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Context: Socioeconomic status (SES) is increasingly understood to be a key contributor to sleep health, but the research in childhood has not been synthesized.Objective: To examine the associations between indicators of child SES and child sleep (≤18 years old), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses. Data Sources: CINAHL with Full Text, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE/PubMed were searched using terms to define SES and childhood to ascertain all relevant, peer-reviewed articles from database inception to 27 December 2019.Study Selection: Studies were included if an association between an indicator of parental SES and a measure of child sleep (duration, quality, and problems) was reported. Data Extraction: Data was extracted from 46 studies (N=72,915). Across these studies, total sample size across participants included in the meta-estimate was N=69,373. Results: Higher parental education was associated with longer childhood sleep duration (stronger in samples with a higher proportion of White children) and better sleep quality. Parental education was not directly associated with child sleep problems; moderation occurred by continent and the relationship was more pronounced in the Asian meta-estimate. Higher household income was not directly associated with longer childhood sleep duration, but moderation occurred by higher quality studies and the proportion of White children in the sample. Higher household income was associated with fewer sleep problems (moderated by continent) and higher sleep quality. Limitations: This review was limited by the number and methods of available published studies meeting inclusion criteria.Conclusions: Preventative programs that emphasize improvements in sleep of children and adolescents growing up in lower SES families are needed.

Background The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) and sleep duration in children aged 0–18 years. Methods Three electronic databases were searched for relevant articles that assessed nSES and sleep duration (either subjectively or objectively). Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed scholarly articles on the topic area that reported an association between nSES and sleep in children and adolescents. Results The database searched identified 6080 potentially eligible studies, of which 1210 were selected for full-text review, and 8 met the inclusion criteria. Data included 67,677 unique participants. Studies were conducted in either the United States of America or Australia. Pooled estimates suggested that poorer nSES was associated with shorter child sleep duration (odds ratio: 1.262; 95% confidence interval: 1.086–1.467). This relationship between nSES and sleep was moderated by sleep assessment type (self-report versus actigraphy), child sex/gender, and child race/ethnicity. Conclusions Across studies, there is an association between nSES and child sleep duration. This study adds child sleep to the growing number of child health disparities associated with nSES.

Reports of sleep disturbances are common during pregnancy, yet estimates of prevalence of insomnia symptoms during pregnancy vary widely. The goals of the current review were to summarize the existing data on prevalence of insomnia symptoms during pregnancy and to explore potential moderators, including trimester, gestational age, maternal age, symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression. A systematic search of PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science was conducted for articles published from inception up to June 2020. In total, 24 studies with a total of 15,564 participants were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of insomnia symptoms during pregnancy was 38.2%. Trimester was a significant moderator, such that prevalence of insomnia symptoms was higher in the third trimester (39.7%) compared to first (25.3%) and second (27.2%) trimesters. No other variables significantly moderated the prevalence of insomnia symptoms. The results of the current meta-analysis suggest that the prevalence of insomnia symptoms is higher during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester. Future research should examine the efficacy and safety of insomnia treatments with this population.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic and countermeasures implemented by governments around the world have led to dramatically increased symptoms of depression and anxiety. Pregnant individuals may be particularly vulnerable to the negative psychological effects of COVID-19 public health measures because they represent a demographic that is most affected by disasters and because pregnancy itself entails significant life changes that require major psychosocial and emotional adjustments. Objective The PdP study was designed to investigate the associations among exposure to objective hardship caused by the pandemic, perceived stress and psychological distress in pregnant individuals, and developmental outcomes in their offspring. Methods The PdP study comprises a prospective longitudinal cohort of individuals who were pregnant at enrollment, with repeated follow-ups during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Participants were eligible if they were pregnant, ≥17 years old, at ≤35 weeks of gestation at study enrollment, living in Canada, and able to read and write in English or French. At enrollment, participants completed an initial survey that assessed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, previous pregnancies and births, prepregnancy health, health conditions during pregnancy, medications, psychological distress, social support, and hardships experienced because of the COVID-19 pandemic (eg, lost employment or a loved one dying). For the first three months following the initial survey, participants received a monthly email link to complete a follow-up survey that asked about their experiences since the previous survey. After three months, follow-up surveys were sent every other month to reduce participant burden. For each of these surveys, participants were first asked if they were still pregnant and then routed either to the next prenatal survey or to the delivery survey. In the postpartum period, surveys were sent at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age to assess maternal stress, psychological distress, and infant development. Results Participant recruitment via social media (Facebook and Instagram) began on April 5, 2020, and is ongoing. As of April 2021, more than 11,000 individuals have started the initial survey. Follow-up data collection is ongoing. Conclusions This longitudinal investigation seeks to elucidate the associations among hardships, maternal psychological distress, child development during the COVID-19 pandemic, and risk and resilience factors that amplify or ameliorate these associations. The findings of this study are intended to generate knowledge about the psychological consequences of pandemics on pregnant individuals and point toward prevention and intervention targets. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/25407

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and countermeasures implemented by governments around the world have led to dramatically increased symptoms of depression and anxiety. Pregnant individuals may be particularly vulnerable to the negative psychological effects of COVID-19 public health measures because they represent a demographic that is most affected by disasters and because pregnancy itself entails significant life changes that require major psychosocial and emotional adjustments. OBJECTIVE The PdP study was designed to investigate the associations among exposure to objective hardship caused by the pandemic, perceived stress and psychological distress in pregnant individuals, and developmental outcomes in their offspring. METHODS The PdP study comprises a prospective longitudinal cohort of individuals who were pregnant at enrollment, with repeated follow-ups during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Participants were eligible if they were pregnant, ≥17 years old, at ≤35 weeks of gestation at study enrollment, living in Canada, and able to read and write in English or French. At enrollment, participants completed an initial survey that assessed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, previous pregnancies and births, prepregnancy health, health conditions during pregnancy, medications, psychological distress, social support, and hardships experienced because of the COVID-19 pandemic (eg, lost employment or a loved one dying). For the first three months following the initial survey, participants received a monthly email link to complete a follow-up survey that asked about their experiences since the previous survey. After three months, follow-up surveys were sent every other month to reduce participant burden. For each of these surveys, participants were first asked if they were still pregnant and then routed either to the next prenatal survey or to the delivery survey. In the postpartum period, surveys were sent at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age to assess maternal stress, psychological distress, and infant development. RESULTS Participant recruitment via social media (Facebook and Instagram) began on April 5, 2020, and is ongoing. As of April 2021, more than 11,000 individuals have started the initial survey. Follow-up data collection is ongoing. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal investigation seeks to elucidate the associations among hardships, maternal psychological distress, child development during the COVID-19 pandemic, and risk and resilience factors that amplify or ameliorate these associations. The findings of this study are intended to generate knowledge about the psychological consequences of pandemics on pregnant individuals and point toward prevention and intervention targets. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/25407