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In the field of healthcare, the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Public Health has emerged as an essential component, presenting numerous opportunities for innovation that are one of a kind. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the historical development, current patterns, and global repercussions of incorporating AI into healthcare systems. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of AI in the field of public health. It covers the progression of the field, beginning with the initial efforts to automate diagnostic procedures and ending with the most recent developments in predictive modeling and precision medicine. The research investigates the degree to which various nations have adopted AI, highlighting both successful implementations and ongoing challenges in the framework of the global landscape. The intentional incorporation of AI is presented as a driving force for the transformation of healthcare provision. This transformation has the potential to provide potential benefits such as improved precision in diagnosis, effectiveness in treatment, and efficient utilization of treatment resources. In addition, the paper places an emphasis on the proactive role that AI plays in identifying and mitigating emerging health risks. Providing useful information about the policies, practices, and frameworks that enable the efficient incorporation of AI into public health is the primary objective of this research. The purpose of this paper is to provide policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and researchers with suggestions that can be put into practice today by combining historical perspectives and analyzing patterns that are currently occurring. The purpose of this action is to have an impact on the conversation that is taking place about the future of healthcare delivery, with the intention of highlighting the significant impact that AI can have on improving the circumstances of public health.

Abstract Deep learning techniques have proven to be effective in solving the facial emotion recognition (FER) problem. However, it demands a significant amount of supervision data which is often unavailable due to privacy and ethical concerns. In this paper, we present a novel approach for addressing the FER problem using multi-source transfer learning. The proposed method leverages the knowledge from multiple data sources of similar domains to inform the model on a related task. The approach involves the optimization of aggregate multivariate correlation among the source tasks trained on the source dataset, thus controlling the transfer of information to the target task. The hypothesis is validated on benchmark datasets for facial emotion recognition and image classification tasks, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in capturing the group correlation among features, as well as being robust to negative transfer and performing well in few-shot multi-source adaptation. With respect to the state-of-the-art methods MCW and DECISION, our approach shows an improvement of 7% and $$\sim$$ ∼ 15% respectively.

Background. Despite being a common infection in end-stage kidney disease patients, there are no evidence-based guidelines to suggest the ideal time of transplantation in patients on antitubercular therapy (ATT). This study aimed to examine the outcome of transplantation in patients while on ATT compared with those without tuberculosis (TB). Methods. This was a retrospective study. Renal transplant recipients transplanted while on ATT were compared with a 1:1 matched group (for age, sex, diabetic status, and type of induction agent) of patients without TB at the time of transplant. Patient outcomes included relapse of TB and graft and patient survival. Results. There were 71 patients in each group. The mean duration for which ATT was given pretransplant was 3.8 ± 2.47 mo. The average total duration of ATT received was 12.27 ± 1.25 mo. Mortality in both the groups was similar (8.4% in the TB group versus 4.5% in the non-TB group; P = 0.49). None of the surviving patients had recurrence of TB during the follow-up. Death-censored graft survival (98.5% in the TB group versus 97% in the non-TB group; P = 1) and biopsy-proven acute rejection rates (9.86% in the TB group versus 8.45% in the non-TB group; P = 1) were also similar in both the groups. Conclusions. Successful transplantation in patients with end-stage kidney disease on ATT is possible without any deleterious effect on patient and graft survival and no risk of disease recurrence. Multicentric prospective studies are needed.

Brain tumors pose a complex and urgent challenge in medical diagnostics, requiring precise and timely classification due to their diverse characteristics and potentially life-threatening consequences. While existing deep learning (DL)-based brain tumor classification (BTC) models have shown significant progress, they encounter limitations like restricted depth, vanishing gradient issues, and difficulties in capturing intricate features. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an efficient skip connections-based residual network (ESRNet). leveraging the residual network (ResNet) with skip connections. ESRNet ensures smooth gradient flow during training, mitigating the vanishing gradient problem. Additionally, the ESRNet architecture includes multiple stages with increasing numbers of residual blocks for improved feature learning and pattern recognition. ESRNet utilizes residual blocks from the ResNet architecture, featuring skip connections that enable identity mapping. Through direct addition of the input tensor to the convolutional layer output within each block, skip connections preserve the gradient flow. This mechanism prevents vanishing gradients, ensuring effective information propagation across network layers during training. Furthermore, ESRNet integrates efficient downsampling techniques and stabilizing batch normalization layers, which collectively contribute to its robust and reliable performance. Extensive experimental results reveal that ESRNet significantly outperforms other approaches in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-score, and Kappa statistics, with median values of 99.62%, 99.68%, 99.89%, 99.47%, and 99.42%, respectively. Moreover, the achieved minimum performance metrics, including accuracy (99.34%), sensitivity (99.47%), specificity (99.79%), F-score (99.04%), and Kappa statistics (99.21%), underscore the exceptional effectiveness of ESRNet for BTC. Therefore, the proposed ESRNet showcases exceptional performance and efficiency in BTC, holding the potential to revolutionize clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.

Respiratory infections are among the most common and serious infections after solid organ transplantation (SOT). Infections within a month after transplant are usually donor-derived or bacterial infections related to surgical infections or ventilator associated. Infections between 1–6 months after SOT are mostly opportunistic due to various viruses, or fungal infections. After 6 months of transplantation usually community acquired infections predominate, however it is not uncommon to find opportunistic fungal and viral infections in this period. The signs and symptoms of these infections are often mitigated in SOT recipients, so a high index of suspicion is required along with microbiological or tissue diagnosis early in the course to timely treat these infections. Thorough screening for common infections and endemic infections is required in donor and recipients before transplantation to reduce the risk of infections in posttransplant period. Finally, a longer duration of treatment and prophylaxis is required for adequately treat these infections and prevent the relapse.

The study demonstrates the implementation of Jaya Algorithm (JA) to optimize the Irrigation Pipe Distribution Network (IPDN) for the networks of the Kanhan Branch of Pench project, Maharashtra, India. In the present work, two case studies with their networks of two different sizes are designed using the Critical Path Method (CPM). The pipe diameters thus obtained in CPM are optimized using two optimization techniques, viz. linear programming (LP) and recently developed Jaya Algorithm (JA). JA is a relatively new optimization technique requiring minimum input parameters and are selected based on sensitivity analysis. The comparison of the results using LP and JA exhibits significant reduction in cost of IPDN using newly developed JA. The scope of reduction in the total cost using JA increases with increase in the network area. HIGHLIGHTS Implementation of Jaya Algorithm (JA) for optimization of IPDN.; Comparison of JA with classic LP, a globally accepted optimization technique.; Input parameter selection for the JA is obtained using sensitivity analysis.; Significant cost reduction observed for the irrigation network using JA.; JA for pipe size optimization of large IPDN could significantly reduce the pipe cost, reducing the total project cost.;

The hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy optimization method optimizes multi-objective optimization problems under uncertainty and hesitation, and reflects the practical aspects of better decision-making. Hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy optimization (HIFO), a new optimization technique, has been suggested in the current study to find the best cropping pattern in the Kakrapar Right Bank Main Canal (KRBMC) command area of Ukai-Kakrapar Water Resources Project in India. The HIFO multi-objective fuzzy linear programming (HIFO MOFLP) result includes three objectives: maximization of net irrigation benefits (NIB), maximization of employment generation (EG), and minimization of cost of cultivation (CC), along with the appropriate constraints set. The performance of the aforesaid model is evaluated based on irrigation intensity, degree of acceptance (αr), and degree of rejection (βr) for inflows corresponding to 75% exceedance probability. The irrigation intensity from the study HIFO MOFLP model has been found to be 82.05%, while NIB, EG, and CC from the proposed model are 5572.31 million Rs, 14,287.27 thousand-man days, and 3429.99 million Rs, respectively. The proposed HIFO MOFLP model has been compared with the IFO MOFLP approach for the same command area and found to give improved results in the form of the irrigation intensity of the command area and objective function values. The current study demonstrates how hesitant fuzzy membership functions and non-membership functions can be applied to deal with uncertainty and hesitation in a real-world problem.

Background: Panel reactive antibody (PRA) is a screening test to identify the immunological sensitization of the transplant recipients. The current study focuses on the role of PRA in immunological risk stratification in live donor kidney transplant and its correlation with antecedent events and posttransplant outcomes. Methods: This was a prospective, single-center, observational study. All patients with end-stage renal disease between January 1, 2016, and October 1, 2016, were included. The patient's sensitization history and other immunological workup were recorded. Patients were followed up for 6 months. Results: PRA positivity was seen in 29/185 (15.7%) patients. Female sex (P = 0.004), longer duration renal replacement therapy (P = 0.037), and hepatitis C virus infection positivity (P = 0.047) were significantly associated with PRA positivity. Only 3/87 (3.4%) patients who had no history of sensitizing events had high PRA. Less number of patients in PRA-positive group received transplant as compared to PRA-negative group (12/29; [41.4%] vs. 143/156 [91.7%, P < 0.0001]). In transplanted patients, there was no significant difference between PRA-positive and PRA-negative group in terms of serum creatinine (1.22 ± 0.26 mg/dl vs. 1.30 ± 0.38 mg/dl, P = 0.63) and number of acute rejection (1 vs. 6, P = 0.507). Conclusions: PRA positivity is not uncommon in live donor kidney-transplant patients. Previous transplants, pregnancies, and multiple blood transfusions are important sensitizing events. PRA testing was useful in identifying high-risk patients and evaluating them further. There was no difference in short term outcomes between PRA-positive and PRA-negative groups after exclusion of high-risk patients from transplantation.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate root canal morphology in mandibular first and second premolars among Rajasthan subpopulation in Jaipur city using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT scans of 740 fully erupted mandibular first and second premolars were taken and assessed by two endodontists. Inter-examiner reliability was determined. Results: The root canal morphology of 380 permanent mandibular first premolars was assessed which showed canal configurations of Type I in 73.5%, Type V in 11.57%, Type IV in 8.42%, Type III in 2.63%, Type II in 2.1%, Type VII in 2.1% and Type VI and VIII 0% of the scans. The root canal morphology of 360 permanent mandibular second premolars was assessed which showed canal configurations of Type I in 88.88%, Type II in 7.77%, Type IV in 2.2%, Type III and Type V in 0.55%, Type VI, VII, VIII in 0% respectively of the scans. Conclusion: The majority of the population in Rajasthan have Vertucci's Type I configuration in both mandibular first and second premolars. However, other canal configurations can also be found in these teeth.

Based on the current water crisis scenario, effective water resources management can play an essential role. Reservoir operation optimization is part of water resources management. Reservoir operation optimization is difficult as it involves a large number of variables and constraints to achieve this goal. The present study aims at exploring the performance of recently developed heuristic algorithms—Rao algorithms as applied to the reservoir operation studies for the first time. Rao algorithms are metaphor-less algorithms that require only basic parameters—population size and function evaluations. In the present study, Rao algorithms have been applied to two case studies: discrete four-reservoir operation system problem and continuous four-reservoir operation system problem (benchmark problems) for the assessment of their performance vis-à-vis other algorithms from the literature. The results showed that the Rao-1 algorithm provided the optimal solution with the least function evaluations when compared to Rao-2, Rao-3, and other algorithms applied in the past to the same benchmark problem. Consequently, the Rao-1 model is found to be superior to these approaches by taking less computational time. Hence, the Rao-1 algorithm can be considered suitable for application to reservoir operation optimization problems.

Programmed cellular responses to cycling ovarian-derived steroid hormones are central to normal endometrial function. Abnormalities therein, as in the estrogen-dependent, progesterone-"resistant" disorder, endometriosis, predispose to infertility and poor pregnancy outcomes. The endometrial stromal fibroblast (eSF) is a master regulator of pregnancy success. However, the complex hormone-epigenome-transcriptome interplay in eSF by each individual steroid hormone, estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone (P4), under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, is poorly understood and was investigated herein. Genome-wide analysis in normal, early and late stage eutopic eSF revealed: i) In contrast to P4, E2 extensively affected the eSF DNA methylome and transcriptome. Importantly, E2 resulted in a more open versus closed chromatin, confirmed by histone modification analysis. Combined E2 with P4 affected a totally different landscape than E2 or P4 alone. ii) P4 responses were aberrant in early and late stage endometriosis, and mapping differentially methylated CpG sites with progesterone receptor targets from the literature revealed different but not decreased P4-targets, leading to question the P4-"resistant" phenotype in endometriosis. Interestingly, an aberrant E2-response was noted in eSF from endometriosis women; iii) Steroid hormones affected specific genomic contexts and locations, significantly enriching enhancers and intergenic regions and minimally involving proximal promoters and CpG islands, regardless of hormone type and eSF disease state. iv) In eSF from women with endometriosis, aberrant hormone-induced methylation signatures were mainly due to existing DNA methylation marks prior to hormone treatments and involved known endometriosis genes and pathways. v) Distinct DNA methylation and transcriptomic signatures revealed early and late stage endometriosis comprise unique disease subtypes. Taken together, the data herein, for the first time, provide significant insight into the hormone-epigenome-transcriptome interplay of each steroid hormone in normal eSF, and aberrant E2 response, distinct disease subtypes, and pre-existing epigenetic aberrancies in the setting of endometriosis, provide mechanistic insights into how endometriosis affects endometrial function/dysfunction.

Introduction: Among the lymphoid organs, spleen is the largest one with rich blood supply. It serves to filter the blood, shows immune response to antigens and in fetal life acts as a haematopoietic organ to produce erythrocytes and granulocytes. As of known, the human lymphoid organs shows variations, spleen lacks the definite histogenetic changes. Aim: To find out the histogenesis of spleen in different gestational ages between normal pregnancy and hypertension in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was carried out on 100 human aborted and stillborn foetuses, aged between 12 to 40 gestational weeks. Out of 100 fetuses, 50 belonged to normal pregnancy and 50 belonged to hypertension in pregnancy. The foetuses were obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Pathology. The tissue was processed, slides prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin. The slides were observed under compound microscope using 4x,10x,40x and 100x objectives and interpreted. Results: The following microscopic features were observed in the present study at different gestational ages in normal pregnancy. At 12-18 weeks, spleen was lined by thin capsule, parenchyma with blood vessels, reticular cells and haematopoietic cells seen, at 17 weeks central arteriole started appearing. At 19 weeks trabeculae were seen, venous sinuses, central arteriole surrounded by few lymphocytes, 20-weeks; red and white pulp were seen, Peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheath was seen. At 24 weeks capsule was more thick with increased trabeculae. At 24-30 weeks germinal centre was seen along with the ring fibres. At 30-36 weeks, capsule was thick, white pulp was well defined. At 37 weeks, germinal centre was well-defined. At 38-40 weeks, the fetal spleen resembled that of an adult spleen. The present study attempted studying the histogenesis of fetal spleen in hypertension in pregnancy. The microscopic features of spleen did not show differences between normal pregnancy and that in hypertension in pregnancy. The study could not establish any comparable differences in the two situations. Conclusion: The present study served to study the splenic histogenesis to some extent. The findings in individual Author variations are still existing. The study could not conclude difference in the histogenesis of spleen in normal pregnancy and hypertension in pregnancy. This study may serve the Anatomists and the Pathologists for studying the individual variations in histogenesis of spleen.

Introduction: The Hypoglossal Canal (HC) (anterior condylar canal) is situated at the base of skull which transmits important structures. The detailed knowledge of the morphometry of HC and its variations provide important benefits in determining safe zones during surgical procedures. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of morphometric analysis of HC, to verify the morphological characteristics for sexual dimorphism of human skull and to study any variations. Materials and Methods: The present osteological analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 200 HC of 100 dry adult human crania using SPSS software 16th version. All measurements were recorded in millimeters using Digital Vernier calipers. The parameters considered for the study were: intracranial and extracranial diameters of HC; the distances between extracranial end of HC and other landmarks like basion, opisthion, anterior and posterior tips of occipital condyle; and lower border of occipital condyle, number of HC, length of HC and relation of HC to occipital condyle on both right and left sides. Statistical analysis was done using Mean±SD, Mann-whitney test and Chi-square test. Results: Extracranial diameter of HC on right side was 4.7±1.3 mm with significant p-value. Distance of extracranial end of HC to posterior end of Occipital Condyle (OC) was 14.7±2.1mm with a significant p-value, distance of extracranial end of HC to lower border of OC was 13.3±1.5 mm with a significant p-value. Double HC was seen in 40% of cases- right side 13% and left side 27%. HC is located in relation to middle 1/3rd of OC in 59% on right, 66% on left side. Conclusion: The morphometric and morphological parameters of HC are essential for the anthropologists to assertain different cranial variants to different races and sexes and for the neurosurgeons to plan for various surgical interventions at cranial base.

Background and Objectives: Immunization is proven cost effective intervention to reduce the child morbidity and mortality. Immunization is the cost-effective intervention which provides protection to infants and children. The objectives of study were to assess the immunization coverage and factors associated with utilization of immunization of 12-23 months children. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban area of Belgaum city, Karnataka with a sample size of 370. Pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to elicit the required information. Result: It was found that 79.5% were fully immunized, 20.5% were partially immunized and no children were found unimmunized. Immunization status of children was significantly associated with mother’s educational level (p

Introduction: Teeth with immature apex are managed by establishing an apical plug using various materials and techniques. However, the use of previously placed intracanal medicament may affect the sealing ability of permanent filling material used as an apical plug. Aim: To evaluate the effect of removal of previously placed Calcium Hydroxide, Chlorhexidine Digluconate and Camphorated Monochlorophenol as an intracanal medicament on the sealing ability of the Biodentine as an apical plug. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 recently extracted human permanent teeth with single root were selected and stored in saline at room temperature. The crown portion of each tooth was removed at the level of cemento enamel junction; 14mm root length was taken as standard length. All the roots were submerged in 20% sulphuric acid up to 3 mm from the apex, for four days for root resorption. One sample was cut longitudinally to look for root resorption under stereo microscope. The canal preparation was done; the roots were kept in moist gauze after instrumentation. A total of 71 roots were randomly divided into three groups. GROUP 1:Calcium hydroxide paste, GROUP 2: Chlorhexidine digluconate, GROUP 3: Camphorated Monochlorophenol (CMCP). The medicaments were removed with stainless steel hand files and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. After removal of medicament Biodentine was placed in apical third of resorbed roots and the remaining portion of the canals was filled with gutta-percha. All the 71 roots were analysed with fluid filtration method for evaluating microleakage. Results: Comparing all the three groups statistically there was no significant difference. The mean values were found more for group 1 followed by group 2 & 3. Conclusion: All the groups showed microleakage. Calcium hydroxide showed the maximum microleakage followed by Chlorhexidine digluconate and least with CMCP.

Postnatal care has a positive impact on maternal as well as child health. This period is culturally as well as traditionally sensitive; which is clearly reflected in WHO 1998 theme "Pregnancy is special, let’s keep it safe". Objective To determine the existing postnatal care practices in rural community of Vantamuri primary health centre (PHC). Materials and Methods A total of 390 women who delivered in the three sub centres of Vantamuri PHC, Belagavi district between 1st November 2009 to 31st October 2010 were interviewed at home. Predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to collect the information. Results It was found that 29% women discarded colostrums. Only 26% women initiated breastfeeding within 1 hour and 47% women applied some traditional mixture on the umbilical cord. Conclusion Postnatal care is not free from hazardous traditional practices in the study area.

During routine dissection of an adult male cadaver, a unique case of anomalous origin of linguofacial trunk from both the right and left external carotid arteries with no looping of lingual artery in its course and relative higher division of right common carotid artery at C3 vertebral level was observed. Although variations in the external carotid artery origin and branches are not uncommon it is necessary to document as these variations may increase the risk of accidental vascular trauma during head and neck surgeries. And this knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation of carotid arterial system.

Introduction: Bronchial Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in childhood. Vitamin-D, required for bone mineralization, is also a potent immune system regulator having a potential role in various allergic diseases. This study was undertaken to determine the difference in serum levels of Vitamin-D in asthmatic children and to determine the association between vitamin-D and asthma in children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 88 (44 asthmatic children and 44 healthy controls) children aged between 5 and 13 y. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin-D levels were determined and compared between the two groups. The association between vitamin-D levels and lung function was studied in the asthmatic children. Results: Serum vitamin-D level was significantly lower in asthmatic children than in control group and in the asthmatic group, vitamin-D levels had a significant positive correlation with FEV1% and FEV1/FVC%. Conclusion: Vitamin-D deficiency is highly prevalent in asthmatic children and is associated with airway limitation.

Strongyloides stercoralis an intestinal nematode, causes the disease Strongyloidiasis, which is defined by acute manifes- tation, autoinfection and hyperinfection leading to persistent and fatal disseminated infections in immunocompro- mised hosts. Effective treatment is dependent on early detection of larvae in stool. Diagnosis of Strongyloides ster- coralis by stool microscopy has been done in two known cases of PLWH and one case of chronic alcoholic presented at SMIMER hospital. Early diagnosis is a real challenge; therefore high index of suspicion is required to get im- munocompromised patients with high eosinophil count screened for Strongyloides stercoralis by stool microscopic examination. It is associated with high mortality rate, hence definitive and an early diagnosis is required to start ap- propriate therapy.

Programmed cellular responses to cycling ovarian-derived steroid hormones are central to normal endometrial function. Abnormalities therein, as in the estrogen-dependent, progesterone-"resistant" disorder, endometriosis, predispose to infertility and poor pregnancy outcomes. The endometrial stromal fibroblast (eSF) is a master regulator of pregnancy success. However, the complex hormone-epigenome-transcriptome interplay in eSF by each individual steroid hormone, estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone (P4), under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, is poorly understood and was investigated herein. Genome-wide analysis in normal, early and late stage eutopic eSF revealed: i) In contrast to P4, E2 extensively affected the eSF DNA methylome and transcriptome. Importantly, E2 resulted in a more open versus closed chromatin, confirmed by histone modification analysis. Combined E2 with P4 affected a totally different landscape than E2 or P4 alone. ii) P4 responses were aberrant in early and late stage endometriosis, and mapping differentially methylated CpG sites with progesterone receptor targets from the literature revealed different but not decreased P4-targets, leading to question the P4-"resistant" phenotype in endometriosis. Interestingly, an aberrant E2-response was noted in eSF from endometriosis women; iii) Steroid hormones affected specific genomic contexts and locations, significantly enriching enhancers and intergenic regions and minimally involving proximal promoters and CpG islands, regardless of hormone type and eSF disease state. iv) In eSF from women with endometriosis, aberrant hormone-induced methylation signatures were mainly due to existing DNA methylation marks prior to hormone treatments and involved known endometriosis genes and pathways. v) Distinct DNA methylation and transcriptomic signatures revealed early and late stage endometriosis comprise unique disease subtypes. Taken together, the data herein, for the first time, provide significant insight into the hormone-epigenome-transcriptome interplay of each steroid hormone in normal eSF, and aberrant E2 response, distinct disease subtypes, and pre-existing epigenetic aberrancies in the setting of endometriosis, provide mechanistic insights into how endometriosis affects endometrial function/dysfunction.