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1. Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of the Impact of EEF Trials on the Educational Attainment of Pupils on Free School Meals: 2011-2019

Author

Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) (United Kingdom), Ashraf, Bilal, Singh, Akansha, Uwimpuhwe, Germaine, Coolen-Maturi, Tahani, Einbeck, Jochen, Higgins, Steve, and Kasim, Adetayo

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of Education Endowment Foundation (EEF)-funded trials on pupils eligible for free school meals. Although similar analysis is conducted during each individual evaluation, this report conducts a meta-analysis using data from 88 trials and over half a million pupils to reach conclusions. The report contributes to the evidence about what type of approaches may be effective at reducing the attainment gap, which influences the choice of interventions that EEF chooses to trial and scale up. This study investigates the immediate impact of EEF-funded interventions on attainment in literacy and mathematics based on the following research questions: (1) Do EEF trials improve literacy/mathematics attainment of pupils eligible for FSM? (2) What broad types of interventions are more beneficial for mathematics and literacy outcomes of FSM pupils? and (3) Do FSM pupils improve their literacy/mathematics attainment more or less from EEF-funded interventions compared to their non-FSM peers? [This report was written in partnership with the Durham Research Methods Centre (DRMC).]

Published
2021

4. Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Educational Interventions on Pupils Eligible for Free School Meals

Author

Ashraf, Bilal, Singh, Akansha, Uwimpuhwe, Germaine, Higgins, Steven, and Kasim, Adetayo

Abstract

Meta-analysis is the synthesis of findings from research projects, which enables an estimate of the average or pooled effect across various studies. This study presents findings from the intention to treat analysis for a series of educational evaluations in England using a two-stage meta-analysis with standardised outcome data and individual participant data meta-analyses. The research estimates the overall impact of educational trials on pupils eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) and the attainment gap in literacy and mathematics performance between FSM and non-FSM pupils based on analysis of 88 trials and data from over half a million pupils. For the meta-analyses, frequentist and Bayesian multilevel models were used to estimate the individual and pooled effect size across categories of explanatory variables such as age groups (key stages in England) and aspects of the type of interventions (one-to-one, small group, whole class). Results indicated that the overall impact of interventions on the literacy outcomes of FSM pupils was positive, with a pooled effect size of 0.06 (0.03, 0.08). However, for mathematics, no overall effect on FSM pupils was observed. Analysis of the attainment gap indicated that literacy outcomes for FSM pupils were improved by interventions marginally more than for non-FSM pupils (pooled attainment gap 0.01 (-0.01, 0.04)). The risk of bias assessment showed that estimates were consistent across different methodological approaches. Overall, evidence from this study can be used to identify, test and scale educational interventions in schools to improve educational outcomes for disadvantaged pupils.

Published
2021
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13. Gastrointestinal Manifestations Are Associated with Severe COVID-19 in Children.

Author

Akkoyun, Esra Betul, Ashraf, Bilal, Hanners, Natasha, Kahn, Jeffrey, and Most, Zachary

Subjects
COVID-19, GASTROINTESTINAL diseases, SEVERITY of illness index, CHILDREN
Abstract

Purpose: Although less severe than in adults, children can experience a range of COVID-19 symptoms, from asymptomatic to life-threatening, including respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Medical conditions may also increase the severity of the disease in infected children. Methods: This study was performed at a single center, comparing cases and controls, and involving 253 pediatric patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19. Two different outcomes were assessed. The first categorized symptomatic individuals who were hospitalized with COVID-19 (hospital) from those who were not (nonhospital). The second categorized admitted individuals who spent at least one day in the intensive care unit (ICU) from those who did not require intensive care (floor). Results: Ninety individuals (36%) had at least one underlying medical condition, the most common being pulmonary disorders, such as asthma (12%), followed by neurodevelopmental disorders (8%), gastrointestinal disorders (6%), and seizure disorders (6%). The hospital group was more likely to have a comorbidity, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), diabetes mellitus, seizure disorder, hypertension, sickle cell disease, neurodevelopmental disorder, and immunocompromising conditions, including cancer, bone marrow transplant, and other immunodeficiencies, compared to the non-hospital group. Abdominal pain was more common in the hospital group. Shortness of breath (SOB) and diarrhea were significantly more common in the ICU group than in the floor group. Conclusions: Early identification of pediatric patients with severe COVID-19 is important to improve outcomes. In our single-center case–control study, we found that the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms on presentation was more commonly associated with severe COVID-19 in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. An open standard-based scheme for sensor and process level information for condition monitoring applications via Internet

Author

Ashraf, Bilal

Subjects
621.3104202854678
Abstract

Automated Condition Monitoring (ACM) has become a necessity for modern day electromechanical systems. It is used not only to increase the efficiency of a system but also to avoid costly unscheduled breakdowns. Communication systems play a fundamental role in the implementation of ACM. At present, there are a number of different types of communication systems that are used for this purpose. Since its introduction, the popularity of Internet has been increasing at an extraordinary rate. It has found its way into all fields of life including ACM. The number of Internet based Condition Monitoring (e-CM) systems are increasing due to various advantages of Internet such as universal access, openness and easy implementation. However, the integration of Internet with various communication systems raises various issues. This includes identifying, parsing and processing of data from different communication system data formats. In addition, in distributed e-CM systems, sharing of data between different communication systems is a major issue. The already available solutions do not properly address these problems. These solutions are either proprietary or provide limited functionality. A scheme is proposed in this thesis that uses various open standards including Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Object Oriented Design (OOD) to convert the data from different communication systems into a single data format. The data format provides a common definition of sensor and process level information. This greatly facilitates the access of data from different communication systems via Internet. It also provides a way for communication systems to share data amongst themselves. Initially, an Object Oriented Model of the proposed data format in Unified Modelling Language (UML) is created. This provides an implementation free representation of the proposal. This model is then converted into an XML document model for the practical implementation of the scheme. The scheme is implemented in some of the most commonly available communication systems. A distributed system implementation of the scheme is also presented. The results demonstrate that by using this scheme, the integration of Internet with different communication systems and between different communication systems themselves will be more efficient and less complex. The thesis has made several contributions to knowledge including the layout of a typical e-CM strategy, an architecture to integrate Internet with different communication systems as well as to integrate different communication systems with each other, a standard data format for sensor information and UML and XML models for the proposed data format.

Published
2006

20. Gastrointestinal manifestations are associated with severe COVID-19 in children

Author

Akkoyun, Esra B, Ashraf, Bilal, Kahn, Jeffrey, Hanners, Natasha, and Most, Zachary

Subjects
children, COVID-19, severe infection
Abstract

This manuscript describes the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms was more frequently associated with severe COVID-19 in children. Our study adds to growing evidence that gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, are a manifestation of severe COVID-19 in children. Although the data used in this study does not encompass the Omicron and Delta variants, the limited information available on the pediatric population makes this knowledge crucial for clinicians. It enables them to promptly identify patients who may be susceptible to developing severe illness and to apply appropriate interventions accordingly.

Published
2023
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30. Poster: AML-522 Outcomes of Patients Treated With Venetoclax-Based Combination Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and High-Grade Myeloid Neoplasms; Real World Data from a Single Center Cohort

Author

Ashraf, Bilal, primary, Jeon-Slaughter, Haekyung, additional, Nguyen, Hang, additional, Hoff, Fieke, additional, Khatib, Jude, additional, Patel, Hetalkumari, additional, Vusirikala, Madhuri, additional, Collins, Robert, additional, Weinberg, Olga, additional, Chung, Stephen, additional, and Madanat, Yazan, additional

Published
2022
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