Search

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection that can progress to septicemia, a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Septicemia occurs when bacteria from an infection in one part of the body spread to the bloodstream and cause a systemic inflammatory response. Early recognition and treatment of septicemia in UTI is crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes. Objective: To explore the complications and outcomes of septicemia in UTI. Methods: The cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational. 101 patients with septicemia due to UTI were enrolled from the medical wards and Accident and Emergency Department of Mayo Hospital Lahore. Liver function tests, renal function tests, and full blood counts were performed on each patient. Data were entered into a Performa created for this study, and the latest SPSS version was used for data analysis. Results: Majority of males and females had normal bilirubin and Na+ and K+ levels. WBCs were high in 13/16 males and14/16 females. Platelets were low in 9/16 males but normal in 9/16 females. Hemoglobin. Conclusions: Septicemia in UTI is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. Early recognition and treatment of septicemia is crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes

SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality is an alarming condition in low income countries like Pakistan as Pakistan is a country with highest morbidity in such cases all over the world. Although research is ongoing across the globe to reduce the burden of such devastating situation but it continues to rise in Pakistan due to some known and unknown reasons. It is recommended that the pathophysiological basis of the SIDS should be investigated by continued research. To decrease the magnitude of SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality in Pakistan numerous precautionary measures are required to be taken by NGOs, Government and policy makers. Trained healthcare professionals, midwives, traditional birth attendants should be sent to rural areas to help and increase awareness. A national center should be made on urgent basis to monitor and register such cases, provide health care facilities and guidance, make laws of compulsory investigation and autopsy of sudden death of fetus or infants and implement and enforce these laws. A databank should be made with preserved tissues of such victims for further diagnosis and research. Preventable stillbirths must be avoided by taking necessary measures.

Coronary artery disease is the major reason for high death rates in the United States and other European countries. In Pakistan, men are at greater risk of developing (CAD) in early ages as compared to women. A good deal of people suffering from CAD in Pakistan, belongs to the lower middle socioeconomic level. Aims of the present study were to observe risk factors associated with coronary artery disease e.g. smoking, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Methods: It was a case control study carried out in Mayo hospital, a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. The study sample was 200, from which 100 were cases and other 100 were controls. In cases 77 were   males and 23 were females and in controls 52 were males and 48 females were enrolled by using non-probability sampling. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and for finding out the association between different risk factors and CAD. Results: CAD was 4 times more in hypertensive cases as compared to non hypertensive cases; there is statistically significant association of hypertension with coronary artery disease. 42 were diabetics and 58 were non diabetic, and in controls 16 were diabetics and 84 were non-diabetic. There is statistically significant association of diabetes with coronary artery disease. In CAD patients 49 were smokers and 52 were non smokers. In controls 22 were smokers and 78 were non smokers. There is statistically significant association of smoking with coronary artery disease. In coronary artery disease patients 48 were obese and 52 were non-obese. In controls 27 were obese and 73 were non obese. There is statistically significant association of obesity with CAD. Conclusion: The present research has highlighted the increasing prevalence of CAD and its risk factors e.g. hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity. Development of focused strategies to improve awareness regarding coronary artery disease and its potential risk factors along with stressing on lifestyle modificati

Infection happened once a microorganism invaded the body cells and reproduced. Infection sometimes caused associated degree of responses. If the reaction was swift and efficient, the infection would be eradicated or controlled before the illness develops. In most cases, infections led to sickness. Diseases occurred once Immunity is minimal or non-existent, once the microorganism's pathogenicity (its proclivity for wreaking havoc on host cells) is increased, and after the number of infections in the body has reached a critical level. betting on the communicable disease, symptoms vary greatly. The immune system is weakened by major immunological disease disorders, also known as primary immune diseases or primary immunological disorder, which makes infections and other health issues more likely. Fever and fatigue are common signs that the immune system isn't working properly, despite the fact that the symptoms of immune diseases vary. Immune deficits are usually detected by blood tests that assess the number of immune components present or their usefulness.

Waterfowl spend their lives mostly on water bodies include ducks, geese, and swans, also include birds such as coots, grebes, moorhens, shorebirds and seabirds etc. Wetlands in Pakistan offer habitat to a variety of migratory birds. Bird’s diversity facing problems due to loss of natural habitat and hunting causing serious issues to bird’s territories. Objective: To investigate bioaccumulation of heavy metals and genotoxicity in waterfowl. Methods: This study investigated bioaccumulation of heavy metals and genotoxic effects that could result from exposure of waterfowl to heavy metals in the Chenab River, Punjab, Pakistan. The three different species, common teal (Anas crecca), little egret (Egretta garzetta) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were obtained from head Marala, River Chenab. The liver, kidneys, heart, muscle, blood, and feathers of birds were collected for the purpose of determining the presence of heavy metals. The study investigated the most common heavy metals Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr indicating higher concentrations of heavy metals in blood and feathers from the study site. At study sites Pb Cr, Ni concentrations were high (P ≤ 0.05). Results: The results in the current study revealed metals concentration in different species trend as Anas crecca > Egretta garzetta > Anas platyrhynchos. The deposition of heavy metals in organ trends as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. The level of metals in blood trends as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. Metal concentrations in feathers trend as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. Conclusions: Expression analysis of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 made for Egretta garzetta and genotoxicity results showed that the effect of metals in study groups found negative for the expression of the Bcl2 gene.

One of the major and most common diseases of the stomach is peptic ulcer. It occurs when the mucus secretion in the stomach decreases, acid secretion increases or both at the same time. There are multiple dietary and lifestyle factors that can cause peptic ulcers. However, peptic ulcers can be treated by consuming a balanced diet along with medications. Objective: Assessment of dietary intake among patients with peptic ulcers. Methods: The assessment was carried out at Services hospital, Lahore.  A sample of 100 patients aged between 20-80 years was taken by using non-probability convenient sampling. Data was collected with the help of pre-tested questionnaire and was analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0. Results: The results showed that chapatti was most commonly consumed by peptic ulcer patients from the carbohydrates group. Most patients consumed milk and chicken from the protein group while fats were not consumed in abundance. Fruits and vegetables made an integral part of the weekly dietary intake of the patients. Conclusions: Patients with peptic ulcers cannot consume spicy foods and fried items. In order to achieve complete cure, they tend to consume foods that provide satiety and do not cause any discomfort. A balanced diet along with proper medication can help alleviate symptoms of peptic ulcers.

Infertility is one of the leading disorders and effecting large number of populations. Imbalanced dietary pattern can disturb fertility in women. The diet we consumed has huge input in the occurrence of fertility or infertility in women. Objective: To determine the role of dietary pattern in the occurrence of infertility among married women. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in public sector hospital of Lahore on 100 infertile females from reproductive age to premenopausal years of life in married women. Results: Age group ranges from 27-32 years female were infertile. 56/100 females consumed refined carbohydrate and 89 out of 100 consumed sugar daily in diet. Several dietary factors were found to be involved in infertility among women. Conclusions: It has been concluded that imbalanced dietary routine can directly cause infertility in women of various age. Women who consumed refined carbs, high fat and low dairy items, thus results in failure to conceive or have a successful pregnancy.

An orofacial cleft is one of the major genetic disorders in children that can occur due to various malpractices and negligence by mothers during the gestational period towards factors crucial for giving birth to a healthy infant. One of these factors includes incomplete vaccination during pregnancy which can lead to the malformation of the oral cavity. Children with orofacial cleft suffer from multiple problems, especially in eating and encounter a slow growth rate along with the inability to perform competently in doing physical activity and other social aspects. Objective: To evaluate the effect of vaccination on the occurrence of an orofacial cleft in children. Methods: A sample of 100 children aged between 1-12 years using non-probability sampling was selected from 2 hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather information and data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Mothers of 60% of children suffering from orofacial cleft did not get vaccinated during pregnancy whereas more than 50% of affected children were having slow growth according to their age along with facing problems in eating and normal food intake. Conclusion: The effect of maternal vaccination on the occurrence of an orofacial cleft in children is quite clear. Orofacial cleft also significantly affects the lives of children by declining their growth and overall personal and social life activities.

Consanguineous marriages are most common among communities where most families are of traditional and extended types. It has been seen that females who conceive at a very young age or have any non-communicable disease have higher chances to have off springs with congenital abnormalities. Objective: To find out the association between maternal age and non-communicable diseases with congenital abnormalities in children. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study performed at District Head Quarter Hospital, Okara, including 100 married participants in the age range of 19-55 years after obtaining their informed consent Results: It was observed that 57% of mothers were below 20 at marriage, 42% were above 20 at marriage and 1% of mothers were above 30 at marriage, were having children with congenital abnormalities. 22 out of 100 mothers had obesity, 15 had diabetes and 21 had CVD when pregnant. The infants born to these mothers suffered from brain anomalies, cleft lip and cleft palate, CVD and diabetes. The results were obtained with p less than 0.05. Conclusion: Congenital abnormalities were more common among children with mothers aged below 20 or 25 and suffering from any metabolic or genetic disorder.

Infertility can be explained as unable to get pregnant after a sensible period of time of unprotected intercourse without contraception. Objective: To find out the determinants of infertility among married women visiting public Hospitals, Lahore Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by visiting Public Hospitals, Lahore. 100 married women were selected through non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data was collected through pretested questionnaire. All adult married women of infertility from both indoor and outdoor department of medical and gynae units were included. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. Results: Among the participants, 22% of infertile females were between 20-26 years, 54% infertile females were between 27-32 years, 20% infertile females were between 33-38 years, 3% infertile females were between 39-44 years and 1% infertile females were above 45 years. The prevalence of infertility was high in females aged between 27-32 years. 42% were overweight, underweight were 19%, 13% were normal and obese were 26% Conclusions: Study concluded that obesity, overweight, underweight, poor eating habits, low socioeconomic status, low family income, repeated mumps, stress, smoking, work overload, polycystic ovary syndrome, use of protection to avoid pregnancy and use of contraceptive pills were the risk factors of infertility. Lack of physical activity, inadequate intake of nutrients, dysmenorrhea, stress, bathing too much, exposure to chemicals through work or lifestyle, increasing age, irregular menstrual cycle, pain or cramps during menstrual cycle were also responsible for infertility. Majority of infertile females were not consuming meat, chicken, nuts, eggs, milk, fruits in adeqate amount needed by the body for   proper functioning.

Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern globally, leading to increased morbidity and mortality due to bacterial infections. Objective: To determine the sensitivity of pseudomonas species against various antibiotics. Methods: A total of 120 cloacal swab samples were collected from domesticated pigeons in the Narowal district of Pakistan and examined in a laboratory. After that gram staining was performed. Motility test, oxidase, Indole, catalase, coagulation and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed. Results: The results showed that Amikacin, Trimethoprime, and Clarithromycin were the most effective antibiotics against pseudomonas species, with 93.94% sensitivity to each. On the other hand, 54.55% of the pseudomonas strains showed sensitivity to Gentamicin, while 18.18% showed resistance. Conclusion: The domestic pigeons are pseudomonas species carriers and spread the disease to people and other animals via their faeces. The findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring and research to understand the development and spread of antibiotic resistance and to ensure the effective treatment of bacterial infections.

Proteus vulgaris is commonly associated with urinary tract infections, wound infections and sepsis. The ability of microorganisms to resist antibiotic actions is referred to as antibiotic resistance. Objective: To compare the antibacterial effects of various medications on clinical isolates of P. vulgaris was the goal. Methods: Over the course of a year, 1000 samples were collected in a cross-sectional study at a hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility. Results: It was determined that the most efficient antibacterial medicines against P. vulgaris. were Imipenem, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Augmentin, Linezolid, Levofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Norfloxacine, and Cefazolin. On the other hand, Meropenem, Cephalothin, Rifampicin, Cefoxitin, and Ampicillin had little effect on Proteus vulgaris. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the significance of preventative measures, such as responsible antibiotic use, the development of novel treatments, and the application of infection control techniques in healthcare settings, to effectively manage and prevent the spread of resistance. Antibiotic resistance in P. vulgaris is becoming a growing cause for concern.

Liver diseases progresses to more severe forms and thus are a major health problem. Cirrhosis and primitive liver cancer are significantly important in the west and are among the first 10 causes of death in adults. In all chronic liver diseases the final common pathway is liver cirrhosis, characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix rich in fibrillar collagens. Cirrhotic patients are at risk of developing many potential complications.One of the major complications of CLDs is Portal hypertension (PH),leads to the progression of portal vein-systemic collateral circulation that includes portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and esophageal and gastric varices. Disabling and distressing manifestation of liver cirrhosis is tense ascites. In the presence of ascites alteration occurs in ventricular function. Cirrhosis may cause renal dysfunction, a common and potentially life threatening complication in hospitalized patients. Both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney injury (CKD) are most common, often occurring simultaneously.

Head and neck carcinoma has great regional distribution in sub sites with distinct anatomical and physiological variation. Alcohol consumption, excessive smoking and hematopoetic stem cell transplantation are common risk factors for head and neck  carcinoma. Alcohol consumption & tobacco chewing has a strong relationship with the development of oral,  larynx, pharynx cancers. A typical HNSCC has a superficial changes such as scaling, crusting, presence of  cutaneous horn and ulceration. The stage of disease is apparent in the form of symptoms of head and neck carcinoma. Genetic alterations accumulation is source of initiation and development of carcinogenic cells. The development of HNSCC is based on many factors. Its underlying mechanism is based on the genetic and molecular changes along with repetitive injury to the epithelial layer by external stimuli. Different types of smoking such as Cigar, Pipe, Huqqa etc exist in sub-continent and smoke from these sources contain toxic agents like tar and carbon monoxide. Mouth cavity and lungs are the places where tar being sticky substance deposits and cause many respiratory and oral diseases.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer worldwide. Regular oral checkup is recommended for smokers and drinkers and preventive measures should be taken for discouraging and giving up the smoking.  Persons who don’t use tobacco and alcohol individually but in the combined form, they are at more risk, because the combination which raises the risk of oral cancer 15 times in users than non-users. Although tobacco smoking and alcohol intake are risk factors of oral cancer but their combined effects are more harmful as compare to individual ones. After tobacco smoking, HPV is the most common causative agent for oral cancer in the United states.  Different types of HPV are associated with infections. Skin warts are also caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV infection is transmitted through many ways. The most important of which are prenatal. genital infections, through blood, shared objects and hands. If the objects are contaminated with HPV infection, and they are shared to one person to the other, then there is a possible chance of transmission of HPV. Fingers-genital contact is a unlikely to be a significant source but it is a possible way of HPV to be transmitted.

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that springs up from breast tissue, most generally from the privileged line of milk ducts or the lobules that supply milk from the ducts. There are two main types of breast cancer situ and invasive. situ carcinoma includes lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Invasive carcinoma includes invasive lobular carcinoma (ILS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Tumors that form in breast cancer are also of two types Benign and Malignant tumors. Benign tumors are well-differentiated; structure may be typical of tissue of origin. Metastasis is absent in it. Malignant Tumors have lack differentiation; the structure is mostly atypical whereas Metastasis is present. The most frequent symptoms found in women are breast pain, nipple discharge, and a palpable mass. Women having such problems have benign breast disease. Nipple discharge is the pronominal of breast cancer. The greatest incidence, boost level disease presentation, low endures rates have been found in Pakistan. Increased prevalence has a great impact on the economic status of Pakistan. It is reported that women have aged 50 years and older were extra liable to build up breast cancer than women with age less than 50 years. Fibroadenoma is the most frequent benign breast lesion

Cancer is a lethal disorder originates from the uncontrolled cell division in human body. Breast cancer is most dreadful especially in women but also reported in male. Human is facing a lot of issues caused by rapid industrialization also causing the life-threatening hazards. Objective: It is designed to estimate the level of heavy metals (HMs) Ni, Cd and Pb in serum samples of breast cancer patients in Faisalabad district. Method: All serum samples were examined by Spectrophotometer for Atomic Absorption (AAS). Heavy metal concentrations were found in the results such as Ni, Cd and Pb in serum of breast cancer pateints higher  than control. Results:The levels of heavy metals concentration in breast cancer patients serum were trends in Pb>Ni>Cd compared with control group. Heavy metal toxicity has proven associated with several health risks. Conclusion: Our results evaluated statistically significantly high concentration of Pb, Ni and Cd heavy metals.

Cirrhosis is defined as the development of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands and inflammation of liver, which can cause portal hypertension or hepatic insufficiency that causes jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy or various complications. The important function of liver is to maintain the body metabolic homeostasis. It also helps in protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism, due to which the diet of a person is fully affected Objective: To assess the nutritional status of liver cirrhosis patients, visiting Public Hospitals, Lahore Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, for a period of 4 months and 100 patients of liver cirrhosis were selected by non-probability convenient sampling to conduct the study. Results: Of total 100 patients, 53% were males and 47% were females. The mean of age, body mass index and calories intake were (53.17±18.414), (19.12±4.743) and (544.88±437.195). Out of 100 patients only 7% of the patients were nourished, 58% are malnourished, and 35% patients were severely malnourished. Mostly patients were malnourished and lost weight due to disease. The mean BMI of patients was19.12±4.743, which shows that mostly patients were malnourished and undernourished. Sarcopenia was common in patients suffering from liver cirrhosis. Conclusions: Cirrhosis is complication of liver disease that involves loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver. It is more prevalent in males as compared to females.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) is the epithelial tumor of oral cavity and is the most common malignant tumor among all. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is more existing and occuring in old men. It may involve lip and internal structures and may show clearly with exophytic, endophytic, leukoplakic or erythroplakic act of appearing. Occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma is in mouth, lip, tongue, floor of the mouth, Sulcus, hard palate, tonsils and 95% squamous cells. There is low survival rate have reported in females, ascribed to delay in availing medical care and seeking less acceptance of treatment, although there are no predictive differences between males and females.

Head and neck carcinoma has great regional distribution in sub sites with distinct anatomical and physiological variation. Alcohol consumption, excessive smoking and hematopoetic stem cell transplantation are common risk factors for head and neck  carcinoma. Alcohol consumption & tobacco chewing has a strong relationship with the development of oral,  larynx, pharynx cancers. A typical HNSCC has a superficial changes such as scaling, crusting, presence of  cutaneous horn and ulceration. The stage of disease is apparent in the form of symptoms of head and neck carcinoma. Genetic alterations accumulation is source of initiation and development of carcinogenic cells. The development of HNSCC is based on many factors. Its underlying mechanism is based on the genetic and molecular changes along with repetitive injury to the epithelial layer by external stimuli. Different types of smoking such as Cigar, Pipe, Huqqa etc exist in sub-continent and smoke from these sources contain toxic agents like tar and carbon monoxide. Mouth cavity and lungs are the places where tar being sticky substance deposits and cause many respiratory and oral diseases.