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Juvenile delinquency, the participation of minors in illegal activities, remains a critical social issue affecting communities worldwide. The purpose of the study was to assess the factors affecting child delinquency for the students enrolled in elementary grades. For this study, qualitative research design with phenomenological inquiry was adopted. In this regard, the purposive sampling technique was used to select 4-participants who were involved in delinquent acts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. The duration of one interview was 30-35 minutes. The audio recording of interviews was transcribed. The data were analyzed through coding and thematic analysis. The result of the study found that there were personal, family and social factors that causing or triggering the delinquent youngsters for socially/legally disapproved acts. Dealing with the causes of child delinquency is important for effectively resolving problem. As there were multiple factors involved in the child delinquency, and multi-sectoral intervention may be adopted by involving the delinquent youngster, their family, their peer group, community, school and environment. The findings of suty provide sinfificant information in reaching the conclusion and thus conctributing the existing knowledge on the issues under consideration in particular context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer, if diagnosed at advanced stages, often leads to surgical intervention, i.e. mastectomy, which later presents complications that add to morbidity. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted to determine pain, upper limb ROM, grip strength, lymphoedema, and their co-relation with kinesiophobia in post mastectomy patients. A sample of 55 female patients was selected via non-probability purposive sampling. Kinesiophobia was assessed using Tampa Scale of kinesiophobia (TSK-11) and pain via Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Upper extremity ROM was measured using a plastic goniometer, grip strength by Jamar Hydraulic dynamometer, and limb volumes were calculated by summed truncated cone volume via circumferential tape measurements. Wilcoxon signed rank test and Spearman co-relation test was used for analysis. Significant difference between the limb volumes was noted (p=0.02) and a reduction in overall upper extremity ranges was seen (p<0.05). A positive significant co-relation between pain and TSK score (r= 0.300, p=0.026) was observed.

The study aimed to determine the relationship between physical activity and eating behaviours among the physical therapy students of various physical therapy institutes of Rawalpindi/Islamabad during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study was conducted from September 2020 to February 2021. It was a cross sectional co-relational survey of a total of 209 physical therapy students, and the sampling technique was purposive sampling. Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) Questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used as the data collection tools. Healthy young students of 18-26 years of age, of both genders, were included and students with major functional limitations were excluded from the study. The results showed that 87 (41.6%) participants had normal EAT-26 scores whereas 122 (58.4%) had abnormal EAT-26 scores. IPAQ scores were categorically distributed into low, moderate, and high levels of physical activity. Eighty-seven (41.6%) had low levels of physical activity, 106 (50.7%) had moderate levels of physical activity, and 16 (7.7%) had high levels of physical activity. Spearman Rho test of correlation was applied with the p-value 0.219, and R-value of correlation was 0.08, which showed weak positive correlation between physical activity and eating behaviours. The study concluded that restricted physical activity and home confinement due to Covid-19 pandemic, did not potentially affect the physical therapy students' eating behaviours.