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Accuracy in rainfall forecast plays an important role in farming operations. Here, a study has been done to verify the forecast and actual rainfall data of 11 blocks of Banka district at KVK, Banka. To verify the accuracy of rainfall forecast for the financial year 2020-21 several statistical tools has been used i.e., Forecast Accuracy (ACC) or Ratio Score or Hit Score, Hanssen and Kuipers Scores or True Skill Score (HK score), Probability of detection (POD), Heidke Skill Score (HSS), False alarm ratio, Critical Success index (CSI), Missing Rate (MR) and BIAS score. Forecast Accuracy (ACC) ranged from 0.81 to 0.87 and the highest accuracy of rainfall prediction was observed in Katoriya block and lowest accuracy observed in Amarpur, Dhoraiya and Rajoun block. Similarly, Critical Success Index (CSI) was recorded with the values range of 0.4 to 0.6 for respective blocks of Banka district. Heidke Skill Score (HSS) was accounted as 0.50 for Amarpur, Banka, Barahat, Bounsi, Belhar, Dhoraiya, Rajoun and Shambhuganj and for rest of the blocks it was 0.6. The higher accuracy (87.1 per cent) was recorded in Katoriya block followed by Fullidumar (86.3 per cent) and Chandan (85.4 per cent). The highest no. of rainy days was observed in Katoriya block (75 no.) followed by Chandan (74 no.). POD value ranges between 0.8-0.9, FAR value between 0.3-0.5, MR and BIAS value ranges between 0.8-0.9 and 1.3 -2.0 respectively.

An attempt has been made to study the impact of Monthly rainfall variability and trend on crop production and productivity of different crops at Kawardha districts of Chhattisgarh state by using long term rainfall (1963-2015). Mean monthly rainfall was more in the month of August (283 mm) where as it was least in December (4 mm) in Kawardha district. The coefficient of variation was highest in the month of December (245 %) and lowest in August (33 %). The CV during July and August is less than 40 % where as it is more than 50 % but less than 60 % in June and September months. The CV is more than 100 percent in rest of the months. The CV in June month is more than 50 percent but less than 60 percent indicates that the crop operations like sowing of crops is uncertain in the month of June. July and August months have lower CV in indicating that the rainfall is stable in the months of July and August but again the CV increased in the month of September and it is around 48 percent in Kawardha districts. Low CV indicates that the rainfall variability is less during monsoon months where as other months show relatively a high value of CV i.e. more than 100 percent. About approximate 80 per cent of the total average annual rainfall concentrated in the south west monsoon and received during a short span of two to three months between June to September. Despite advance technology, still monsoonal rains influence the food grain production to a considerable extent. Kharif food grain production is adversely affected due to monsoon break or failure. This rainfall variability studies can help to plan conservation of excess water and its utilization during their peak requirement. For the purpose of crop planning the rainy days are taken into account and it also plays an important role strategic crop planning.

It is all good to say, that the world is one! Are these idealistic/poetic ideas or could there be psychological pathways to experience oneness as a continuous realisation? This is not a question of philosophy or intellectual argumentation, but a question of living and being. There has been now interest in non-dual awareness in research as well ( Josipovic, 2014 ). The objective of this article is to introduce a radical worldview—advaita vedānta that leads to profound cognitive, affective and behavioural implications of well-being beyond the surface level ideas of happiness. Advaita—which means ‘not-two’ is the most profound and radical of psychological theories Indic civilization has experienced and accepted as the epitome—the crown jewel. The Vedāntic worldview and practice with the background throb of all Indic values—of inclusion, love and truth vests in Advaita—oneness. In popular imagination, it has been both esoteric-cised and yet has remained un-commodified. Contrary to popular ideas that look at advaita as a speculative philosophy, advaita is understood as a rich psychological theory with a basis in cognition, knowing, as well as a living in oneness. The students of modern psychology, especially, in India are left poorer, if they are unable to review advaita and yet study consciousness, which is a booming area of research in modern psychology. Advaita is a continuous living realisation—termed as Jīvanmukti, the Vedāntic ideal of being free, while living. Examining the primary Saṃskrit text—Jīvanmukti-viveka, I describe Jīvanmukti—of living in continuous realisation of oneness, till the body drops down, as stated by the great muni, whose above-mentioned abhyāsa grantha—the application manual, is used across Hindu spiritual frameworks and monastic orders, till today.

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of the year 2017-18 on potato with variety Kufri Ashoka to test the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) levels (0, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150%) with two organic manures (vermicompost 5 t/ha and mustard oil cake 2.5 t/ha) at research farm of Tirhut college of Agriculture Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design (RBD) with twelve treatments and replicated thrice. The soil of experimental plot was Entisols, sandy loam in texture under low available in N, P and K with pH 8.3. Among the yield, nutrient uptake and available nutrient in soil after harvesting of potato were recorded higher with the application of treatment T11 - 150% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost which was significantly superior over T1 - absolute control, T2 - 100% RDF, T3 - 50% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost, T4 - 50% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake, T5 - 75% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost and T6 - 75% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake but was statistically at par with treatments, T7 - 100% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost, T8 - 100% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake, T9 - 125% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost, T10 - 125% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake and T12 - 150% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake.

There are more than 150 (grand and micro) theories of emotion. Even as European phenomenological perspectives do mention self and agency, the mainstream discourse on emotion in psychology is quite limited in presenting a coherent theory of affective process. A key aspect of Euro-American theories of emotion is that, these theories are topographically flat, thus, unable to provide mechanisms of transformation of emotion relevant for well-being. In this paper, a theory-based framework for emotional transformation through understanding Indian concepts in āyurveda, yoga sutras and the nātya is discussed. Second, the paper proposes that it is Śānta (the Indian conceptualisation of peace) alone, that permits a substantive possibility to a radical re-emotion or experiencing and articulating well-being. The concept for a radical re-emotion is called Bhāvanā, indicating the possibility of conscious and radical re-creation and re-imagination of affective relationships with objects, concepts, processes and people in the world, re-orienting from the isolated ‘re-appraisal’, ‘self-regulation and control’ of emotion as discussed in the mainstream paradigm. The paper contends that these culturally relevant models educate and inform global psychology theory and applied practice.

Ferrite nanoparticles have a large interest due to their wide range of applications in biomedical, industrial electronic devices, and wastewater treatment. This review is focused on the green synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles characterization and their application in various field.The green synthesis technique using plant or their extracts are discussed. The characterization techniques of ferrite nanoparticles with their applications are briefly reviewed.

The article reports a year-long study to systematically understand ‘employability’ as a social psychological construct and its linkages with various person centred attributes and choice of career tracks. To that end, the article is divided into three sections. The first section analyses the Indian context of the demographic dividend and higher education and locates the construction of employability within it. The second section reports the rationale, the method and the results. Finally, the article concludes with the discussion of results and implications. Employability has a duality associated with it. It is a construct that, on one hand, is sensitive to macro variables like the state of the economy, the access to education and finance and sector-wise trends. On the other hand, employability may also be related to the person-centred variables like effectiveness and hope. The recruitment process can be seen as a site of this interaction between structural trends and agentic competencies. Through understanding the duality of structure and agency can we centre the debate on employability, skewed away from economic and sociological factors to psychological ones. This article is an attempt in that direction. In the present study, based on preliminary field research, six career tracks were identified. 643 students from final/pre-final semesters in colleges and employed cohort from Thanjavur and Chennai in Tamil Nadu, were administered psychological instruments regarding personal effectiveness and attribution to success and failure. Additionally, students were tested before and after the placement season to cross-validate whether they got employed or not. The model was tested using binomial logistic regression analysis. Results indicate that the employed cohort both as students and recently employed displayed significantly different internal and external attribution to success and failure and personal effectiveness than the non-employed cohort. Implications, limitations and future research questions are discussed.

In this research, pre-adolescent children of two city schools were randomly assigned to three conditions of a systematic yoga intervention, a non-yogic intervention and a time lagged comparison group intervention. Three assessments at baseline, three months and six months were done on a sample of 178 school children of class fifth and sixth. The outcome variables were anthropometric, cognitive, personality variables and self reported class room behaviours. Various directional hypotheses based on review of literature were tested. In particular, to understand the short term and long term effects of yoga intervention on children, repeated measures analysis and discriminant function analysis was used, which is discussed in the present paper. Results reveal that the effect of yoga interventions emerge only at long term, where the yoga group is clearly ahead of the non-yogic and time -lagged group on a cluster of factors termed as “positive health”. Implications are discussed.

The emotion of vātsalyam is perceived as central to the construction of love in the Indian cultural context. Usually understood as the love of the parents for their children, it is not confined to parental love alone. The article examines the historicity of the concept of vātsalyam as well as its contemporary expression. It combines enquiry from three domains—Indian philosophical thought, literature and folk psychology. The first section of the article provides the theoretical framework within which the concept is situated in Indian psychology. Drawing from the rasa theory, we explicate how experiencing of worldly emotions can simultaneously be the means of transformation. In the second section, we attempt to bring out the centrality of the emotion of vātsalyam in Indian psyche and its pan-Indian expression by drawing from the literatures in Tamil, Hindi, Bengali and Marathi. The third section of the article uses a short qualitative enquiry to examine contemporary understanding of vātsalyam based on responses of lay persons and artists relating to nature of vātsalyam, their modes of expression of this emotion, its manifestation in various relationships, and their views on the uniqueness of this emotion, or otherwise, to the Indian cultural context

The two main transport mechanisms that occur simultaneously under unstable flow conditions are transport of saltwater from an overlying salt source to the porous media, and transport of salt through the porous media. These mechanisms were simultaneously studied through two fixed mass experiments conducted over 15 days. The transport through the porous media was also studied via three continuous injection experiments lasting between 5 to 29 days. There was no hydraulic gradient across the porous media in any of the experiments. Experiments were conducted in a 1 cm thick plexiglass rectangular sand column (1.70 m × 0.61 m × 0.61 m). The saline source concentration was 36 g/l, and the source heights were 4.5 cm. The sand porosity and hydraulic conductivity were 32% and 9.0 m/d, respectively. The rate of mass transport from the source to the porous media was observed by measuring the salt concentration within the source, while the salt transport through the porous media was documented by measuring breakthrough curves at five locations within the sand column. Fixed mass experiment results, using mass analysis, showed that the salt transport from the source to the porous media was deterministic since both experiments produced identical rates of mass transport from the source to the porous media, the salt transport through the porous media was stochastic since the observed breakthrough curves at the five locations were considerably different. The breakthrough curves measured in three identical continuous injection experiments were also very different supporting the results of the fixed mass experiments. The implications of these findings are that, under unstable conditions, one can predict the salt mass that would enter from a salt source into the underlying porous media with certainty, one cannot predict the rate or pattern of salt transport through the porous media itself.

A curve-number-based, planning level, macrospreadsheet model wet pond annual efficiency simulation model (WEANES) has been developed to predict the average annual removal efficiencies (AARE) of wet detention ponds based on mass pollutant loadings. The model can be used as a design, planning, and permitting tool. WEANES uses the following three processes: (1) converts daily rainfall hyetographs to hydrographs using the curve-number (CN)—based Santa Barbara urban hydrograph method; (2) converts the inflow hydrograph to an outflow hydrograph from the wet pond outlet structure through routing; and (3) calculates annual inflow and outflow pollutant loads and pond efficiency. The model uses historical, site-specific, multiyear, rainfall data available from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climatological stations. Required input parameters are: (1) watershed parameters (drainage area, pervious CN, directly connected impervious area, and time of concentration); (2) pond parameters (control ...

The finite-difference model MODFLOW was used to model the flow of meteoric groundwater discharge (MGWD) into the Indian River Lagoon (IRL). The model was calibrated by four methods: (1) estimation of the root-mean-squared error (RMSE); (2) estimation of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) index; (3) testing the null hypothesis by the two-sided test; and (4) visual comparisons. The statistics for the first three methods were obtained by comparing model-predicted and measured freshwater hydraulic head nodal values at 14 measurement points. Visual comparisons were made by comparing model-predicted and measured freshwater hydraulic head equipotential lines below the entire IRL over a domain approximately 2 km wide. Model validation confirmed that calibration by visual comparison was very accurate. The annual MGWD values obtained by the statistical calibration techniques were compared with the visual calibration results. Acceptable calibration with RMSE values ranging from 0.18–0.31 m underpredicted or overpre...

The purpose of this study was to collect data to estimate curve number (CN) values for concrete and asphalt surfaces and to determine how these values are affected by rainfall intensity and duration, and pavement slope. Two concrete and two asphalt pavements of size 15.24 m×3.05 m at respective slopes of 2.2 and 4.6% and 2.4 and 5% were constructed to conduct field experiments. A water distribution system was specially designed and constructed to simulate rainfall at variable intensities. A total of 64 experiments were conducted. Rainfall intensities ranged from 0.635 to 36.29 cm∕h (0.25 to 14.28 in.∕h) , and rainfall durations ranged from 0.25 to 4 h . The CN for concrete was 100 for all conditions. The CN values for asphalt ranged from 97 to 100 with an average of 99. Statistical tests indicated that the average CN values for concrete and asphalt were not equal. As expected, there was a direct relationship between curve number and rainfall intensity and an inverse relationship between curve number; and ...

This paper examines employability in the context of conceptual and political issues surrounding it. Drawing on self determination theory (SDT), we conceptualize that self and understanding of what the self intrinsically values may have a significant impact on securing employment and sustaining it. This can be best captured through both linguistic forms of self expression like words and languages as well as non linguistic forms like images. Both narratives and images transcend the constraints imposed by discursive practices in alien languages (English, other Indian Languages). However, images and descriptions of self-images give more information teleologically. Since the idea of possibility is inherent in the concept of �employ-ability� images and projection of possible selves is immediate through images. While research has looked at possible selves in the lives of youth, they have not done using images as a tool. In this exploratory study, four colleges were purposively chosen and depending on the feasibility, students selected themselves. To arrest the triggering of stereotypes, the workshop mode was used and the students were given sufficient time to work through a simple task. One hundred forty-three students studying in 2nd and 3rd year of city arts and science colleges were given the task to identify 3 pictures/images that best represent their self. For cross-validation, they were also asked to write a few lines to explain why/in what personal manner, the image represents the word. The words that emerged from the students as descriptions of the images represented the core values of the student/s. The images and the explanations were content analyzed. The themes that emerge are described. The effect of gender is not controlled as this is an exploratory study. We feel that the effect of culture are accentuated in this study and therefore need not be controlled. Although a cross cultural comparison was not done, it certainly could be taken as further area of research. The paper describes the themes and proposes that certain themes may be useful in understanding employability. The limitation of the study and the implications are discussed. � 2015, National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India.

The Continuous Simulation Method (CSM) has been used to predict average annual total nitrogen storm-water loads, under wet-weather conditions, for various sites in Tampa, Florida. Predicted loads are compared to those predicted by other existing “spreadsheet” models, namely the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) Level I—Preliminary Screening Procedure, the Simple Method, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Regression Model. Comparisons showed that the USGS Regression Model predictions were vastly different from those of the other models. The predictions by SWMM Level I, the Simple Method, and the CSM were closer, although there were substantial differences under certain conditions. Of the four models, the CSM provides the greatest flexibility to a model user; it has the capability to (1) model different soil types within a watershed; (2) model loading variations due to geographical (location) and demographic (land use and cover) differences between watersheds; and (3) simulate confidence intervals arou...

This paper follows the work of Reddi and his colleagues, and summarizes the activities of the ASCE Groundwater Quality Committee in fulfilling tasks 4 and 5 outlined in their work. The capabilities and limitations of selected widely used ground-water models in solving practical problems are discussed. The objective of this paper was not to check model accuracy by solving benchmark problems for which all material properties are known and other input parameters are well defined. Rather, the strengths and limitations of these models are outlined in terms of their applicability, usability, and user evaluated degree of success in various field applications. The results and discussion are, for the most part, based on responses received from questionnaires sent to model developers and model users. The paper also provides a very detailed description of the input parameters used in these models. The criteria for selecting appropriate parametric values and boundary conditions are also discussed in detail.

A continuous simulation technique, based on the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method, is used to determine annual storm runoff coefficients (ASRCs) for Orlando, Florida using 13 years of daily rainfall data. The ASRC, which is defined as the ratio of annual runoff to annual precipitation, is used to determine annual runoff volume (or depth) and annual pollutant loads in storm-water models under wet conditions. Although simulated ASRC values are very similar to values measured in other studies, they are significantly lower than the values predicted by other existing models. Estimating ASRC values by the continuous modeling approach has several advantages over existing models; relevant watershed characteristics such as soil type, cover, hydrologic condition of the soil, and antecedent moisture conditions neglected in existing models are taken into consideration, and the annual precipitation that does not produce runoff is determined precisely. Meaningful statistical comparisons can be made between the annual pollutant loads estimated using simulated ASRCs. The technique is cost-effective since continuous simulations can be done on spreadsheets, and require easily available daily rainfall data from a nearby climatological station.

A Galerkin finite-element model is developed to solve axisymmetric flow problems in confined aquifers subjected to pumping by a single well. The model can be used to analyze axisymmetric problems involving pumping from multiaquifer systems by wells which are partially screened, fully screened, or have multiple screens. A simplified boundary condition at the well bore produces results that match analytical solutions. The location of the zero-drawdown boundary is determined by using the concept of effective radius of influence. This concept is also used to generate a mesh that automatically expands radially in time. The expanding mesh feature may lead to savings in computational time since it uses relatively few elements and nodes for simulations at small times and progressively adds elements and nodes to the mesh for simulations at higher times.

A macro spreadsheet model, WEANES (Wet Pond Annual Efficiency Simulation Model), developed to predict the long-term (multi-year) or average annual removal efficiencies of wet retention/detention basins, is used to show how the model can serve as a design, planning, and permitting tool for consulting engineers, planners and government regulators. WEANES determines the long-term efficiencies by modeling the following three processes: 1) Conversion of daily rainfall hyetographs to a hydrograph using the Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph (SBUH) method, 2) Conversion of the inflow hydrograph through the wet-pond to yield outflow hydrographs from the outlet structure by routing using the Level Pool Method, and 3) Calculation of inflow and outflow pollutant loads and pond efficiency by estimating daily inflow and outflow loads. Average annual wet pond efficiencies are calculated based on annual mass loads in and out of the pond. The model uses historical, sitespecific, multi-year, rainfall data, usually available from a nearby National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climatological station to estimate basin efficiencies. This paper provides examples of model applications and also shows results of sensitivity analyses to identify key model parameters for increasing longterm pond efficiency.

Urban non-point sources have been widely identified as major sources of pollution of surface water bodies. In 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published regulations that established permit application requirements for municipalities to obtain the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit prior to discharging stormwater to the waters of the United States. One of the application requirements is the estimation of annual pollutant load, during wet-weather conditions, of the cumulative discharges from all identified municipal outfalls under average climatological conditions. This paper demonstrates how the fully calibrated Continuous Annual Load Simulation model, CALSIM, was used to predict the annual total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loads, under wet-weather conditions, for the Briar Creek drainage basin, located in the town of Malabar on the east-central coast of Florida, during an average water year. CALSIM was used to predict the annual loads under historical (1943), current, and future conditions. The stormwater from this basin discharges into the Indian River Lagoon, an estuary of national significance. There is concern that, as the basins urbanize in future, the stormwater, rich in total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), will further degrade the waters of the lagoon. Model results will be used to design best management practices (BMPs) to reduce future annual stormwater loadings to the annual loadings that existed in 1943.

A forty seven year old woman with previously undetected goitre, developed thyroid storm in the immediate postoperative period. Forty eight hours after undergoing nephrolithotomy for renal calculus, she was noted to have flaccid areflexic quadriparesis, most marked in the lower limbs. Electrophysiologic studies revealed evidence of an asymmetric, mixed axonal and demyelinating, motor-sensory peripheral neuropathy. Ultrastructure of the sural nerve showed predominant abnormalities in the mitochondria and cytoskeletal elements compatible with thyrotoxicosis. Treatment of thyrotoxicosis coincided with recovery of symptoms. We believe that thyrotoxicosis precipitated an acute polyneuropathy the ultrastructure of which is being described for the first time.