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Background: Pinus gerardiana Wallich ex. D. Don. (Chilgoza) is a popular medicinal plant that is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. It is reputed as the “Champion of Rocky Mountains” in the interior Himalayas of India. Besides India, its habitat prevails in the Tibet area of Baluchistan (Pakistan), Afghanistan, etc. The plant is jeopardized in Red Data Book of India. For its survival, there is a prerequisite of adequate knowledge on the plant's involvement towards human health and other activities. Purpose: The objective of this review article is to share sufficient literature evidence regarding the plant Pinus gerardiana Wallich ex. D. Don. a frequently used Ayurvedic medicine in Asian countries abide by Himalayan belt. Beside this other information regarding molecular study, nutraceutical values, disadvantages too has been mentioned. Method: This article reviews detailed information of Pinus gerardiana Wallich ex. D. Don. Pharmacgnosy, Chemical information rlated to the isolated molecules from different extracts, pharmacological applications, Ethnomedicinal applications such as health benefits of plant, nutraceutical value of the seed, were reported till date. Articles for the citations were acquired all the way through a methodical search using electronic publications such as PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct. Manual search from grey literature; Google Scholar, and various natural product databases. Findings that were achieved to evaluate the pharmacological activity of Pinus gerardiana Wallich ex. D. Don. plant relation to distinct health issues reported to human was mentioned till 2020 in this review. Results: Pinus gerardiana Wallich ex. D. Don. (Chilgoza) seed, bark and leaves constituents are used in various part of the world as potential ayurvedic medicine and nutraceuticals. Phytochemical studies on Pinus gerardiana exposes the presence of Linoleic acid, oleic acid, albumenoids, oil starch, Phytosterol,Polyphenols, xanthenes, carotenoids, tocopherols, gallocatechin, catechin, lutein, etc. Different vitamins, including vitamin E, thiamin (B1), beta carotene, riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), vitamin k, pantothenic acid (B5), vitamin B6, folate (B9), and minerals including magnesium, calcium, manganese, phosphorous, potassium, iron, zinc has been reported. Quantification of the constituents in seed and other parts has been mentioned. The plant shows various biological activities such as antioxidant activity, antithrombotic and anti-platelet activity, antidiabetic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity on scientific evaluation. Other than the plant reports miscellaneous activities, ectomycorrhiza and fungal diversity, inhibition of sperm parameters, bio-sorbent activity, aflatoxin contamination, nutraceutical value of different parts present in it. A section with plant's demerits, organochlorine pesticidal residues has been reported. Beside this short shelf life of chilgoza and method for extension, dysgeusia effect of the plant, associated allergic reactions and its conservation status has been elaborated till date. Conclusion: Chilgoza nut is enriched with oil, containing linoleic acid and other chemical constituents having health promoting impact on blood pressure, as well as cholesterol. This plant has a very high nutritional value with a high number of proteins, moisture, carbohydrates, fat, roughage as well as mineral content, that is why edible in the rural belt of the Himalayas. the plant is regarded as endangered now in India due to its high demand and human exploitation. In the article, we have described its chemical constituents, pharmacological importance, pharmacognosy, miscellaneous activities, nutraceutical value, molecular study, conservation status along with demerits as cited earlier in different kinds of literature .

IR (Induced resistance) is a security arrangement in the interior part of the plants to counterattack fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens or any pests. The apprehension has been appeared, and the system intensifies a resistance to the attack. In this research, efficacy of eight IR chemicals along with standard fungicide hexaconazole was evaluated against French bean rust with reference to alteration in biochemical constituents present in the plant under pot conditions. Minimum disease severity was recorded when plants were challenge inoculated after 20 days of treatment of IR chemicals. Minimum disease severity (8.50 %) was recorded in plants sprayed with KH2PO4 as compared to control. The application of IR chemicals triggered the activity of defence related enzymes (phenol, PO, PPO and PAL) in bean plants upon challenge inoculation with Uromyces appendiculatus. Under field conditions potassium dihydrogen phosphate sprays were found most effective in reducing the disease severity to 30.71 % followed by benzothiadiazole with 41.23 % disease severity though they were slightly less effective to standard fungicide hexaconazole.

Tinospora cordifolia is a popular medicinal plant which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. The common names are Amrita and Guduchi and belong to the family of Menispermaceae. It is considered an essential herbal plant of Indian system of medicine (ISM) and has been used in the treatment of fever, urinary problem, dysentery, skin diseases leprosy, diabetes, and many more diseases. The plant reported containing chemical compound including Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Lignans, Steroids and others that establish the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The present review highlights the pharmacological importance viz antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-diabetic activity, antistress activity, hypolipidaemic effect, hepatic disorder, anticancer anti HIV potential, antiosteoporotic effects, antitoxic effects, wound healing, anticomplementary activity, and immunomodulating activity, systemic infection and Parkinson ̓s disease.

In the present study, the synthesized benzopyran isoxazolines and isoxazoles were evaluated for antibacterial activity by Agar well diffusion method against multi drug resistance (MDR) clinical isolates of five bacterial strains.i.e., Staphylococcus sp. (2413), Enterococcus sp. (2449), and Escherichia sp. (2461), Acinetobacter sp. (2457) and Serratia sp (2442). MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration) of the potent derivatives were calculated and tabulated. A partial structure activity relationship (SAR) was done on the basis of microbial inhibition data. Compounds 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 20 were the most promising antibacterial molecule. Compound 3, the precursor of isoxazole / isoxazoline found to be most active antibacterial candidate as well as bactericidal too.