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Wrightia arborea (Br.) (Family-Apocynaceae), locally known as Sathkurchi, is a small deciduous tree with small branches and densely velvety leaves. This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and anti tumor activities of leaves of W. arborea. Antioxidant potential was evaluated in vitro by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging- and reducing power- assay method which was concentration dependent that was 25-200 µg/ml. The extract showed scavenging activity with IC50 value of 15.23 ± 4.10 µg/ml for DPPH and also showed reducing activity in dose dependent manner. In addition, total phenol and flavonoid content were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and were found to be 112.54 ± 9.74 mg/g plant extract (in GAE) and 247.14 ± 15.45 mg/g plant extract (in quercetin equivalent), respectively. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by phosphomolybdenum method and was found to be 117.27 ± 12.36 mg/g plant extract (in ascorbic acid equivalents). The anti tumor effect of the methanol extractwas determined with doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.wt against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in mice with respect to the determination of tumor volume, tumor weight, % of cell growth inhibition, % increase in life span (%ILS), and hematological parameter (WBC, RBC and hemoglobin). The methanol extract of W. arborea decreased the tumor weight significantly compared to control group at all the mentioned doses and the highest was observed at the dose of 20 mg/kg b. wt. (1.28 ± 0.15 g). The % of cell growth inhibition increased in dose dependent manner like 36.43 ± 7.45, 58.76 ± 9.43 and 98.43 ± 12.45 at the doses of 5, 10, 20 mg/kg b.wt. respectively. The %ILS was also enhanced in all the doses where 20 mg/kg b.wt showed maximum effect (105.5 ± 3.57). Heamoglobin (Hb) content was significantly increased 8.12 ± 2.6, 10.23 ± 1.62 and 12.12 ± 2.09 g/dL at the doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.wt. respectively, compared to EAC control mice (4.95 ± 1.80 g). There was a significant (p

Introduction: Anemia is a substantial public health problem that happens worldwide with higher prevalence noted in children less than 5 years and rural children. The studywas aimed to explore the keypredictors of anemia of study population in rural setting of Bangladesh. Methodology & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural Bangladesh from 1 July 2018 to December 2019. Under-five children aged six months to below sixty months were enrolled in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interview from attending primary caregiver and from the results of laboratory tests of blood sample from target children. Data were analyzed through SPSS 23 software. Initially univariate analysis was done to identify predictors of anaemia followed by multivariate analysis to explore the key predictors through logistic regression. Results: A total data of258 under-five children aged 6-59 month were included in this study from the rural areas of Bangladesh. Among the studied children overall prevalence of anaemia was found 61.8%. The significant predictors (p

The current study was carried out to investigate the sub-acute toxicity of 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(24)-ethylcholesta-5,22,25-triene, a steroidal glycoside isolated from the flowers of Alangium salviifolium Wang on Long Evan’s rat. After intra-peritoneal administration of the compound at a dose of 300 μg/rat/day for 14 consecutive days, no mortality or significant changes in body weight or behavior were observed. The blood samples of the rats were examined for hematological and biochemical parameters which were statistically insignificant when compared to that of the control group. All the vital organs showed normal histopathological architecture (heart, lungs, liver and kidney) in comparison to the control group. This preliminary investigation demonstrate that the compound is safe at dose of 300 μg/rat/day for 14 consecutive days. But acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity evaluations as well as clinical trials need to be done.

Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a condition when a newborn has an excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood and is one of the most prevalent problems in neonates. Many studies reported that copper and magnesium play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Objectives: The aim of this study is to find out the correlation between the level of magnesium and copper with hyperbilirubinemia. Methodology: Serum bilirubin was assayed with colorimetric method by the use of diazotized sulfanilic acid reaction. A photometric automated method was used to determine the levels of magnesium and copper in the serum of neonates in both controls group (162) and cases group (220). Results: In the present study a significantly higher levels of Mg was found in hyperbilirubinemia of newborn infants when compared with control groups (23.67 ±2.33 mg/L versus 19.74 ±2.18 mg/L respectively and p value

α-Glucosidase enzyme is a therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus and its inhibitors play a vital role in the treatment of this disease. A new series of aryl-oxadiazole Schiff bases (1–18) were synthesized and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Fifteen compounds 1–8, 11–13, and 15–18 showed excellent inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 0.30 ± 0.2 to 35.1 ± 0.80 µM as compared to the standard inhibitor acarbose (IC50 = 38.45 ± 0.80 µM), nonetheless, the remaining compounds were found to have moderate activity. Among the series, compounds 7 (IC50 = 0.30 ± 0.2 μM) with hydroxy groups at phenyl rings on either side of the oxadiazole ring was identified as the most potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The molecular docking studies were conducted to understand the binding mode of active inhibitors with the active site of enzyme and results supported the experimental data. Keywords: Synthesis, Aryl-oxadiazole Schiff bases, α-glucosidase, Molecular docking, Structure-activity relationship (SAR)

Aims: The present study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the crude dichloromethane (CDCME), ethyl acetate (CEAE), and methanol (CMeE) extracts from the plant Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Background:Oldenlandia species have been popular among the people of the Indian subcontinent to treat several types of internal and external inflammation for a long time. Plant decoctions have been used to battle inflammation in cases of tonsilitis, pneumonia and cholecystitis, among others. Objective: The present work designed to demonstrate the properties of the previously mentioned plant extracts to prevent inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. This work is the first investigation of such extracts from this species and their relationship with anti-inflammatory activity. Method: The anti-inflammatory properties of the Oldenlandia corymbosa L. extracts were evaluated in vitro with the Red Blood Cell (RBC) membrane stabilization method and the protein denaturation method and in vivo with the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method. Furthermore, the free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was carried out with the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical oxidation, total antioxidant capacity and iron reduction assay. Result: Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that CDCME had the most predominant effects with the value of 80.5% for RBC membrane stabilization, 60% for inhibition of protein denaturation at the concentration of 1000 µg/mL and 63.28% (after 3 h, * p &lt, 0.05) for inhibition of paw oedema (300 mg/kg bwt) compared to carrageenan-induced mice. The free radical scavenging activity was studied by DPPH, total antioxidant and reducing activity assay. CDCME showed scavenging activity in all the methods and an IC50 value of 473.86 µg/mL for DPPH method. Conclusions: The findings of the study remarked that CDCME of the plant has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that validate the traditional use of the plant to get remedy from pain. Other: The plants Oldenlandia corymbosa L. were provided by the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratory campus, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Experiments on animals were conducted by ethical permission of Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh (license no: 225/320-IAMEBBC/IBSc).

Benzimidazole derivatives 1–20 were synthesized and evaluated for antiglycation and antioxidant potentials. Among the series some analogs showed antiglycating potential ranging in between 182.30 ± 1.20 and 473.51 ± 2.17 when compared with standard rutin (IC50 value 295.09 ± 1.04 µM) and for antioxidant potential ranging between 22.42 ± 0.26 and 82.30 ± 1.33 when compare with standard Propyl gallate (IC50 value 29.20 ± 1.25). Compound 2, 6, 10 and 19 showed potent antioxidant and antiglycation inhibitory potentials. Compounds 7, 11, 13, 15 and 20 showed moderate antiglycating potential with IC50 values 473.51 ± 2.17, 325.20 ± 1.70, 440.0 ± 3.60, 370.60 ± 2.80 and 415.20 ± 3.20 μM, and these compounds also showed excellent antioxidant potential with IC50 values 73.51 ± 1.17, 45.63 ± 0.92, 82.30 ± 1.33, 75.41 ± 1.51, 40.60 ± 0.80 and 64.92 ± 1.41 μM respectively. The remaining compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 17and 18 were found inactive. Keywords: Synthesis, Benzimidazole, Antiglycating, Antioxidant, SAR

We have synthesized nineteen (1–19) bisindolylmethane sulfonamide analogs, characterized by different spectroscopic techniques such as 1HNMR and EI-MS and tested for α-amylase inhibitory potential. All compounds showed excellent to moderate degree of α-amylase inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging between 1.192 ± 0.51 to 3.057 ± 0.18 μM as equated with standard acarbose (IC50 values 0.83 ± 0.36 μM). Among the series, six analogs such as 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, and 14 showed potent α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values 1.747 ± 0.2, 1.208 ± 0.15, 1.192 ± 0.51, 1.858 ± 0.08, 1.358 ± 0.27 and 1.527 ± 0.17 μM, respectively, as equated with standard acarbose. The structure-activity relationship based upon different substituents on phenyl part. Molecular docking studies performed to recognize the binding interaction of the most active compounds.

A new series of oxadiazole with thiadiazole moiety (6–27) were synthesized, characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential. Sixteen analogs such as 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 showed IC50 values in the range of 0.96 ± 0.01 to 46.46 ± 1.10 μM, and hence were found to have excellent inhibitory potential in comparison to standard d -saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 48.4 ± 1.25 μM). Two analogs such as 16 and 19 showed moderate inhibitory potential while analogs 11, 15, 21 and 22 were found inactive. Our study identifies new series of potent β-glucuronidase inhibitors for further investigation. Structure activity relationships were established for all compounds which showed that the activity is varied due to different substituents on benzene ring. The interaction of the compounds with enzyme active site were confirmed with the help of docking studies, which reveals that the electron withdrawing group and hydroxy group make the molecules more favorable for enzyme inhibition.

New series of quinoline-based thiadiazole analogs (1–20) were synthesized, characterized by EI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. All synthesized compounds were subjected to their antileishmanial potential. Sixteen analogs 1–10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18 and 19 with IC50 values in the range of 0.04 ± 0.01 to 5.60 ± 0.21 µM showed tremendously potent inhibition as compared to the standard pentamidine with IC50 value 7.02 ± 0.09 µM. Analogs 11, 14, 15 and 20 with IC50 8.20 ± 0.35, 9.20 ± 0.40, 7.20 ± 0.20 and 9.60 ± 0.40 µM respectively showed good inhibition when compared with the standard. Structure-activity relationships have been also established for all compounds. Molecular docking studies were performed to determine the binding interaction of the compounds with the active site target.

Background Indole based thiadiazole derivatives (1–22) have synthesized, characterized by NMR and HREI-MS and evaluated for β-Glucuronidase inhibition. All compounds showed outstanding β-glucuronidase activity with IC50 values ranging between 0.5 ± 0.08 to 38.9 ± 0.8 µM when compared with standard d-saccharic acid 1,4 lactone (IC50 value of 48.1 ± 1.2 µM). The compound 6, a 2,3-dihydroxy analog was found the most potent among the series with IC50 value 0.5 ± 0.08 µM. Structure activity relationship has been established for all compounds. To confirm the binding interactions of these newly synthesized compounds, molecular docking study have been carried out which reveal that these compounds established stronger hydrogen bonding networks with active site residues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13065-019-0522-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tabebuia pallida (Lindl.) Miers (T. pallida) is a well-known native Caribbean medicinal plant. The leaves and barks of T. pallida are used as traditional medicine in the form of herbal or medicinal tea to manage cancer, fever, and pain. Moreover, extracts from the leaves of T. pallida showed anticancer activity. However, the chemical profile and mechanism of anticancer activity of T. pallida leaves (TPL), stem bark (TPSB), root bark (TPRB) and flowers (TPF) remain unexplored. Aim of the study: The present study was designed to explore the regulation of apoptosis by T. pallida using Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cultured cells and an EAC mouse model. LC-ESI-MS/MS was used for compositional analysis of T. pallida extracts. Materials and methods: Dried and powdered TPL, TPSB, TPRB and TPF were extracted with 80% methanol. Using cultured EAC cells and EAC-bearing mice with and without these extracts, anticancer activities were studied by assessing cytotoxicity and tumor cell growth inhibition, changes in life span of mice, and hematological and biochemical parameters. Apoptosis was analyzed by microscopy and expression of selected apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, NFκ-B, PARP-1, p53, Bax, caspase-3 and -8) using RT-PCR. LC-ESI-MS analysis was performed to identify the major compounds from active extracts. Computer aided analyses was undertaken to sort out the best-fit phytoconstituent of total ten isolated compounds of this plant for antioxidant and anticancer activity. Results: In EAC mice compared with untreated controls, the TPL extract exhibited the highest cancer cell toxicity with significant tumor cell growth inhibition (p < 0.001), reduced ascites by body weight (p < 0.01), increased the life span (p < 0.001), normalized blood parameters (RBC/WBC counts), and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. TPL-treated EAC cells showed increased apoptotic characteristics of membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, and caspase-3 activation, compared with untreated EAC cells. Moreover, annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide signals were greatly enhanced in response to TPL treatment, indicating apoptosis induction. Pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling after TPL treatment demonstrated up-regulated p53, Bax and PARP-1, and down-regulated NFκ-B, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression, suggesting that TPL shifts the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes towards cell death. LC-ESI-MS data of TPL showed a mixture of glycosides, lapachol, and quercetin antioxidant and its derivatives that were significantly linked to cancer cell targets. The compound, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside was found to be most effective in computer aided models. Conclusions: In conclusion, the TPL extract of T. pallida possesses significant anticancer activity. The tumor suppressive mechanism is due to apoptosis induced by activation of antioxidant enzymes and caspases and mediated by a change in the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes that promotes cell death.

Targeting apoptosis is a promising approach to inhibit the abnormal cell proliferation of cancer progression. Existing anti-apoptotic drugs, many derived from chemical substances, have often failed to combat cancer development and progression. Therefore, identification of apoptosis-inducing anticancer agents from plant-derived sources has become a key aim in cancer research. The present study was designed to explore the regulation of apoptosis by Tabebuia pallida (T. pallida) using an Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) mouse model and compositional analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Dried and powdered T. pallida leaves (TPL), stem bark (TPSB), root bark (TPRB) and flowers (TPF) were extracted with 80% methanol. Using cultured EAC cells and EAC-bearing mice with and without these extracts, anticancer activities were studied by assessing cytotoxicity and tumor cell growth inhibition, changes in life span of mice, and hematological and biochemical parameters. Apoptosis was analyzed by microscopy and expression of selected apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, NFκ-B, PARP-1, p53, Bax, caspase-3 and -8) using RT-PCR. LC-ESI-MS analysis was performed to identify the major compounds from the most active extracts. In EAC mice compared with untreated controls, the TPL extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity with significant tumor cell growth inhibition (p< 0.001), reduced ascites by body weight (p< 0.01), increased the life span (pT. pallida possesses significant anticancer activity. The tumor suppressive mechanism is due to apoptosis induced by activation of antioxidant enzymes and caspases and mediated by a change in the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes that promotes cell death.Graphical Abstract

Background Viruses are responsible for several diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, a condition caused by today's pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A negotiated immune system is a common risk factor for all viral infections, including COVID-19. To date, no specific therapies or vaccines have been approved for coronavirus. In these circumstances, antiviral and immune boosting foods may ensure protection against viral infections, especially SARS-CoV-2 by reducing risk and ensuring fast healing of SARS-CoV-2 illness. Scope and approach In this review, we have conducted an online search using several search engines (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct) to find out some traditional foods (plant, animal and fungi species), which have antiviral and immune-boosting properties against numerous viral infections, particularly coronaviruses (CoVs) and others RNA-virus infections. Our review indicated some foods to be considered as potential immune enhancers, which may help individuals to overcome viral infections like COVID-19 by modulating immune systems and reducing respiratory problems. Furthermore, this review will provide information regarding biological properties of conventional foods and their ingredients to uphold general health. Key Findings and Conclusions We observed some foods with antiviral and immune-boosting properties, which possess bioactive compounds that showed significant antiviral properties against different viruses, particularly RNA viruses such as CoVs. Interestingly, some antiviral and immune-boosting mechanisms were very much similar to the antiviral drug of COVID-19 homologous SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus). The transient nature and the devastating spreading capability of COVID-19 lead to ineffectiveness of many curative therapies. Therefore, body shielding and immune-modulating foods, which have previous scientific recognition, have been discussed in this review to discern the efficacy of these foods against viral infections, especially SARS-CoV-2., Traditional foods; Antiviral activity; Immune-stimulating; Infectious; Coronaviruses; General health.

In search of better α-glucosidase inhibitors, a series of bis-indolylmethane sulfonohydrazides derivatives (1-14) were synthesized and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. All derivatives exhibited outstanding α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values ranging between 0.10 ± 0.05 to 5.1 ± 0.05 μM when compared with standard drug acarbose having IC50 value 856.28 ± 3.15 μM. Among the series, analog 7 (0.10 ± 0.05 μM) with tri-chloro substitution on phenyl ring was identified as the most potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase (∼ 8500 times). The structure activity relationship has been also established. Molecular docking studies were also performed to help understand the binding interaction of the most active analogs with receptors. From the docking studies, it was observed that all the active bis-indolylmethane sulfonohydrazides derivatives showed considerable binding interactions within the active site (acarbose inhibition site) of α-glucosidase. We also evaluated toxicity of all derivatives and found none of them are toxic.

Thymidine phosphorylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvage pathway that is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and gliostatin. It is enormously up regulated in a variety of solid tumors. Furthermore, surpassing of TP level protects tumor cells from apoptosis and helps cell survival. Thus TP is identified as a prime target for developing novel anticancer therapies. A new class of exceptionally potent isatin based oxadiazole (1–30) has been synthesized and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential. All analogs showed potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibition when compared with standard 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 38.68 ± 1.12 µM). Molecular docking study was performed in order to determine the binding interaction of these newly synthesized compounds, which revealed that these synthesized compounds established stronger hydrogen bonding network with active site of residues as compare to the standard compound 7DX.

International audience; According to the World Health Organization, every year 2 billion people worldwide get sick because of unsafe food. For this reason, food preservation from fungi, bacteria and other contaminants, is important to ensure the safety and quality of food to the consumers. Now a day, there is an increasing demand for natural preservatives which are safe in the food industry. Among these natural compounds with antimicrobial activity, essential oils have aroused 2 considerable interest in the food industry. Unfortunately, essential oils have numerous limitations in their use, mainly due to their hydrophobic property, which need to be encapsulated before use. The main goal of this specific review is to focus on the encapsulation of essential oils using edible polymers.

Twenty-five thiadiazole derivatives 1–25 were synthesized from methyl 4-methoxybenzoate via hydrazide and thio-hydrazide intermediates, and evaluated for their potential against β-glucuronidase enzyme. Most of the compounds including 1 (IC50 = 26.05 ± 0.60 μM), 2 (IC50 = 42.53 ± 0.80 μM), 4 (IC50 = 38.74 ± 0.70 μM), 5 (IC50 = 9.30 ± 0.29 μM), 6 (IC50 = 6.74 ± 0.26 μM), 7 (IC50 = 18.40 ± 0.66 μM), and 15 (IC50 = 18.10 ± 0.53 μM) exhibited superior activity potential than the standard d -saccharic acid-1,4-lactone (IC50 = 48.4 ± 1.25 μM). Molecular docking studies were conducted to correlate the in vitro results and to identify possible mode of interaction with enzyme active site.

&beta, glucuronidase is a lysosomal glycosidase enzyme which catalyzes the extracellular matrix of cancer and normal cells and the glycosaminoglycans of the cell membrane, which is important for cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Liver cancer, colon carcinoma, and neoplasm bladder are triggered by the increase of the level of &beta, glucuronidase activity. The most valuable structures are indole and oxadiazole which has gain immense attention because of its pharmacological behavior and display many biological properties. Twenty-two (1&ndash, 22) analogs of indole based oxadiazole were synthesized and screened for their inhibitory potential against &beta, glucuronidase. Majority of the compounds showed potent inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging between 0.9 &plusmn, 0.01 to 46.4 &plusmn, 0.9 &micro, M, under positive control of standard drug d-saccharic acid 1,4 lactone (IC50 = 48.1 &plusmn, 1.2 &micro, M). Structural activity relationship (SAR) has been established for all synthesized compounds. To shed light on molecular interactions between the synthesized compounds and &beta, glucuronidase, 1, 4, and 6 compounds were docked into the active binding site of &beta, glucuronidase. The obtained results showed that this binding is thermodynamically favorable and &beta, glucuronidase inhibition of the selected compounds increases with the number of hydrogen bonding established in selected compound-&beta, glucuronidase complexes.

Aim: Plants are the natural source of antioxidants take part a vital role in the treatment of many age-related diseases and improvement of public health. Therefore the present study was carried out to assess the antioxidant activity of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Pandanus foetidus R. leaves. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoids content, total antioxidant activity and scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were used to evaluate antioxidant efficacy of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Pandanus foetidus R. leaves. Results: The total phenolic contents of the methanol and aqueous leaf extracts (CME & CAE) were found to be 39.75±4.56 mg of GAE/g and 45.75±5.69 mg of GAE/g, whereas total flavonoid content in CME and CAE was 295.27±6.29 and 323.25±8.12 mg/g of catechin, respectively. In DPPH, CAE and CME showed moderate antioxidant potentiality with the IC50 value of 90.40 µg/ml and 115.60 µg/ml respectively. The total antioxidant capacity was found to be higher in CME (200.4 ± 8.96 mg/g of ascorbic acid) than in CAE (180.21 ± 7.38 mg/g of ascorbic acid). Conclusion: This study reveals that, both methanolic and aqueous extracts of Pandanus foetidus leaves could be a potential source of natural antioxidant which could be used to prevent diseases associated with free radical.

Aim: Tiliacora triandra (T. triandra), a species of Menispermaceae family, has folkloric reputation for the treatment of several diseases including infectious diseases in Thailand and neighboring countries. The present study aimed at screening the stem bark of T. triandra for its phytochemical constituents and its antimicrobial potential against selected bacteria and fungi. Materials and Methods: The dried stem bark of T. triandra was extracted with methanol and qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed. The antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion assay method against some bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by serial dilution method to establish the antimicrobial potential of the extract. Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Susceptibility testing by disc diffusion assay showed significant antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. The highest antibacterial activity was observed against a Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) where the zones of inhibition were 15 mm and 21 mm at the potencies of 250 and 500 µg/disc, respectively. The stem bark extract also showed moderate activity against Shigella sonnei (14 mm), Shigella dysenteriae (13 mm), Agrobacterium spp (13 mm) bacteria and fungus, Aspergillus niger (14 mm) at 250 µg/disc. The results also revealed equal MIC and MBC values of 62.5ug/mL against E. coli. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the methanol extract of T. triandra possesses potent antimicrobial activity which may be attributed to the identified phytochemical components of the plant extract.

Cancer is life threatening disease an d the second leading cause of death. Various phenolic compounds obtained from plant sources such as fruit, bark, leaf and roots acts against cancer but when such fruits are treated with some chemicals such as formalin which itself a carcinogenic agent changes antioxidant potential of that fruit. To evaluate the change of anticancer potential fresh raw mangoes are collected and treated with formalin for 7 days and various parameters such as tumour cell gro wth inhibition, increase life span are measured. Vario us haematological parameters such as red blood cell, white blood cell and haemoglobin content is measured. It is found that normal mango peel contain higher anticancer property as compare to mango flesh. But when this mango peel is treated with formalin, its anticancer potential is decreases, not only in the peel but also in the flesh, which suggests the presence of formalin in mango flesh. From the study it is observed that normal mango peel (NP) causes significant inhibition of tumor cell growth (76.74%) and sufficiently increases life span (76.00%) at 100mg/kg daily dose whereas formalin treated peel (FP) causes (52.69%) tumour cell growth inhibition and increases lifespan (57.29%) at the same dose. On haematological study, normal mango peel increases red blood cell and Haemoglo bin content and decreases white blood cell content but formalin treated sample does not make sufficient change. The anti-cancer activity shows a direct correlation with the dose

In this study we are going to present thiazole based carbohydrazide in search of potent antidiabetic agent as α-amylase inhibitors. Thiazole based carbohydrazide derivatives 1-25 have been synthesized, characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and EI-MS, and evaluated for α-amylase inhibition. Except compound 11 all analogs showed α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values from 1.709 ± 0.12 to 3.049 ± 0.25 μM against the standard acarbose (IC50 = 1.637 ± 0.153 μM). Compounds 1, 10, 14, and 20 exhibited outstanding inhibitory potential with IC50 value 1.763 ± 0.03, 1.747 ± 0.20, 1.709 ± 0.12, and 1.948 ± 0.23 μM, respectively, compared with the standard acarbose. Structure activity relationships have been established for the active compounds. To get an idea about the binding interaction of the compounds, molecular docking studies were done.

Table S1. A list of secondary metabolites of Tabebuia genus. Current bioactivity and secondary metabolites profile of Tabebuia genus. (DOC 76 kb)

Additional file 1. Supporting data having proton NMR of all compounds.

Currently, child obesity is attracting widespread concern and prompting social and institutional responses. It is important to identify all the factors that have an influence on childhood obesity and intervene with prevention programs. In this chapter, strong evidence is presented including the nutritional or nonnutritional nature of the factors involved for child obesity. Here, we mainly present a prospective view on the cause of child obesity, starting from the beginning of pregnancy, or even before the beginning of pregnancy, and suggest some possible directions to prevent child obesity in a more effective way for future generations.

Until today, there are lots of advances that have been made on the development and use of polymeric nanoparticles for the encapsulation and administration of plant extracts. Different types of extraction processes so far used for preparing the plant/herbal principles as well as variety of novel formulations like polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, liposomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsions, microsphere, etc. have been reported using bioactive and plant extracts in drug delivery system for the therapeutic effect. Some of the plant extraction process and its active molecules are noticed to have remarkable advantages over conventional formulations of plant actives and extracts which include enhancement of solubility, bioavailability, protection from toxicity, enhancement of pharmacological activity, enhancement of stability, improved tissue macrophages distribution, sustained delivery, and protection from physical and chemical degradation. This chapter focuses on the current status of the different types of plant extraction and their nanoparticle formulation and summarizes their methods of preparation, active ingredients, size, efficiency, route of administration, and therapeutic use. In addition, this chapter highlights the commercial application of plant extract in nanoform and their prospects in future.

Polyherbal formulation Sharbat Deenar is a very popular unani medicine in Bangladesh. It is usually used for different kinds of liver disorders. In absence of reliable and inadequate hepatoprotective agents in conventional medicine, the herbal preparations are preferred for liver diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Sharbat Deenar on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in male Long-Evans albino rats. Group I served as normal control and received neither formulation nor carbon tetrachloride. Group II received only CCl4 1mL/kg body weight of rat intraperitoneally for consecutive 14 days. Group III received CCl4 1mL/kg body weight of rat intraperitoneally and Silymarin, in dose 50mg/kg body weight of rat orally. Group IV received CCl4 1mL/kg body weight of rat intraperitoneally and Sharbat Deenar 1mL/kg body weight of rat for the same 14 consecutive days. At the end of the study, hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by the levels of total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Histopathological study of rat liver was also carried out. The results showed that polyherbal formulation Sharbat Deenar exhibited a significant hepatoprotective effect. Such an outcome seems to be the synergistic effect of all ingredients of tested herbal formulation. Although this study suggests that Sharbat Deenar may be used to cure or minimize various liver diseases, it needs further study to attain the clarity of mechanism and safety., {"references":["S.R. Parmar, P.H. Vashrambhai, and K. Kalia. Hepatoprotective activity of some plants extract against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, vol.4, no. 2, pp.101-106, 2010.","N. Dehar, R. Walia, R.B. Verma, and P. Pandey. 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Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 73, no. 1-2, pp. 121−129, 2000.","B.K. Saroj, D. Mani, D, and S.K. Mishra. Scientific validation of polyherbal hepatoprotective formulation against paracetamol induced toxicity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 1, pp. 742-746, 2012.","Sharbat Deenar, Bangladesh National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Board of Unani and Ayurvedic System of Medicine, 75/B, Indira Road, Dhaka, pp. 303, 2011.\n[10]\tP.V. Kumar, A. Sivaraj, EK. Elumalai, B.S. Kumar. Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats-Protective Role of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Coccina Grandis. International Journal of PharmTech Research, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1612-1615, 2009. \n[11]\tR. Ahsan, K.M. Islam, A. Mosaddik, and E. Haque. Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanol Extract of Some Medicinal Plants Against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats. Global Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 116-122, 2009.\n[12]\tN. Vargas-Mendoza, E. Madrigal-Santillán, Á. Morales-González, J. Esquivel-Soto, C. Esquivel-Chirino, M. García-Luna, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin. World J Hepatol, vol. 27, no. 6(3), pp.144-149, 2014.\n[13]\tG. Pandey, Y.P. Sahni. A Review of Hepatoprotective activity of Silymarin. IJRAP, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.75-79, 2011. \n[14]\tS. Tauseef, M. Atar, W. Khan, A.R. Rukhsana. An Overview on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Cichorium intybus Linn. Pharmacologyonline, vol. 2, pp. 298-307, 2010. \n[15]\tN. Mathur, M. Mathur. Phyto-Pharmacology of Cichorium intybus as Hepatoprotective Agent. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., vol. 39, no.2, pp. 116-124, 2016. \n[16]\tC.R. Achuthan, B.H. Babu, J. Padikkala. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Rosa damascene. Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 357-361, 2003. \n[17]\tD. Chatterjee, R.K. Sahu, A.K. Jha, and J. Dwivedi. Assessment of Hepatoprotective Activity of Chloroform and Ethanol Extracts of Whole Plants of Cuscuta Reflexa in CCL4 treated rats and Effectiveness of Extracts Secretion by Hepatic Cells. Pharmacologyonline, vol. 3, pp. 799-809, 2010.\n[18]\tA.K. Paharia, and A. Pandurangan. Evaluation of Hepatoprotective activity of Ethanolic Extract of Nymphaea alba LinnFlower in experimental rats. IJBR, vol.4, no. 7, pp. 349-355, 2013. \n[19]\tS. Nazir, M. Sharma, M. Saxena, M. Abrar, and M. Ajaz. Rheum emodi : Phytochemistry, Bioactive Compounds and Their Biological Activity. International Journal of Phytopharmacology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 272-276, 2013. \n[20]\tA.N.E. Hamed, and A. Wahid. Hepatoprotective activity of Borago officinalis extract against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Natural Products, vol. 8, pp.113-122, 2015. \n[21]\tR. Saxena, K.B. Sulakhiya, and M. Rathore. Cichorium intybus Linn: A review of Pharmacological Profile. 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Tahir, I. Haq, N. Naseem, M.S.Z. Latif, A.K. Naveed, M. Hassan. Hepatoprotective Potential of 'Rheum Emodi Wall' on Carbon Tetrachloride -Induced Hepatic Damage. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 152-155, 2008."]}

α-Glucosidase is a catabolic enzyme that regulates the body’s plasma glucose levels by providing energy sources to maintain healthy functioning. 2-Amino-thiadiazole (1–13) and 2-amino-thiadiazole based Schiff bases (14–22) were synthesized, characterized by 1H NMR and HREI-MS and screened for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All twenty-two (22) analogs exhibit varied degree of α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging between 2.30 ± 0.1 to 38.30 ± 0.7 μM, when compare with standard drug acarbose having IC50 value of 39.60 ± 0.70 μM. Among the series eight derivatives 1, 2, 6, 7, 14, 17, 19 and 20 showed outstanding α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values of 3.30 ± 0.1, 5.80 ± 0.2, 2.30 ± 0.1, 2.70 ± 0.1, 2.30 ± 0.1, 5.50 ± 0.1, 4.70 ± 0.2, and 5.50 ± 0.2 μM respectively, which is many fold better than the standard drug acarbose. The remaining analogs showed good to excellent α-glucosidase inhibition. Structure activity relationship has been established for all compounds. The binding interactions of these compounds were confirmed through molecular docking.

Background: Millions of people suffer and die from liver diseases every year in worldwide. Viral hepatitis is a very common problem in Bangladesh however management is problematic and expensive in conventional medicine. So Ayurvedic medicine is way to solve the problem. Methods: This study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Rohitakarista, a polyherbal formulation against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male albino rats (Wistar strain) were divided into 4 groups namely groups I, II, III and IV. Group I served as normal control and received neither formulation nor carbon tetrachloride. Group II received CCl4 in dose of 1ml per kg body weight intraperitoneally. Group III and IV received CCl4 1ml per kg body weight intraperitoneally plus Silymarin, in dose 50 mg/kg orally and Rohitakarista 1ml per kg body weight of rat respectively. After 14 days, blood was obtained for the determination of serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The histological study was also carried out. Result: The result showed that polyherbal formulation exhibited a significant hepatoprotective effect when compared with standard Silymarin. Conclusion: Therefore this study suggests that polyherbal formulation Rohitakarista may have hepatoprotective activity.

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a common clinical condition in the first week of neonatal life. The common causes are haemolytic disease of the newborn (rhesus), ABO incompatibility, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, spherocytosis and infection. Any study was not conducted in Bangladesh to find out the correlation between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and zinc level. So, the objective of this was to evaluate the correlation between the level of serum zinc and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. This cross sectional study was done at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total 594 numbers of sample were collected from neonatology department of BSMMU from January 2016 to April 2019 and samples were divided in two groups. Case group and control group consists 319 and 275 numbers of sample respectively. All the laboratory parameters were done at clinical pathology department of BSMMU by automated analyzer machine and strictly followed quality control. Data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Results were considered statistically significant if p

Toxicological evaluat ion of bornyl piperate, a cytotoxic, antifungal and anti tubercular compound isolated from Piper chaba , was carried out on Swiss albino mice. After administration of the compound, blood and tissue samples of the mice were examined for h a ematological, bioch emical and histopathological assay. A decrease in serum levels of SGPT, SGOT and ALP was observed when two groups of the experimental mice were given dose s of 10 and 20 mg/kg of bornylpiperate, respectively, for 14 days. Other parameters such as RBC, WBC a nd platelet counts were found normal. Microscopic examination of the heart, liver, lung and kidney tissues showed inflammation, sinusoidal congestion and necrosis only at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Thus the r esults indicate that the bornylpiperate showed moderate toxicity at higher dose in mice.

Total phenolic contents of different fractions of the Psidium cattleianum leaf extract and their antioxidant capacity against several free radicals were examined. Protective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) on H2O2-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were also evaluated, and the phytochemical profile of EAF was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry. EAF derived from the 80% methanol extract of the leaf contained a remarkable amount of polyphenol and showed high levels of DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activity, promoted cell viability, and protected against H2O2-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the major components in the EAF included quercetin monoglycoside, phloridizin, quercetin 3-diglycoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, 2,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-4-glucopyranosylbenzophenone, phenolic acid, guaijaverin, and naringin. The present study suggests possible synergistic or competitive antioxidant action of the major compounds of cattley guava leaf on H2O2-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of the guava leaf could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants, and these findings will facilitate the utilization of guava leaf as a source of functional food.

The preserıt study has been designed to investigate the antioxidarıt and antitumor activities of ethyl acetate (EA) extract of stem bark of Polyalthia simiarum (Annonaceae). Antioxidant potential of the EA extract w as evaluated in vitro by DPPH (fl-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay method. The EA extract showed free radical scavenging activity with ICS0 value of24.08 ± 0.30 jug/mL. The antitumor activity of the extractwas determined against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in mice at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body vveight intraperitoneally. Signifıcant (p

This article was published in Pharmacognosy Journal [© 2012 Elsevier Ltd.] and the definite version is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975357512800824 The article website is at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09753575/4

The underlying mechanisms of the anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of mango peel (EEMP) and its constituents were investigated. EEMP induced death of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells through apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased cell population in the sub-G1 phase and the appearance of fragmented nuclei. Treatment of the cells with EEMP also downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, resulting in the proteolytic activation of caspase-3, 7, 8, and 9 and the degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. The major components of mango peel were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our data suggest that EEMP is an excellent source of quercetin 3-O-galactoside, mangiferin gallate, isomangiferin gallate, quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside, and mangiferin along with unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid, and ethyl linoleate, which may help to prevent cervical cancer and may be a useful agent for the treatment of some other malignancies.

Flesh and peel extracts of five mango varieties were compared for their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Fozli peel (FP) extract was found to have the highest antioxidant activity and to significantly inhibit the proliferation of HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Hoechst 33342 staining revealed apoptotic nuclei with condensed chromatin, and cell growth arrest was confirmed by flow cytometry. Apoptotic signaling induced by FP extract was characterized by an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and down-regulation of Bcl-2. Moreover, FP extract treatment triggered the proteolytic activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9 and the degradation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase in HeLa cells. These results indicate that FP is an excellent source of phenolic and/or flavonoid compounds, and may have applications in the treatment of human cervical carcinoma and as an antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of FP extract revealed that 2,5-dihydroxyphenol was detected with highest amount and other compounds such as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, pentadecanoic acid, (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one were also found in high amounts.