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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Half-Somersault and Brandt-Daroff exercises on dizziness, fear of fall, and quality of life in patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PC-BPPV). This study was conducted from July 2020 to November 2020. A total of 20 patients were enrolled in the study, through sealed envelope method, and assigned to two groups, A and B (10 in each). Vestibular activity and participation measure and Fall Efficacy Scale (FES) were used. The mean age of the patients was 36.70±11.58 years. There was a significant (p=0.05) difference between the Vestibular activities and participation measure (VAP) score at post intervention and Fall Efficacy Scale (FES) (p

Directional antennas have numerous advantages over traditional omnidirectional antennas, which include more spatial reuse, extended range, less interference, and less energy consumption. Directional antennas introduce deafness and new hidden terminal problems. Deafness may cause more collisions, and hidden terminal problems may result in more retransmissions, poor quality of service, more energy consumption, and less packet delivery ratio. Hence, it is important to design of an effective medium access protocol specifically for directional antennas in order to reap the benefits of directional antennas while managing deafness and hidden terminal problems, otherwise the challenges can adversely affect system performance. In wireless sensor networks, the sensors are battery powered with limited supply of energy. Therefore, energy efficient protocols and solutions are immensely important with the desired goal of extending the network lifetime longer than what is possible through the omnidirectional antennas. In this thesis, I have proposed an energy efficient scheduled directional medium access control protocol (DTRAMA) which is specially designed for the wireless sensor nodes which use directional antennas in wireless sensor networks. It is a traffic adaptive scheduled medium access protocol in which nodes create their transmission and sleep schedules on the basis of their traffic. Scheduled medium access for packet transmission is used to address the deafness and hidden terminal problems caused by the use of directional communication in contention based MAC protocols. Use of directional antenna reduces interference which indirectly improves packet delivery ratio by improving the signal to noise ratio and by reducing the packet error rate. DTRAMA is energy efficient: firstly because the nodes use directional data communication which requires lower node transmit power than the omnidirectional data communication for the same transmission range; and secondly, because the nodes schedule their sleep period to reduce idle listening and overhearing which improves energy efficiency. In DTRAMA, sleep schedule of the node is traffic adaptive which is essential to maximize the sleep period. The node, by using spatial reuse checks, reuses the wireless medium to the maximum extent to reap the spatial reuse benefits of the directional antenna. The nodes reduce their packet latency through spatial reuse. Through simulation and by using different topologies, I have compared the performance of DTRAMA with those of omnidirectional schedule MAC protocol (TRAMA) and contention based directional MAC protocol (DMAC), which clearly shows that DTRAMA outperforms TRAMA and DMAC in packet delivery ratio and outperforms TRAMA in terms of packet latency.

The paucity of the desirable construction land in India due to day by day increasing population has put grand challenges in front of engineers. So they accentuated the use of undesirable construction land which is having low bearing capacity and large plastic deformation. Among several ground improvement techniques, geosynthetic reinforced soil system is widely adopted as foundation medium keeping in view its economical benefits and sustainable development. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a bitumen-coated geogrid reinforcement on the bearing capacity ratio of a shallow foundation in a two-layer silty clay foundation bed. The top layer of locally available silty clay was compacted at OMC (19%) with 0.95MDD, and the bottom soft layer was compacted at dry side of OMC (15%) with 0.75MDD. Various model plate load tests were carried out using a square footing of size 200 mm and thickness 25 mm over a silty clay bed reinforced with bitumen-coated geogrid BX-40, BX-60 and BX-80 having different ultimate strengths in a test tank of dimensions 1000 × 1000 × 1000 mm. The effect on bearing capacity and plastic deformation due to varying end conditions of geogrid reinforcement was also investigated. The other various parameters investigated were the top spacing ratio, width of the geogrid, no. of layers of the geogrid and the stress distribution in various reinforcement layouts. The bearing capacity ratio of reinforced clay was found to be increased by 20–55% than unreinforced clay. The settlement reduction factor of reinforced clay was increased by 9–40% than unreinforced clay. Also the vertical stresses were reduced up to 20% in reinforced clay.