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1. State of the climate in 2012

Author

Achberger, C, Ackerman, SA, Albanil, A, Alexander, P, Alfaro, EJ, Allan, R, Alves, LM, Amador, JA, Ambenje, P, Andrianjafinirina, S, Antonov, J, Aravequia, JA, Arendt, A, Arévalo, J, Arndt, DS, Ashik, I, Atheru, Z, Banzon, V, Baringer, MO, Barreira, S, Barriopedro, DE, Beard, G, Becker, A, Behrenfeld, MJ, Bell, GD, Benedetti, A, Bernhard, G, Berrisford, P, Berry, DI, Bhatt, U, Bidegain, M, Bindoff, N, Bissolli, P, Blake, ES, Blunden, J, Booneeady, R, Bosilovich, M, Box, JE, Boyer, T, Braathen, GO, Bromwich, DH, Brown, R, Brown, L, Bruhwiler, L, Bulygina, ON, Burgess, D, Burrows, J, Calderón, B, Camargo, SJ, Campbell, J, Cao, Y, Cappelen, J, Carrasco, G, Chambers, DP, Chang'A, L, Chappell, P, Chehade, W, Cheliah, M, Christiansen, HH, Christy, JR, Ciais, P, Coelho, CAS, Cogley, JG, Colwell, S, Cross, JN, Crouch, J, Cunningham, SA, Dacic, M, De Jeu, RAM, Dekaa, FS, Demircan, M, Derksen, C, Diamond, HJ, Dlugokencky, EJ, Dohan, K, Dolman, AJ, Domingues, CM, Dong, S, Dorigo, WA, Drozdov, DS, Duguay, CR, Dunn, RJH, Dúran-Quesada, AM, Dutton, GS, Ehmann, C, Elkins, JW, Euscátegui, C, Famiglietti, JS, Fang, F, Fauchereau, N, Feely, RA, Fekete, BM, Fenimore, C, and Fioletov, VE

Abstract

For the first time in several years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Niña dissipated to ENSO-neutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific uncharacteristically returned to neutral conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Niña-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in global sea level in the first half of 2011 that were linked to the effects of La Niña, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near- or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in the Western North Pacific basin. Of these, Super Typhoon Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7°N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global financial crisis, global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 ± 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 ± 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, for the first time, the atmospheric CO2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall.

Published
2013

2. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012

Author

Achberger, C, Ackerman, SA, Ahmed, FH, Albanil-Encarnacion, A, Alfaro, EJ, Alves, LM, Allan, R, Amador, JA, Ambenje, P, Antoine, MD, Antonov, J, Arevalo, J, Arndt, DS, Ashik, I, Atheru, Z, Baccini, A, Baez, J, Banzon, V, Baringer, MO, Barreira, S, Barriopedro, DE, Bates, JJ, Becker, A, Behrenfeld, MJ, Bell, GD, Benedetti, A, Bernhard, G, Berrisford, P, Berry, DI, Beszczynska-Moeller, A, Bhatt, US, Bidegain, M, Bieniek, P, Birkett, C, Bissolli, P, Blake, ES, Blunden, J, Boudet-Rouco, D, Box, JE, Boyer, T, Braathen, GO, Brackenridge, GR, Brohan, P, Bromwich, DH, Brown, L, Brown, R, Bruhwiler, L, Bulygina, ON, Burrows, J, Calderon, B, Camargo, SJ, Cappellen, J, Carmack, E, Carrasco, G, Chambers, DP, Christiansen, HH, Christy, J, Chung, D, Ciais, P, Coehlo, CAS, Colwell, S, Comiso, J, Cretaux, J-F, Crouch, J, Cunningham, SA, De Jeu, RAM, Demircan, M, Derksen, C, Diamond, HJ, Dlugokencky, EJ, Dohan, K, Dolman, AJ, Dorigo, WA, Drozdov, DS, Duguay, C, Dutton, E, Dutton, GS, Elkins, JW, Epstein, HE, Famiglietti, JS, Fanton d'Andon, OH, Feely, RA, Fekete, BM, Fenimore, C, Fernandez-Prieto, D, Fields, E, Fioletov, V, Fogt, RL, Folland, C, Foster, MJ, Frajka-Williams, E, Franz, BA, Frey, K, Frith, SH, Frolov, I, Frost, GV, Ganter, C, Garzoli, S, Gitau, W, and Gleason, KL

Published
2012

3. State of the climate in 2010

Author

Achberger, C, Ackerman, SA, Ahlstrøm, A, Alfaro, EJ, Allan, RJ, Alves, L, Amador, JA, Amelie, V, Andrianjafinirina, S, Antonov, J, Arndt, DS, Ashik, I, Atheru, Z, Attaher, SM, Baez, J, Banzon, V, Baringer, MO, Barreira, S, Barriopedro, D, Barthia, PK, Beal, LM, Becker, A, Behrenfeld, MJ, Bell, GD, Belward, AS, Benedetti, A, Berrisford, P, Berry, DI, Beszczynska-Moeller, A, Bhatt, US, Bidegain, M, Bindoff, NL, Bissolli, P, Blake, ES, Blunden, J, Booneeady, P, Bosilovich, MG, Boudet, DR, Box, JE, Boyer, TP, Bromwich, DH, Brown, R, Bryden, HL, Bulygina, ON, Burrows, J, Butler, J, Cais, P, Calderon, B, Callaghan, TV, Camargo, SJ, Cappelen, J, Carmack, E, Chambers, DP, Chelliah, M, Chidichimo, MP, Christiansen, H, Christy, J, Coelho, CAS, Colwell, S, Comiso, JC, Compo, GP, Crouch, J, Cunningham, SA, Cutié, VC, Dai, A, Davydova-Belitskaya, V, De Jeu, R, Decker, D, Dee, D, Demircan, M, Derksen, C, Diamond, HJ, Dlugokencky, EJ, Dohan, K, Dolman, AJ, Dorigo, W, Drozdov, DS, Durack, PJ, Dutton, GS, Easterling, D, Ebita, A, Eischeid, J, Elkins, JW, Epstein, HE, Euscátegui, C, Faijka-Williams, E, Famiglietti, JS, Faniriantsoa, R, Feely, RA, Fekete, BM, Fenimore, C, and Fettweis, X

Abstract

Several large-scale climate patterns influenced climate conditions and weather patterns across the globe during 2010. The transition from a warm El Niño phase at the beginning of the year to a cool La Niña phase by July contributed to many notable events, ranging from record wetness across much of Australia to historically low Eastern Pacific basin and near-record high North Atlantic basin hurricane activity. The remaining five main hurricane basins experienced below- to well-below-normal tropical cyclone activity. The negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation was a major driver of Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns during 2009/10 winter and again in late 2010. It contributed to record snowfall and unusually low temperatures over much of northern Eurasia and parts of the United States, while bringing above-normal temperatures to the high northern latitudes. The February Arctic Oscillation Index value was the most negative since records began in 1950. The 2010 average global land and ocean surface temperature was among the two warmest years on record. The Arctic continued to warm at about twice the rate of lower latitudes. The eastern and tropical Pacific Ocean cooled about 1°C from 2009 to 2010, reflecting the transition from the 2009/10 El Niño to the 2010/11 La Niña. Ocean heat fluxes contributed to warm sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Global integrals of upper ocean heat content for the past several years have reached values consistently higher than for all prior times in the record, demonstrating the dominant role of the ocean in the Earth's energy budget. Deep and abyssal waters of Antarctic origin have also trended warmer on average since the early 1990s. Lower tropospheric temperatures typically lag ENSO surface fluctuations by two to four months, thus the 2010 temperature was dominated by the warm phase El Niño conditions that occurred during the latter half of 2009 and early 2010 and was second warmest on record. The stratosphere continued to be anomalously cool. Annual global precipitation over land areas was about five percent above normal. Precipitation over the ocean was drier than normal after a wet year in 2009. Overall, saltier (higher evaporation) regions of the ocean surface continue to be anomalously salty, and fresher (higher precipitation) regions continue to be anomalously fresh. This salinity pattern, which has held since at least 2004, suggests an increase in the hydrological cycle. Sea ice conditions in the Arctic were significantly different than those in the Antarctic during the year. The annual minimum ice extent in the Arctic-reached in September-was the third lowest on record since 1979. In the Antarctic, zonally averaged sea ice extent reached an all-time record maximum from mid-June through late August and again from mid-November through early December. Corresponding record positive Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode Indices influenced the Antarctic sea ice extents. Greenland glaciers lost more mass than any other year in the decade-long record. The Greenland Ice Sheet lost a record amount of mass, as the melt rate was the highest since at least 1958, and the area and duration of the melting was greater than any year since at least 1978. High summer air temperatures and a longer melt season also caused a continued increase in the rate of ice mass loss from small glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic. Coastal sites in Alaska show continuous permafrost warming and sites in Alaska, Canada, and Russia indicate more significant warming in relatively cold permafrost than in warm permafrost in the same geographical area. With regional differences, permafrost temperatures are now up to 2°C warmer than they were 20 to 30 years ago. Preliminary data indicate there is a high probability that 2010 will be the 20th consecutive year that alpine glaciers have lost mass. Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continued to rise and ozone depleting substances continued to decrease. Carbon dioxide increased by 2.60 ppm in 2010, a rate above both the 2009 and the 1980-2010 average rates. The global ocean carbon dioxide uptake for the 2009 transition period from La Niña to El Niño conditions, the most recent period for which analyzed data are available, is estimated to be similar to the long-term average. The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole was among the lowest 20% compared with other years since 1990, a result of warmer-than-average temperatures in the Antarctic stratosphere during austral winter between mid-July and early September.

Published
2011

4. Extreme Oscillations of the Sea Level in the Laptev Sea

Author

Ashik, I., Dvorkin, Y., Vanda, Y., Kassens, Heidemarie, editor, Bauch, Henning A., editor, Dmitrenko, Igor A., editor, Eicken, Hajo, editor, Hubberten, Hans-Wolfgang, editor, Melles, Martin, editor, Thiede, Jörn, editor, and Timokhov, Leonid A., editor

Published
1999
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9. State of Climate in 2012

Author

Blunden, J., Arndt, D.S., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S.A., Albanil, A., Alexander, P., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Ambenje, P., Andrianjafinirina, S., Antonov, J., Aravequia, J.A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, J., Ashik, I., Altheru, Z., Banzon, V., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Barriopedro, D.E., Beard, G., Becker, G., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, M., Bindoff, N., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Booneeady, R., Bosilovich, M., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, L., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Burrows, J., Calderon, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J., Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Chambers, D.P., Chang'a, L., Chappell, P., Chehade, W., Cheliah, M., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Ciais, P., Coelho, C.A.S., Cogley, J.G., Colwell, S., Cross, J.N., Crouch, J., Cunningham, S.A., Dacic, M., de Jeu, R.A.M., Dekaa, F.S., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dolman, A.J., Spatial analysis & Decision Support, Earth and Climate, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute

Subjects
SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water
Abstract

For the first time in several years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Niña dissipated to ENSO-neutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific uncharacteristically returned to neutral conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Niña-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in global sea level in the first half of 2011 that were linked to the effects of La Niña, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near- or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in the Western North Pacific basin. Of these, Super Typhoon Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7°N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global financial crisis, global CO

Published
2014

12. State of the Climate in 2012

Author

Blunden, Jessica, Arndt, Derek S., Achberger, Christine, Ackerman, Stephen A., Albanil, Adelina, Alexander, P., Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Antonov, John, Aravequia, Jose A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, Juan, Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, David E., Beard, Grant, Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, Mario, Bindoff, Nathan, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Booneeady, Raj, Bosilovich, Michael, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka, Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Chang A, L., Chappell, Petra, Chehade, Wissam, Cheliah, Muthuvel, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Ciais, Phillipe, Coelho, Caio A. S., Cogley, J. G., Colwell, Steve, Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Dacic, Milan, Jeu, Richard A. M., Dekaa, Francis S., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Dong Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude R., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ehmann, Christian, Elkins, James W., Euscategui, Christian, Famiglietti, James S., Fang Fan, Fauchereau, Nicolas, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fioletov, Vitali E., Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris K., Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Geai, M. -L, Gerland, S., Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Good, Simon A., Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Charles Chip, Gupta, Shashi K., Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Harada, Yayoi, Hauri, C., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Richard R., Heimbach, Patrick, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-Peng, Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hovsepyan, Anahit, Hu Zeng-Zhen, Hughes, P., Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Inness, Antje, Jaimes, Ena, Jakobsson, Martin, James, Adamu I., Jeffries, Martin O., Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Luke T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kamga, Andre, Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John J., Key, J., Khatiwala, Samar, Pour, H. Kheyrollah, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kijazi, Agnes, Kikuchi, T., Kim, B. -M, Kim, S. -J, Kimberlain, Todd B., Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, T., Kousky, Vernon E., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Laurila, T., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, Craig, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Sydney, L Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan, Lin, I-I, Liu, Y. Y., Liu, Y., Liu Hongxing, Liu Yanju, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Luhunga, P., Lumpkin, Rick, Luo Jing-Jia, Lyman, John M., Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Malekela, C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccarthy, Gerard, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchard, Edward, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muehle, Jens, Muehr, Bernhard, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, Rolf, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ng Ongolo, H., Nieto, Juan Jose, Nishino, S., Nitsche, Helga, Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre, Ogallo, Laban A., Oludhe, Christopher S., Omar, Mohamed I., Overland, James, Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, Geun-Ha, Park, E-Hyung, David Berry, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramirez, Reynaldo, Pelto, Mauri S., Penalba, Olga, Peng, L., Perovich, Don K., Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pickart, R., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quegan, Shaun, Quintana, Juan, Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Raholijao, Nirivololona, Raiva, I., Rajeevan, Madhavan, Ramiandrisoa, Voahanginirina, Ramos, Alexandre, Ranivoarissoa, Sahondra, Rayner, Nick A., Rayner, Darren, Razuveav, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Renwick, James, Revedekar, Jayashree, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Rivera, Ingrid L., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Sabine, Christopher L., Salvador, Mozar A., Sanchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, I., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schauer, U., Schemm, Jae, Schlosser, P., Schmid, Claudia, Schreck, Carl, Semiletov, Igor, Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Severinghaus, Jeffrey, Shakhova, Natalia, Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, Nicolai I., Siegel, David A., Silva, Viviane B. S., Silva, Frabricio D. S., Sima, Fatou, Simeonov, Petio, Simmonds, I., Simmons, Adrian, Skansi, Maria, Smeed, David A., Smethie, W. M., Smith, Adam B., Smith, Cathy, Smith, Sharon L., Smith, Thomas M., Sokolov, V., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steele, M., Steffen, Konrad, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stephenson, Tannecia, Su, J., Svendby, T., Sweet, William, Takahashi, Taro, Tanabe, Raymond M., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, Marco, Teng, William L., Thepaut, Jean-Noel, Thiaw, Wassila M., Thoman, R., Thompson, Philip, Thorne, Peter W., Timmermans, M. -L, Tobin, Skie, Toole, J., Trewin, Blair C., Trigo, Ricardo M., Trotman, Adrian, Tschudi, M., Wal, Roderik S. W., Werf, Guido R., Vautard, Robert, Vazquez, J. L., Vieira, Goncalo, Vincent, Lucie, Vose, Russ S., Wagner, Wolfgang W., Wahr, John, Walsh, J., Wang Junhong, Wang Chunzai, Wang, M., Wang Sheng-Hung, Wang Lei, Wanninkhof, Rik, Weaver, Scott, Weber, Mark, Werdell, P. Jeremy, Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan, Wilber, Anne C., Wild, J. D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, W., Willis, Joshua K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Woodgate, R., Worthy, D., Wouters, B., Wovrosh, Alex J., Xue Yan, Yamada, Ryuji, Yin Zungang, Yu Lisan, Zhang Liangying, Zhang Peiqun, Zhao Lin, Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Ziemke, Jerry, Zimmermann, S., ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 13. Climate action, Photosynthetically active radiation, Climate, Dynamics (mechanics), Data_FILES, Environmental science, Fraction (chemistry), 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Remote sensing
Abstract

For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in to the effects of La Ni a, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near-or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7 N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 +/- 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, 2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall.

Published
2013

13. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hall, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Gregg, M. C., Newlin, M. L., Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Bhatt, U., Key, J., Liu, Y., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T. A., Wovrosh, A. J., Barreira, S., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J. A., Thiaw, W. M., Weaver, S. J., Whitewood, R., Phillips, D., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S. A., Ahmed, F. H., Albanil-Encarnacion, A., Alfaro, E. J., Alves, L. M., Allan, R., Amador, J. A., Ambenje, P., Antoine, M. D., Antonov, J., Arevalo, J., Ashik, I., Atheru, Z., Baccini, A., Baez, J., Baringer, M. O., Barriopedro, D. E., Bates, J. J., Becker, A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bieniek, P., Birkett, C., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Boudet-Rouco, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Brackenridge, G. R., Brohan, P., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, L., Brown, R., Bruhwiler, L., Bulygina, O. N., Burrows, J., Calderon, B., Camargo, S. J., Cappellen, J., Carmack, E., Carrasco, G., Chambers, D. P., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J., Chung, D., Ciais, P., Coehlo, C. A. S., Colwell, S., Comiso, J., Cretaux, J. F., Crouch, J., Cunningham, S. A., Jeu, R. A. M., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dorigo, W. A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, C., Dutton, E., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., Epstein, H. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Fanton D Andon, O. H., Feely, R. A., Fekete, B. M., Fenimore, C., Fernandez-Prieto, D., Fields, E., Fioletov, V., Folland, C., Foster, M. J., Frajka-Williams, E., Franz, B. A., Frey, K., Frith, S. H., Frolov, I., Frost, G. V., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gitau, W., Gleason, K. L., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Goni, G., Gonzalez-Garcia, I., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, N., Good, S. A., Goryl, P., Gottschalck, J., Gouveia, C. M., Griffiths, G. M., Grigoryan, V., Grooss, J. U., Guard, C., Guglielmin, M., Halpert, M. S., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkila, A., Heim, R. R., Hennon, P. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P., Hobbs, W. R., Holgate, S., Hook, S. J., Hovsepyan, A., Hu, Z. Z., Hugony, S., Hurst, D. F., Ingvaldsen, R., Itoh, M., Jaimes, E., Jeffries, M., Johns, W. E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, L. T., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kang, K. K., Kanzow, T. O., Kao, H. Y., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J. J., Kervankiran, S., Khatiwala, S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, T. B., King, D., Knaff, J. A., Korshunova, N. N., Koskela, T., Kratz, D. P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Lagerloef, G., Lakkala, K., Lammers, R. B., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lapinel-Pedroso, B., Lazzara, M. A., Leduc, S., Lefale, P., Leon, G., Leon-Lee, A., Leuliette, E., Levitus, S., L Heureux, M., Lin, II, Liu, H. X., Liu, Y. J., Lobato-Sanchez, R., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Loeng, H., Long, C. S., Lorrey, A. M., Lumpkin, R., Myhre, C. L., Jing-Jia Luo, Lyman, J. M., Maccallum, S., Macdonald, A. M., Maddux, B. C., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Maritorena, S., Marotzke, J., Marra, J. J., Martinez-Sanchez, O., Maslanik, J., Massom, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Mcbride, C., Mcclain, C. R., Mcgrath, D., Mcgree, S., Mclaughlin, F., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Menendez, M., Merchant, C., Merrifield, M. A., Miller, L., Mitchum, G. T., Montzka, S. A., Moore, S., Mora, N. P., Morcrette, J. J., Mote, T., Muhle, J., Mullan, A. B., Muller, R., Myhre, C., Nash, E. R., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Ngari, A., Nishino, S., Njau, L. N., Noetzli, J., Oberman, N. G., Obregon, A., Ogallo, L., Oludhe, C., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, G. H., Parker, D. E., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramirez, R., Pelto, M. S., Penalba, O., Perez-Suarez, R., Perovich, D., Pezza, A. B., Pickart, R., Pinty, B., Pinzon, J., Pitts, M. C., Pour, H. K., Prior, J., Privette, J. L., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Rayner, D., Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Revadekar, J., Rex, M., Rivera, I. L., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Roderick, M. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Rudels, B., Sabine, C. L., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Schauer, U., Schemm, J., Schmid, C., Schreck, C., Semiletov, I., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Shakhova, N., Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, N. I., Shimada, K., Shin, J., Siegel, D. A., Simmons, A., Skansi, M., Sokolov, V., Spence, J., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steele, M., Steffen, K., Steinbrecht, W., Stephenson, T., Stolarski, R. S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, T., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Thepaut, J. N., Thompson, P., Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, S., Toole, J., Trachte, K., Trewin, B. C., Trigo, R. M., Trotman, A., Tucker, C. J., Ulupinar, Y., Wal, R. S. W., Werf, G. R., Vautard, R., Votaw, G., Wagner, W. W., Wahr, J., Walker, D. A., Wang, C. Z., Wang, J. H., Wang, L., Wang, M. H., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Weaver, S., Weber, M., Weingartner, T., Weller, R. A., Wentz, F., Wilber, A. C., Williams, W., Willis, J. K., Wilson, R. C., Wolken, G., Wong, T. M., Woodgate, R., Yamada, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Yoder, J. A., Yu, L. S., Yueh, S., Zhang, L. Y., Zhang, P. Q., Zhao, L., Zhou, X. J., Zimmermann, S., Zubair, L., Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Space Technology Center, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of California Center for Hydrologic Modeling [Irvine] (UCCHM), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare [Pisa] (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY), Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison-NASA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Peking University [Beijing], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi (UoN), Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), IGAD, Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the JRC, Partenaires INRAE, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Agricultural Information Institute (AII), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), Materials and structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Direction Interrégionale de Météo-France pour l'océan Indien (DIROI), Météo-France, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Department of Oceanography, Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA), Department of Physics [Socorro], New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian Research Council (ARC), Remote Sensing Systems [Santa Rosa] (RSS), Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme (DIAL), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), University of California (UC), NMR Laboratory, Université de Mons, Université de Mons (UMons), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics and Geochronology, Department of Geography [Zürich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Chemistry Department [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Nichols College Dudley, ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), European Commission, Space Science and Engineering Center [Madison] (SSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Lausanne University Hospital, Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), University of Sheffield, Hochschule Mannheim - University of Applied Sciences, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences [India], Woods Hole Research Center, Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Génétique et Ecologie des Virus, Génétique des Virus et Pathogénèse des Maladies Virales, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor, Environm Ctr Wales, Biospherical Instruments Inc., Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Javier Barrios Amorín 1488, CP 11200, Montevideo, Uruguay, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Centre de physique moléculaire optique et hertzienne (CPMOH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CYRIC, Tohoku University [Sendai], The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, University of Costa Rica, Météo France [Sainte-Clotilde], Météo France, University of Oxford [Oxford], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), Huazhong Agricultural University, University of California, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory [Mons], University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Lausanne University Hospital [Switzerland], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Berkeley University of California (UC BERKELEY), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

International audience; Large-scale climate patterns influenced temperature and weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular, a moderate-to-strong La Nina at the beginning of the year dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged during fall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughts in East Africa, the southern United States, and northern Mexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010-11) on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as this follows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patterns in South America were also influenced by La Nina. Heavy rain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country's worst floods and landslides in Brazil's history. The 2011 combined average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, but was also among the 15 warmest years on record and above the 1981-2010 average. The global sea surface temperature cooled by 0.1 degrees C from 2010 to 2011, associated with cooling influences of La Nina. Global integrals of upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher than for all prior years, demonstrating the Earth's dominant role of the oceans in the Earth's energy budget. In the upper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatures were anomalously warm, while polar temperatures were anomalously cold. This led to large springtime stratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in both hemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphere during March were the lowest for that period since satellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, and persistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in September indicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions is proceeding very slowly. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased by 2.10 ppm in 2011, and exceeded 390 ppm for the first time since instrumental records began. Other greenhouse gases also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 30% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Most ozone depleting substances continued to fall. The global net ocean carbon dioxide uptake for the 2010 transition period from El Nino to La Nina, the most recent period for which analyzed data are available, was estimated to be 1.30 Pg C yr(-1), almost 12% below the 29-year long-term average. Relative to the long-term trend, global sea level dropped noticeably in mid-2010 and reached a local minimum in 2011. The drop has been linked to the La Nina conditions that prevailed throughout much of 2010-11. Global sea level increased sharply during the second half of 2011. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2011 was well-below average, with a total of 74 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010, the North Atlantic was the only basin that experienced above-normal activity. For the first year since the widespread introduction of the Dvorak intensity-estimation method in the 1980s, only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity level-all in the Northwest Pacific basin. The Arctic continued to warm at about twice the rate compared with lower latitudes. Below-normal summer snowfall, a decreasing trend in surface albedo, and above-average surface and upper air temperatures resulted in a continued pattern of extreme surface melting, and net snow and ice loss on the Greenland ice sheet. Warmer-than-normal temperatures over the Eurasian Arctic in spring resulted in a new record-low June snow cover extent and spring snow cover duration in this region. In the Canadian Arctic, the mass loss from glaciers and ice caps was the greatest since GRACE measurements began in 2002, continuing a negative trend that began in 1987. New record high temperatures occurred at 20 m below the land surface at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, where measurements began in the late 1970s. Arctic sea ice extent in September 2011 was the second-lowest on record, while the extent of old ice (four and five years) reached a new record minimum that was just 19% of normal. On the opposite pole, austral winter and spring temperatures were more than 3 degrees C above normal over much of the Antarctic continent. However, winter temperatures were below normal in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, which continued the downward trend there during the last 15 years. In summer, an all-time record high temperature of -12.3 degrees C was set at the South Pole station on 25 December, exceeding the previous record by more than a full degree. Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies increased steadily through much of the year, from briefly setting a record low in April, to well above average in December. The latter trend reflects the dispersive effects of low pressure on sea ice and the generally cool conditions around the Antarctic perimeter.

Published
2012

14. Sostoyanie sloya atlanticheskikh vod v Severnom Ledovitom okeane v 2007-2009 gg. (The state of Atlantic water layer in the Arctic Ocean in 2007-2009, in Russian)

Author

Timokhov, Leonid A., Ashik, I. M., Garmanov, A.L., Dmitrenko, Igor A., Ivanov, V. V., Kirillov, Sergey A., Polyakov, Igor V., Sokolov, V. T., and Frolov, I. Ye.

Abstract

Oceanographic studies during IPY 2007/2009 provided new information on spatial variability of hydrographic parameters. Detailed pattern of irregularities in the Atlantic Water (AW) layer was documented in the Nansen Basin. Spatial scales of temperature distribution and the depth of the upper boundary of AW were estimated. In the Canadian Basin spatial variations of temperature were less pronounced. During IPY 2007/2008 the area occupied by AW has increased. According to our estimations the positive temperature anomaly in some regions was as high as 1,5°C, which is about 70% of temperature maximum in 1950-1959. The upper boundary of AW (zero degree isotherm) rose by 40-120 m around the Mendeleyev Ridge and in the Amundsen Basin. At the same time, in the Canada Basin and in the western Fram Strait the AW thickness decreased by similar value. Heat content of the AW layer around the major part of the Arctic Ocean exceeded mean climatic value, except for the compact area north of Franz Josef Land, where small negative anomaly was observed. Throughout 2008 mean temperature and maximum temperature in the AW layer were higher than mean climatic values. At the same time, the state of AW layer in the inflow region, east of Fram Strait along the continental margin to the Laptev Sea, substantially changed in comparison with 2007. Mean and maximum temperature of AW dropped by 0,25/0,5°C. Heat content and the Thickness of AW layer have also decreased. Basing on the obtained results, we conclude that during 2008/2009 there was a neneral reverse trend in AW parameters towards mean climatic results.

Published
2011

15. [the Arctic] Ocean temperature and salinity [in: State of the Climate in 2013]

Author

Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, Benjamin, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, Benjamin, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., and Zimmerman, S.

Published
2014

16. Anomalous variations in the thermohaline structure of the Arctic Ocean (Aus dem Russ. übersetzt)

Author

Frolov, I. E., Ashik, I. M., Kassens, Heidemarie, Polyakov, Igor V., Proshutinsky, A. Yu., Sokolov, V. T., and Timokhov, Leonid A.

Abstract

Introduction: In the last two decades, significant changes have occurred in the Arctic Ocean as well as in the entire Arctic region. The ice cover of Arctic seas, which was gradually (linearly) decreasing from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of it [1], began to shrink rapidly in the 1990s and in the 21st century [2]. Salinity variations in the upper layer changed sign in different regions [3]. The temperature of Atlantic waters in the Arctic basin started to increase. At the end of the 1990s, stabilization of Atlantic water transport to the Arctic Basin was observed [4], but starting from 2004, the temperature of Atlantic waters in the Eurasian sub-basin increased even more and reached values that had not been observed here previously [5]. In 2007, extreme summer processes in the Arctic that followed this increase and anomalous state of the ice cover and upper layer of the ocean that were formed by the beginning of autumn put forward a pressing problem to evaluate the variation in the thermohaline structure of the Arctic Ocean as a whole.

Published
2009

17. [the Arctic] Ocean temperature and salinity [in: State of the Climate in 2012]

Author

Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Cao, Y., Frolov, I., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Rabe, Benjamin, Semiletov, I., Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Shakhova, N., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Su, J., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Zimmerman, S., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Cao, Y., Frolov, I., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Rabe, Benjamin, Semiletov, I., Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Shakhova, N., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Su, J., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zhao, J., Zhong, W., and Zimmerman, S.

Published
2013

18. Sostoyanie sloya atlanticheskikh vod v Severnom Ledovitom okeane v 2007-2009 gg. (The state of Atlantic water layer in the Arctic Ocean in 2007-2009, in Russian)

Author

Frolov, I. Ye., Timokhov, Leonid A., Ashik, I. M., Garmanov, A.L., Dmitrenko, Igor A., Ivanov, V. V., Kirillov, Sergey A., Polyakov, Igor V., Sokolov, V. T., Frolov, I. Ye., Timokhov, Leonid A., Ashik, I. M., Garmanov, A.L., Dmitrenko, Igor A., Ivanov, V. V., Kirillov, Sergey A., Polyakov, Igor V., and Sokolov, V. T.

Abstract

Oceanographic studies during IPY 2007/2009 provided new information on spatial variability of hydrographic parameters. Detailed pattern of irregularities in the Atlantic Water (AW) layer was documented in the Nansen Basin. Spatial scales of temperature distribution and the depth of the upper boundary of AW were estimated. In the Canadian Basin spatial variations of temperature were less pronounced. During IPY 2007/2008 the area occupied by AW has increased. According to our estimations the positive temperature anomaly in some regions was as high as 1,5°C, which is about 70% of temperature maximum in 1950-1959. The upper boundary of AW (zero degree isotherm) rose by 40-120 m around the Mendeleyev Ridge and in the Amundsen Basin. At the same time, in the Canada Basin and in the western Fram Strait the AW thickness decreased by similar value. Heat content of the AW layer around the major part of the Arctic Ocean exceeded mean climatic value, except for the compact area north of Franz Josef Land, where small negative anomaly was observed. Throughout 2008 mean temperature and maximum temperature in the AW layer were higher than mean climatic values. At the same time, the state of AW layer in the inflow region, east of Fram Strait along the continental margin to the Laptev Sea, substantially changed in comparison with 2007. Mean and maximum temperature of AW dropped by 0,25/0,5°C. Heat content and the Thickness of AW layer have also decreased. Basing on the obtained results, we conclude that during 2008/2009 there was a neneral reverse trend in AW parameters towards mean climatic results.

Published
2011

19. Ekstremaľnye izmeneniya temperatury i solenosti vody arkticheskogo poverkhnostnogo sloya v 2007-2009 gg. (The extreme changes of temperature and salinity in the Arctic Ocean surface layer in 2007-2009, in Russian)

Author

Frolov, I. Ye., Timokhov, Leonid A., Ashik, I. M., Karpy, V. Yu., Kassens, Heidemarie, Kirillov, Sergey A., Polyakov, Igor V., Sokolov, V. T., Chernyavskaya, Ekaterina A., Frolov, I. Ye., Timokhov, Leonid A., Ashik, I. M., Karpy, V. Yu., Kassens, Heidemarie, Kirillov, Sergey A., Polyakov, Igor V., Sokolov, V. T., and Chernyavskaya, Ekaterina A.

Abstract

This paper examines the temperature and salinity patterns and evolution in the surface layer of the Arctic Ocean in 2007-2009 and deals with the factors impacting the extreme changes both in temperature and salinity in 2007. The large areas of positive and negative anomalies in temperature and salinity have been formed over the Arctic Ocean with the apparant frontal barrier areea between Eurasian and American basins. The followed years (2008-2009) exhibit the reducing of thermohaline anomalies between the two basins assuming gradually rcovering to the initial state. Considering the mean salinities within 5-50 m depth one can claim that the positive linear trend is evident both in Eurasian and American basinss since 1950 to 1993 while the intensive freshening was obsserved in American basin in 2007-2009. We intend that these changes in salinity can be assumed as the signature of non-stationary nature of all Arctic marine environments.

Published
2011

20. [the Arctic] Ocean [in: State of the Climate in 2010]

Author

Proshutinsky, A., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Carmack, E., Frolov, I., Itoh, M., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., McLaughlin, F., Nishino, S., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Shimada, K., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Zimmermann, S., Proshutinsky, A., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Carmack, E., Frolov, I., Itoh, M., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., McLaughlin, F., Nishino, S., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Shimada, K., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., and Zimmermann, S.

Published
2011

21. NOWCAST: Fate of early 2000s Arctic warm water pulse.

Author

Polyakov, I. V., Alexeev, V. A., Ashik, I. M., Bacon, S., Beszczynska-Möller, Agnieszka, Carmack, E. C., Dmitrenko, I. A., Fortier, L., Gascard, J. C., Hansen, E., Hölemann, Jens, Ivanov, V. V., Kikuchi, T., Kirillov, S., Lenn, Y. D., McLaughlin, F. A., Piechura, J., Repina, I., Timokhov, L. A., Walczowski, W., Woodgate, R., Polyakov, I. V., Alexeev, V. A., Ashik, I. M., Bacon, S., Beszczynska-Möller, Agnieszka, Carmack, E. C., Dmitrenko, I. A., Fortier, L., Gascard, J. C., Hansen, E., Hölemann, Jens, Ivanov, V. V., Kikuchi, T., Kirillov, S., Lenn, Y. D., McLaughlin, F. A., Piechura, J., Repina, I., Timokhov, L. A., Walczowski, W., and Woodgate, R.

Published
2011

27. g. Ocean temperature and salinity.

Author

Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., and Williams, W.

Subjects
*OCEAN temperature, *SEAWATER salinity, *SEA ice, *FRESHWATER ecology
Abstract

The article highlights the patterns, changes and trends in temperature and salinity in the Arctic Ocean in 2013. Topics discussed include the increased solar absorption into the surface Arctic Ocean, upper ocean salinity, and freshwater content. Also mentioned are the reduction in sea-ice cover, and the average sea surface temperature (SST) during the season.

Published
2014

28. Ocean.

Author

Proshutinsky, A., Krishfield, R., Steele, M., Polyakov, I., Ashik, I., McPhee, M., Morison, J., Timmermans, M.-L., Toole, J., Sokolov, V., Frolov, I., Carmack, E., McLaughlin, F., Shimada, K., Woodgate, R., and Weingartner, T.

Abstract

The article discusses the reasons for the rapid increase in the sea level in the Arctic Ocean. The melting of sea ice contributes to the increasing level of fresh water in the surface layer of the ocean. The degree of loss of summer sea ice, which caused the heating of the ocean, leads to the increase in surface air temperatures in the fall season taking place in October through December in the Arctic Ocean.

Published
2010

29. State of the Climate in 2012 INTRODUCTION

Author

Achberger, Christine, Ackerman, Stephen A., Albanil, Adelina, Alexander, P., Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Antonov, John, Aravequia, Jose A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, Juan, Arndt, Derek S., Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, David E., Beard, Grant, Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, Mario, Bindoff, Nathan, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Booneeady, Raj, Bosilovich, Michael, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka, Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Chang A, L., Chappell, Petra, Chehade, Wissam, Cheliah, Muthuvel, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Ciais, Phillipe, Coelho, Caio A. S., Cogley, J. G., Colwell, Steve, Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Dacic, Milan, Jeu, Richard A. M., Dekaa, Francis S., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Dong Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude R., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ehmann, Christian, Elkins, James W., Euscategui, Christian, Famiglietti, James S., Fang Fan, Fauchereau, Nicolas, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fioletov, Vitali E., Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris K., Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Geai, M. -L, Gerland, S., Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Good, Simon A., Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Charles Chip, Gupta, Shashi K., Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Harada, Yayoi, Hauri, C., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Richard R., Heimbach, Patrick, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-Peng, Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hovsepyan, Anahit, Hu Zeng-Zhen, Hughes, P., Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Inness, Antje, Jaimes, Ena, Jakobsson, Martin, James, Adamu I., Jeffries, Martin O., Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Luke T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kamga, Andre, Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John J., Key, J., Khatiwala, Samar, Pour, H. Kheyrollah, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kijazi, Agnes, Kikuchi, T., Kim, B. -M, Kim, S. -J, Kimberlain, Todd B., Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, T., Kousky, Vernon E., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Laurila, T., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, Craig, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Sydney, L Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan, Lin, I-I, Liu, Y. Y., Liu, Y., Liu Hongxing, Liu Yanju, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Luhunga, P., Lumpkin, Rick, Luo Jing-Jia, Lyman, John M., Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Malekela, C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccarthy, Gerard, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchard, Edward, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muehle, Jens, Muehr, Bernhard, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, Rolf, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ng Ongolo, H., Nieto, Juan Jose, Nishino, S., Nitsche, Helga, Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre, Ogallo, Laban A., Oludhe, Christopher S., Omar, Mohamed I., Overland, James, Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, Geun-Ha, Park, E-Hyung, Parker, David, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramirez, Reynaldo, Pelto, Mauri S., Penalba, Olga, Peng, L., Perovich, Don K., Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pickart, R., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quegan, Shaun, Quintana, Juan, Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Raholijao, Nirivololona, Raiva, I., Rajeevan, Madhavan, Ramiandrisoa, Voahanginirina, Ramos, Alexandre, Ranivoarissoa, Sahondra, Rayner, Nick A., Rayner, Darren, Razuveav, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Renwick, James, Revedekar, Jayashree, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Rivera, Ingrid L., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Karen Rosenlof, Sabine, Christopher L., Salvador, Mozar A., Sanchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, I., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schauer, U., Schemm, Jae, Schlosser, P., Schmid, Claudia, Schreck, Carl, Semiletov, Igor, Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Severinghaus, Jeffrey, Shakhova, Natalia, Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, Nicolai I., Siegel, David A., Silva, Viviane B. S., Silva, Frabricio D. S., Sima, Fatou, Simeonov, Petio, Simmonds, I., Simmons, Adrian, Skansi, Maria, Smeed, David A., Smethie, W. M., Smith, Adam B., Smith, Cathy, Smith, Sharon L., Smith, Thomas M., Sokolov, V., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steele, M., Steffen, Konrad, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stephenson, Tannecia, Su, J., Svendby, T., Sweet, William, Takahashi, Taro, Tanabe, Raymond M., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, Marco, Teng, William L., Thepaut, Jean-Noel, Thiaw, Wassila M., Thoman, R., Thompson, Philip, Thorne, Peter W., Timmermans, M. -L, Tobin, Skie, Toole, J., Trewin, Blair C., Trigo, Ricardo M., Trotman, Adrian, Tschudi, M., Wal, Roderik S. W., Werf, Guido R., Vautard, Robert, Vazquez, J. L., Vieira, Goncalo, Vincent, Lucie, Vose, Russ S., Wagner, Wolfgang W., Wahr, John, Walsh, J., Wang Junhong, Wang Chunzai, Wang, M., Wang Sheng-Hung, Wang Lei, Wanninkhof, Rik, Weaver, Scott, Weber, Mark, Werdell, P. Jeremy, Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan, Wilber, Anne C., Wild, J. D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, W., Willis, Joshua K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Woodgate, R., Worthy, D., Wouters, B., Wovrosh, Alex J., Xue Yan, Yamada, Ryuji, Yin Zungang, Yu Lisan, Zhang Liangying, Zhang Peiqun, Zhao Lin, Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Ziemke, Jerry, and Zimmermann, S.

32. State of the climate in 2011:Special supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hall, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Gregg, M. C., Newlin, M. L., Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Bhatt, U., Key, J., Liu, Y., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T. A., Wovrosh, A. J., Barreira, S., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J. A., Thiaw, W. M., Weaver, S. J., Whitewood, R., Phillips, D., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S. A., Ahmed, Farid H., Albanil-Encarnacion, Adelina, Alfaro, E. J., Alves, L. M., Allan, Rob, Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Antoine, M. D., Antonov, John, Arevalo, Juan, Arndt, Derek S., Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Baccini, Alessandro, Baez, Julian, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, D. E., Bates, J. J., Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Bieniek, P., Birkett, Charon, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Boudet-Rouco, Dagne, Box, Jason E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brackenridge, G. Robert, Brohan, Philip, Bromwich, David H., Brown, Laura, Brown, R., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, O. N., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Cappellen, John, Carmack, E., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John, Chung, D., Ciais, P., Coehlo, Caio A. S., Colwell, Steve, Comiso, J., Cretaux, Jean-Francois, Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Jeu, Richard A. M., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude, Dutton, Ellsworth, Dutton, Geoff S., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Famiglietti, James S., Fanton D Andon, Odile Hembise, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fernandez-Prieto, D., Fields, Erik, Fioletov, Vitali, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Karen, Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Frost, G. V., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez-Garcia, Idelmis, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Nivaldo, Good, Simon A., Goryl, Philippe, Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gouveia, C. M., Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina M., Grigoryan, Valentina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Chip, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Jr, Hennon, Paula A., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-Peng, Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hook, Simon J., Hovsepyan, Anahit, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Hugony, Sebastien, Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Itoh, M., Jaimes, Ena, Jeffries, Martin, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Jones, L. T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John J., Kervankiran, Sefer, Khatiwala, Samar, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, Todd B., King, Darren, Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, Tapani, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lammers, Richard B., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lapinel-Pedroso, Braulio, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leduc, Sharon, Lefale, Penehuro, Leon, Gloria, Leon-Lee, Antonia, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Syndney, L Heureux, Michelle, Lin, I. I., Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yanju, Liu, Yi, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Lumpkin, Rick, Myhre, Cathrine Lund, Luo, Jing-Jia, Lyman, John M., Maccallum, Stuart, Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo A, Jose, Maritorena, Stephane, Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Sanchez, Odayls, Maslanik, J., Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., Mcbride, Charlotte, Mcclain, Charles R., Mcgrath, Daniel, Mcgree, Simon, Mclaughlin, F., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merchant, Chris, Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Laury, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Moore, Sue, Mora, Natalie P., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muhle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Muller, Rolf, Myhre, Cathrine, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ngari, Arona, Nishino, S., Njau, Lenoard N., Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre, Ogallo, Laban, and Oludhe, Christopher

33. State of the climate in 2013

Author

Blunden, J., Arndt, D. S., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hurst, D. F., Rennie, J., Thorne, P. W., Donat, M. G., Dunn, R. J. H., Long, C. S., Christy, J. R., Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., Zhao, L., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M. S., Mears, C. A., Ho, S.-O. B., Peng, L., Wang, J., Vose, R. S., Hilburn, K., Yin, X., Kruk, M. C., Becker, A., Foster, M. J., Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., Maddux, B. C., Stengel, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Rodell, M., Chambers, D. P., Famiglietti, J. S., Dorigo, W. A., Chung, D., Parinussa, R. M., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Liu, Y. Y., Wagner, W. W., de Jeu, R. A. M., Paulik, C., Wang, G., Allan, R., Folland, C. K., Tobin, I., Berrisford, P., Vautard, R., McVicar, T. R., Kratz, D. P., Stackhouse, P.W., Wong, T., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Lantz, K. O., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Mühle, J., Elkins, J. W., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. T., Kaiser, J. W., Morcrette, J.-J., Remy, S., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., van der A., R. J., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Loyola, D., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Cooper, O. R., Ziemke, J., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Quegan, S., Ciais, P., Santoro, M., Pinty, B., Gobron, N., van der Werf, G. R., Newlin, M. L., Gregg, M. C., Xue, Y., Hu, Z.-Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Willis, J. K., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Good, S. A., Domingues, C. M., Bindoff, N., Yu, L., Jin, X., Lagerloef, G. S. E., Kao, H.-Y., Reagan, J., Schmid, C., Locarnini, R., Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Baringer, M. O., McCarthy, G., Lankhorst, M., Smeed, D. A., Send, U., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T. O., Frajka-Williams, E., Marotzke, J., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Volkov, D., Hobbs, W. R., Merrifield, M. A., Thompson, P., Leuliette, E., Nerem, R. S., Hamlington, B., Mitchum, G. T., McInnes, K., Marra, J. J., Menendez, M., Sweet, W., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Takahashi, T., Khatiwala, S., Franz, B. A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Siegel, D. A., Werdell, P. J., Diamond, H. J., Bell, G. D., L'Heureux, M., Halpert, M. S., Baxter, S., Gottschalck, J., Landsea, C. W., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Blake, E. S., Schemm, J., Kimberlain, T. B., Schreck, C. J., Evans, T.E., Camargo, S. J., Gleason, K. L., Trewin, B. C., Lorrey, A. M., Fauchereau, N. C., Chappell, P. R., Ready, S., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I.-I., Wang, B., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C A. S., Wang, C., Fogarty, C. T., Klotzbach, P., Luo, J.-J., Lander, M. A., Guard, C. P. C., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Key, J., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Kim, B.-M., Kim, S.-J., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Bhatt, U. S., Liu, Y., Stone, R., Cox, C., Walden, V., Francis, J., Vavrus, S., Tang, Q., Bernhard, G., Manney, G., Grooss, J.-U., Muller, R., Heikkila, A., Johnsen, B., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A., Bruhwiler, L., Laurila, T., Worthy, D., Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Baklanov, A., Flanner, M. G., Herber, A., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Vestreng, V., Von Salzen, K., Perovich, D., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Meier, W., Nicolaus, M., Tschudi, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Cross, J. N., Evans, W., Anderson, L., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Derksen, C., Brown, R., Luojus, K., Sharp, M., Wolken, G., Geai, M.-L., Burgess, D., Arendt, A., Wouters, B., Kohler, J., Andreassen, L. M., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T.A., Clem, K.R., Barreira, S., Colwell, S., Keller, L.M., Lazzara, M.A., Setzer, A., Bromwich, D.H., Wang, S.-H., Wang, L., Liu, H., Wang, S., Shu, S., Massom, R.A., Reid, P., Stammerjohn, S., Lieser, J., Newman, P.A., Kramarova, N., Nash, E.R., Pitts, M.C., Johnson, B.f, Santee, M.L., Braathen, G.O., Campbell, G.G., Pope, A., Haran, T., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J.A., Thiaw, W.M., Weaver, S.J., Vincent, L.A., Phillips, D., Whitewood, R., Crouch, J., Heim, Jr., Fenimore, C., Augustine, J., Pascual, R., Albanil, A., Vazquez, J.L., Lobato, R., Amador, J.A., Alfaro, E.J., Hidalgo, H.G., Duran-Quesada, A.M., Calderon, B., Rivera, I.L., Vega, C., Stephenson, T.S., Taylor, M.A., Trotman, A.R., Porter, A.O., Gonzalez, I.T., Spence, J.M., McLean, N., Campbell, J.D., Brown, G., Butler, M., Blenman, R.C., Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Marcellin-Honore, V., Marti­nez, R., Arevalo, J., Carrasco, G., Euscategui, C., Bazo, J., Nieto, J.J., Zambrano, E., Marengo, J.A., Alves, L.M., Espinoza, J.C., Ronchail, J., Bidegain, M., Stella, J.L., Penalba, O.C., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Ebrahim, A., James, I.A., Dekaa, F.S., Sima, F., Coulibaly, K.A., Gitau, W., Chang'a, L., Oludhe, C.S., Ogallo, L.A., Atheru, Z., Ambenje, P., Kijazi, A., Ng'ongolo, H., Luhunga, P., Levira, P., Kruger, A., McBride, C., Rakotomavo, Z., Jumaux, G., Trachte, K., Bissolli, P., Obregon, A., Nitsche, H., Parker, D., Kennedy, J.J., Kendon, M., Trigo, R., Barriopedro, D., Ramos, A., Sensoy, S., Hovhannisyan, D., Bulygina, O.N., Khoshkam, M., Korshunova, N.N., Oyunjargal, L., Park, E.-H., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Razuvaev, V.N., Revadekar, J.V., Srivastava, A.K., Yamada, R., Zhang, P., Tanaka, S., Yoshimatsu, K., Ohno, H., Ganter, C., Macara, G.R., McGree, S., Tobin, S., Blunden, J., Arndt, D. S., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hurst, D. F., Rennie, J., Thorne, P. W., Donat, M. G., Dunn, R. J. H., Long, C. S., Christy, J. R., Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., Zhao, L., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M. S., Mears, C. A., Ho, S.-O. B., Peng, L., Wang, J., Vose, R. S., Hilburn, K., Yin, X., Kruk, M. C., Becker, A., Foster, M. J., Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., Maddux, B. C., Stengel, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Rodell, M., Chambers, D. P., Famiglietti, J. S., Dorigo, W. A., Chung, D., Parinussa, R. M., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Liu, Y. Y., Wagner, W. W., de Jeu, R. A. M., Paulik, C., Wang, G., Allan, R., Folland, C. K., Tobin, I., Berrisford, P., Vautard, R., McVicar, T. R., Kratz, D. P., Stackhouse, P.W., Wong, T., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Lantz, K. O., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Mühle, J., Elkins, J. W., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. T., Kaiser, J. W., Morcrette, J.-J., Remy, S., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., van der A., R. J., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Loyola, D., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Cooper, O. R., Ziemke, J., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Quegan, S., Ciais, P., Santoro, M., Pinty, B., Gobron, N., van der Werf, G. R., Newlin, M. L., Gregg, M. C., Xue, Y., Hu, Z.-Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Willis, J. K., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Good, S. A., Domingues, C. M., Bindoff, N., Yu, L., Jin, X., Lagerloef, G. S. E., Kao, H.-Y., Reagan, J., Schmid, C., Locarnini, R., Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Baringer, M. O., McCarthy, G., Lankhorst, M., Smeed, D. A., Send, U., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T. O., Frajka-Williams, E., Marotzke, J., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Volkov, D., Hobbs, W. R., Merrifield, M. A., Thompson, P., Leuliette, E., Nerem, R. S., Hamlington, B., Mitchum, G. T., McInnes, K., Marra, J. J., Menendez, M., Sweet, W., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Takahashi, T., Khatiwala, S., Franz, B. A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Siegel, D. A., Werdell, P. J., Diamond, H. J., Bell, G. D., L'Heureux, M., Halpert, M. S., Baxter, S., Gottschalck, J., Landsea, C. W., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Blake, E. S., Schemm, J., Kimberlain, T. B., Schreck, C. J., Evans, T.E., Camargo, S. J., Gleason, K. L., Trewin, B. C., Lorrey, A. M., Fauchereau, N. C., Chappell, P. R., Ready, S., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I.-I., Wang, B., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C A. S., Wang, C., Fogarty, C. T., Klotzbach, P., Luo, J.-J., Lander, M. A., Guard, C. P. C., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Key, J., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Kim, B.-M., Kim, S.-J., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Bhatt, U. S., Liu, Y., Stone, R., Cox, C., Walden, V., Francis, J., Vavrus, S., Tang, Q., Bernhard, G., Manney, G., Grooss, J.-U., Muller, R., Heikkila, A., Johnsen, B., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A., Bruhwiler, L., Laurila, T., Worthy, D., Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Baklanov, A., Flanner, M. G., Herber, A., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Vestreng, V., Von Salzen, K., Perovich, D., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Meier, W., Nicolaus, M., Tschudi, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Cross, J. N., Evans, W., Anderson, L., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Derksen, C., Brown, R., Luojus, K., Sharp, M., Wolken, G., Geai, M.-L., Burgess, D., Arendt, A., Wouters, B., Kohler, J., Andreassen, L. M., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. 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Abstract

In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific

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