was found to increase in response to drought stress (7.69%). A positive significant correlation was observed between grain yield and root volume, top root biomass, bottom root biomass, rooting depth, root to total biomass, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, canopy temperature depression and relative water content. These can be used for selection of appropriate surrogates of drought tolerant genotypes. The landraces viz., KD-L35, KD-L37, KD-L19, KD-L23, KD-L17, KD-L21, KD-L46, KD-L43, KD-L29, KD-L25 and KD-L38 showed promising performance under drought for most of the surrogates identified. The landraces selected can be used as sources of novel and/or favourable alleles to breed for climate resilient maize cultivars. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 487-498, 2022 (September)

Objectives: This study aimed to compare CSF leak in endoscopic endonasal TSS of pituitary adenoma with and without reconstruction of the sellar floor with no intraoperative CSF leakage. Materials and Methods: It was a randomized controlled trial of 116 patients of both genders diagnosed case of pituitary adenoma who underwent endoscopic endonasal TSS over 1 year. The cases were randomized into 2 groups. In Group A endoscopic endonasal TSS and the sellar floor, reconstruction was done while in Group B only endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery was done without reconstruction. Results: The patient’s mean age in group A was 40.7 ± 9.56 years, and in group, B was 41.9 ± 10.5 years. The gender distribution, for group A, males and females were 29 each (50%) and in group B, the males were 36 (62%) and females were 22 (38%). There were 52 (89.7%) cases of macroadenoma and 6 (10.3%) cases of microadenoma in each group. On the 1st postoperative day, CSF leakage was noted in 2 (3.4%) patients of group A, and CSF leakage was observed in 2 (3.4%) patients of group B. Results revealed no difference in CSF leakage between both groups. There were minor nasal complications in both groups. Conclusion: There is an equal chance of success with endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) of pituitary adenoma with and without reconstruction of the sellar floor, concerning post-operative CSF leak, in patients who have no intraoperative CSF leak which enlarges the pool of options for treatment.

Objective: A descriptive case series was conducted to find the frequency of complications and complications of decompressive craniectomy with expansion duraplasty in severe head injury. Material and Methods: 189 patients fulfilling the selection criteria were included. All patients had TBI which was confirmed by CT scan. Surgery was performed on the day of admission under general anesthesia and a large trauma flap. Patients were monitored daily by evaluators from the date of surgery until hospital discharge or death. Patients were followed up for 3 months and the outcome was assessed using the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Results: Mean age of the patients was 36.57 years. There were 61.4% (116) males and 38.6% (73) females. 3.7% had CSF leakage. 1.6% had meningitis. Wound infection was seen in 7.4% of patients. Forty percent had a favorable outcome and 60% had a poor outcome. Fifty patients out of 111 patients between 18 – 40 years showed good outcomes. Twenty-six out of 78 from the 41 – 60 years age group showed good outcomes. Out of 189 total, 76 patients had a good outcome. The outcome was good in 63 patients out of 148 patients with GCS 5 – 8, whereas 13 (out of 41) patients had a good outcome with GCS below 5. Conclusion: We discovered that the result was good in 40% of patients, with 11 percent of complications recorded. Therefore, we concluded that decompressive craniectomy with expansion duraplasty is an effective procedure for the treatment of the severe head injury.

Objective: Study provides proof to support the promised benefits of employing stand-alone zero-profile cages in multilevel ACDF procedures, as the stand-alone zero-profile device has proven safety and a reduction of the risk of dysphagia in single-level ACDF surgeries. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study, conducted at the Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Data of 36 patients evaluated for post-operative dysphagia and fusion, who had multi-level ACDF surgery employing stand-alone zero-profile cages. Results: Total of 36 patients underwent ACDF surgeries. 86.1% (31/36) patients operated for 2 levels and 13.9% (5/36) patients operated for 3 levels. Dysphagia developed postoperatively in 2 (5.6%) patients in which zero-profile stand-alone cages were used. Fusion was achieved in 94.4% (34/36) patients. Conclusion: Stand-alone zero-profile cages in multi-level ACDF surgeries have a good outcome in terms of post-operative less dysphagia and higher fusion rates. Keywords: Anterior Cervical Discectomy (Decompression) And Fusion (ACDF), Zero-Profile Cages, Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.

meantime to return to work following percutaneous transpedicular fixation versus open pedicle screw fixation. We evaluated the average time required to return to work following percutaneous transpedicular fixation versus open pedicle screw fixation in traumatic lumbar spine injury. Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial included 60 patients. At study entry baseline demographics (age, gender, & duration of injury) were recorded. 30 patients were in the percutaneous transpedicular fixation group (A), while 30 patients were in the open pedicle screw fixation group (B). All the patients were followed every month time taken to return to work (TTRW) was noted on a proforma. Results: Mean time taken by patients to return to work after surgery in Group A was 2.9 days, while in group B it was 5.1 days in group B. The difference between the two groups was significant (p-value 0.001). Within Group A, male and female genders showed a significant difference (p-value 0.032) in the TTRW after surgery. However, Group B did not show a similar difference between male and female patients. Duration of procedure had a significant effect on the TTRW (p-value 0.001). Conclusion: We found ‘ time is taken to return to work’ was 2.93 ± 0.82 in group A and 5.10 ± 0.71 in group B (P-value 0.001). There was a significant difference in both groups. Percutaneous transpedicular fixation is a fast, safe and effective method as compared to other methods.

Objective: In Neurosurgery Unit III, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, we evaluated our posterior fossa tumor surgery results, complications, and surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Between January 2017 and September 2021, 80 patients with posterior fossa tumors who underwent surgical excision at the Neurosurgery Department-III of the Punjab Institute of Neurosciences in Lahore were studied retrospectively. For each patient, the diagnosis was made clinically and confirmed radiologically and histopathologically. Results: Males comprised 47 percent (37) of the 80 cases, while females made up 53 percent (43). The average age was 15 (with a range of 6 – 30 years). Medulloblastomas were the most frequent pathology in 25 patients (31%), followed by ependymomas in 21 patients (26%), pilocytic astrocytomas in 19 patients (24%), and hemangioblastomas in 7 individuals (8.8%). There were four cases of metastatic brain cancers (5%), two cases of choroid plexus papilloma (2.5%), one case of ganglioglioma (1.3%), and one case of Dermoid cyst (1.3%). In 90 percent of the cases (72 cases), gross total resection was obtained, while subtotal excision was performed in 10% of the cases (8 cases). The best results were seen in pilocytic astrocytoma surgery, followed by ependymoma surgery, whereas the worst results were seen in medulloblastoma surgery. Conclusion: The surgical treatment of posterior fossa tumors still poses a significant challenge to neurosurgeons. Our experience shows that accepted results, complications, and surgical outcomes can be obtained by meticulous surgical techniques from previous clinical studies.

Objectives: In this case series, we report our experience of microsurgical resection of large and giant CPA tumors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences (PINS). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective case series of 328 patients (mean age, 40 years) with large and giant CPA tumors (predominantly vestibular schwannomas) who underwent surgical removal using a retro sigmoid approach over 4 years. Results: In the study, there were 58% (190) females while 42% (138) were males. 60% (197) of the tumors were right – sided and 40% (131) left – sided. Hearing loss was the main presenting complaint with 73% of the patients having non-serviceable hearing. There were 14 (4.3%) deaths reported during the retrospective analytic study. There were 3 cases of postoperative hemorrhage, and 11 patients expired due to post-operative wound infection. There were 13 cases diagnosed as having post-operative bacterial meningitis. Gross total tumor excision was achieved in 98% of patients based on postoperative imaging. There were 26 cases (8%) with postoperative CSF leakage that was managed with LP drain (5 patients) and in the rest VP shunt was done. Facial nerve function was graded according to the House Brackmann system. It was recorded in all patients following surgery: There were 16% patients with HB grade IV and 216 (66%) patients with HB grade III facial palsy. Conclusion: Suboccipital Retrosigmoid approach is ideal for dealing with giant CPA tumors. Complication rates in our series were comparable with other reported literature.

Background Kashmir valley, India is a homeland to rice landraces like Zag, Nunbeoul, Qadirbeigh, Kawkadur, Kamad, Mushk Budji, etc, generally characterized by short grains, aroma, earliness and cold tolerance. Mushk Budji is a commercially important speciality rice known for its taste and aroma, nonetheless, is extremely vulnerable to blast disease. Through the use of the marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) approach, a set of 24 Near-isogenic lines (NILs) was created, and the lines with the highest background genome recovery were chosen. The expression analysis was carried out for the component genes and other eight pathway genes related to blast resistance. Results The major blast resistance genes Pi9 (from IRBL-9W) and Pi54(from DHMAS 70Q 164-1b) were incorporated following simultaneous-but-step-wise MABC. The NILs harbouring genes Pi9+Pi54, Pi9 and Pi54 expressed resistance to isolate (Mo-nwi-kash-32) under controlled and natural field conditions. The loci controlling ETI (effector triggered immunity) included the gene Pi9 and showed 61.18 and 60.27 fold change in relative gene expression in Pi54+Pi9and Pi9 carrying NILs against RP Mushk Budji. Pi54 was up regulated and showed 41 and 21 fold change in relative gene expression for NIL-Pi54+Pi9and NIL-Pi54, respectively. Among the pathway genes, LOC_Os01g60600 (WRKY 108) recorded 8 and 7.5 fold up regulation in Pi9and Pi54 NILs. Conclusion The NILs showed recurrent parent genome recovery (RPG) per cent of 81.67 to 92.54 and were on par in performance to recurrent parent Mushk Budji. The lines were utilized to study the expression of the loci controlling WRKYs, peroxidases and chitinases that confer overall ETI response.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4-fluorobenzenemethanethiol (p-FBMT) on Au(111), prepared by immersion procedure (1 mM ethanolic solution; 60 °C; 18 h), were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The data suggest the formation of highly ordered monolayer with a commensurate structure, described by the

The purpose of this paper is the study of simple graphs that are generalized Cayley graphs over LA-polygroups GCLAP − graphs . In this regard, we construct two new extensions for building LA-polygroups. Then, we define Cayley graph over LA-group and GCLAP-graph. Further, we investigate a few properties of them to show that each simple graph of order three, four, and five (except cycle graph of order five which may or may not be a GCLAP-graph) is a GCLAP-graph and then we prove this result.