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Mechanistic implications of antimicrobial and in vitro antioxidant potentials of a set of newly generated nonbridged mononuclear N,O-orthometallated and carboxylate bridged binuclear nonorthometallated dibutyltin(IV) formulations have been investigated. Some of these formulations were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively whereas in vitro antioxidant potential was examined by Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Nonbridged mononuclear N,O-orthometallated dibutyltin(IV) formulations were generated by the reactions of Bu

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) occurs progressively with aging in men and drives deteriorating symptoms collectively known as Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS). Age associated changes in circulating steroid hormones, and prostate inflammation have been postulated in the etiology of BPH/LUTS. The link between hormones and inflammation in the development of BPH/LUTS is conflicting because they may occur independently or as sequential steps in disease pathogenesis. This study aimed to decipher the prostatic immune landscape in a mouse model of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Steroid hormone imbalance was generated by the surgical implantation of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) pellets to male C57BL/6J mice and gene expression analysis was performed on ventral prostates (VP). These experiments identified an increase in the expression of macrophage markers andSpp1/osteopontin (OPN). Localization studies of OPN pinpointed that OPN+ macrophages travel to the prostate lumen and transition into lipid accumulating foam cells. We also observed a significantly increased number of tissue macrophages in the VP which was prevented in OPN knockout (OPN-KO) mice. In contrast, mast cells, but not macrophages, were significantly elevated in the dorsal prostate of T+E2 treated mice which was diminished in OPN-KO mice. Steroid hormone implantation progressively increased urinary frequency, which was ameliorated in OPN-KO mice. Our study underscores the role of age associated steroid hormone imbalances as a mechanism of expanding the prostatic macrophage population, their luminal translocation and foam cell differentiation.

Fibrogenic and inflammatory processes in the prostate are linked to the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. Our previous studies identified that osteopontin (OPN), a pro-fibrotic cytokine, is abundant in the prostate of men with LUTS, and its secretion is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines potentially to drive fibrosis. This study investigates whether the lack of OPN ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in the mouse prostate. We instilled uropathogenic E. coli (UTI89) or saline (control) transurethrally to C57BL/6J (WT) or Spp1tm1Blh/J (OPN-KO) mice and collected the prostates one or 8 weeks later. We found that OPN mRNA and protein expression were significantly induced by E. coli-instillation in the dorsal prostate (DP) after one week in WT mice. Deficiency in OPN expression led to decreased inflammation and fibrosis and the prevention of urinary dysfunction after 8 weeks. RNAseq analysis identified that E. coli-instilled WT mice expressed increased levels of inflammatory and fibrotic marker RNAs compared to OPN-KO mice including Col3a1, Dpt, Lum and Mmp3 which were confirmed by RNAscope. Our results indicate that OPN is induced by inflammation and prolongs the inflammatory state, genetic blockade of OPN accelerates recovery after inflammation, including a resolution of prostate fibrosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Fibrogenic and inflammatory processes in the prostate are linked to the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men, but the molecular mechanism is unknown....

Fibrogenic and inflammatory processes in the prostate are linked to the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. Our previous studies identified that osteopontin (OPN), a pro-fibrotic cytokine, is abundant in the prostate of men with LUTS and its secretion is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines potentially to drive fibrosis. This study investigates whether the lack of OPN ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in the mouse prostate.We instilled uropathogenic E. coli (UTI89) or saline (control) transurethrally to C57BL/6J (WT) or Spp1tm1Blh/J (OPN-KO) mice and collected the prostates one or 8 weeks later. We found that OPN mRNA and protein expression were significantly induced by E. coli-instillation in the dorsal prostate (DP) after one week in WT mice. Deficiency in OPN expression led to decreased inflammation and fibrosis and the prevention of urinary dysfunction after 8 weeks. RNAseq analysis identified that E. coli-instilled WT mice expressed increased levels of inflammatory and fibrotic marker RNAs compared to OPN-KO mice including Col3a1, Dpt, Lum and Mmp3 which were confirmed by RNAscope.Our results indicate that OPN is induced by inflammation and prolongs the inflammatory state; genetic blockade of OPN accelerates recovery after inflammation, including a resolution of prostate fibrosis.

Density functional theory is a quantum chemical theory based computational tool for theoretical analysis of molecular structures and electronic properties of organic compounds and new materials. The present synergistic investigation between experimental spectroscopic data and theoretical data is focused to gain structural insights and to study the optimized molecular structures, optimized energies, stabilities and Mulliken charge distribution based on DFT analysis of some sterically demanding heterocyclic β-diketones. The B3LYP functionals with 6-31G* basis set was used for calculations in gas phase as well as in polar and nonpolar solvents. The experimental spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR) of sterically demanding heterocyclic β-diketones were compared with the corresponding theoretical data (in gas phase and polar solvent). There was a synergy between experimental spectroscopic data and theoretical data of these organic compounds. The atomic charges at all the atoms were calculated to ascertain the electrophilic and nucleophilic centres in these compounds. Global reactivity descriptors have also been calculated from the energies of frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO energy values). The presence of various groups such as -CH3, -CH2CH3, - C6H5 and p-ClC6H4- in these compounds provided an opportunity to examine the steric and electronic effects of these groups on the stability, optimized energy, Mulliken charge distribution and spectroscopic properties of these sterically demanding heterocyclic β-diketones.

Diorganotin(IV) complexes of flexible N-protected amino acids and ketoximes having the compositions Me2Sn [[Formula: see text]CHRCOO][ON = C6H10] (where R = –CH2CH(CH3)2, –CH(CH3)C2H5,–CH2C6H5, –CH(CH3)2) and Me2Sn[[Formula: see text]CHRCOO][ON=CR′R″] (where R = –CH2CH(CH3)2, –CH(CH3)C2H5, –CH2C6H5, R′ = R″ = CH3; R = –CH(CH3)C2H5, –CH2C6H5, –CH(CH3)2, R′ = CH3, R″ = C6H5) were prepared by the reaction of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride with sodium salts of flexible N-protected amino acids and ketoximes in 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing dry benzene. The synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and IR, multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 119Sn), and mass spectral studies. Plausible structures of these complexes have been suggested on the basis of molecular weight measurements and spectral data. 119Sn NMR spectral data indicate the presence of pentacoordinated tin centres in these complexes. Some of the synthesized complexes and their ligands were also screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity.

The study was focused on the structure–activity relationship of some newly synthesized hexacoordinated dimethyltin(IV) complexes of fluorinated β-diketone/β-diketones and sterically congested heterocyclic β-diketones. These complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against a Gram-negative bacterium (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Streptomyces griseus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and the results were compared with those of a standard antibacterial drug. Some of the complexes were also screened for their antifungal activity against various fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium oxysporum) and were found to be active. These new hexacoordinated complexes of dimethyltin(IV) were generated by reactions of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride and sodium salts of fluorinated β-diketone/β-diketones and sterically congested heterocyclic β-diketones in 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing dry benzene. Plausible structures of these complexes were suggested with the aid of physicochemical and spectroscopic studies. 119Sn NMR spectral data revealed the presence of a hexacoordinated tin centre in these dimethyltin(IV) complexes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Background We estimated the potential impact of an investigational 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (HPVs 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) in HPV-related cervical disease in Brazil, Mexico, India and China, to help to formulate recommendations on cervical cancer prevention and control. Methods Estimations for invasive cervical cancer (ICC) were based on an international study including 1356 HPV-positive cases for the four countries altogether, and estimations for precancerous cervical lesions were extracted from a published meta-analysis including 6 025 HPV-positive women from the four mentioned countries. Globocan 2012 and 2012 World Population Prospects were used to estimate current and future projections of new ICC cases. Results Combined proportions of the 9 HPV types in ICC were 88.6% (95%CI: 85.2–91.3) in Brazil, 85.7% (82.3–88.8) in Mexico, 92.2% (87.9–95.3) in India and 97.3% (93.9–99.1) in China. The additional HPV 31/33/45/52/58 proportions were 18.8% (15.3–22.7) in Brazil, 17.6% (14.2–21.2) in Mexico, 11.3% (7.5–16.1) in India and 11.9% (7.5–17.2) in China. HPV6 and 11 single types were not identified in any of the samples. Proportion of the individual 7 high risk HPV types included in the vaccine varied by cytological and histological grades of HPV-positive precancerous cervical lesions. HPV 16 was the dominant type in all lesions, with contributions in low grade lesions ranging from 16.6%(14.3–19.2) in Mexico to 39.8% (30.0–50.2) in India, and contributions in high grade lesions ranging from 43.8% (36.3–51.4) in Mexico to 64.1% (60.6–67.5) in Brazil. After HPV 16, variations in other majors HPV types were observed by country, with an under representation of HPV 18 and 45 compared to ICC. Conclusion The addition of HPVs 31/33/45/52/58 to HPV types included in current vaccines could increase the ICC preventable fraction in a range of 12 to 19% across the four countries, accounting the 9-types altogether 90% of ICC cases. Assuming the same degree of efficacy of current vaccines, the implementation of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in Brazil, Mexico, India and China would substantially impact on the reduction of the world cervical cancer burden.

Two new sets of diethylgermanium(IV) complexes of the types Et2GeA2 and Et2GeB2 have been generated by the reactions of diethylgermanium(IV) dichloride with sodium salts of N-protected amino acids (AH) [where AH = , R = -CH(CH3)C2H5: A1H, R = -CH2CH(CH3)2: A2H, R = -CH(CH3)2: A3H] and with sodium salts of sterically demanding heterocyclic β-diketones (BH) [where BH = , R’ = -C6H5: B1H, R’ = -p-(Cl)C6H4: B2H, R’ = -CH3: B3H, R = -C2H5: B4H], respectively in 1:2 molar ratios in refluxing dry benzene. Plausible structures of these complexes were suggested on the basis of physico-chemical and spectroscopic studies. It is suggested that the complexes of the types Et2GeA2 and Et2GeB2 contain four coordinated and six coordinated germanium centers, respectively. The ligands and organogermanium(IV) complexes were evaluated for their free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method. These compounds/complexes demonstrate potential antioxidant activity.

Trauma during pregnancy is an important cause of nonobstetrical cause of maternal mortality & morbidity. Apart from type of injury affecting the maternal & fetal outcome there are several life threatening complications unique to pregnancy like abruption placentae, uterine rupture, amniotic fluid embolism, & direct fetal trauma which needs immediate interventions. Maternal assessment & management during pregnancy needs special consideration to physiological changes during pregnancy as well as fetal surveillance to improve the maternal & fetal outcome. All pregnant trauma patient needs multi disciplinary approach involving obstetrician, neonatologist, obstetric anaesthetist & trauma surgeons.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 meal replacement beverages on glycemic response among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study examined Glucerna® Weight Loss Shake, Slim-Fast® Shake, and Ensure® with Fiber Shake, using a prospective, 3-way, cross-over design. Eighteen subjects with type 2 diabetes drank the beverages in random order on different weeks. The volume of each beverage was adjusted to include 50 grams of carbohydrates. Glucose was measured 0 to 180 minutes postprandial. Analyses included 2-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures on both factors, calculation of area under the curve (AUC), and 1-way repeated measures ANOVA of AUC. Results The postprandial glucose profiles of the shakes differed. Glucerna® had the best profile as indicated by the graph of mean postprandial glucose levels and its lower incremental AUC. Despite the superiority of Glucerna®, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose values exceeded the ADA’s recommended upper limit for 22% of the subjects. Conclusions Meal replacement beverages are a popular and potentially effective option for people trying to lose or maintain weight; however, it is unknown to what degrees they affect postprandial blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. Because postprandial glycemic excursion is linked to cardiovascular disease, identifying a meal replacement beverage with the lowest glycemic response may mitigate some of the risks in patients with diabetes. Of the meal replacements observed in this study, Glucerna® had the smallest effect on postprandial glucose. Glycemic response to meal replacements should be monitored given product and individual variability.

Titanium(IV) complexes of the general formula TiL(OPr i )2 [where LH2 = R CH3 where R = ─C6H5, ─C6H4Cl(p)] were prepared by the interaction of titanium isopropoxide with sterically hindered Schiff bases derived from heterocyclic β -diketones in 1:1 molar ratio in dry benzene. The complexes TiL(OPr i )2 were used as versatile precursors for the synthesis of other titanium(IV) complexes. Titanium(IV) complexes of the type TiLL'(OPr i ) (where L'H═R1R2C═NOH, R1 = R2 = ─CH3; R1 = ─CH3,R2 = ─C6H5; R1 = ─COC6H5, R2 = ─C6H5) were synthesized by the reaction of TiL(OPr i )2 with ketooximes (L'H) in equimolar ratio in dry benzene. Another type of titanium(IV) complexes having the general formula TiLGH(OPr i ) (where GH2═HO─G─OH, G = ─CH2─CH2─) have been prepared by the reaction of TiL(OPr i )2 with glycol in 1:1 molar ratio in dry benzene. Plausible structures of these new titanium(IV) complexes have been proposed on the basis of analytical data, molecular weight measurements, and spectral studies.

Zirconium(IV) Schiff base chelates having the general formula ZrL(OPr i )2 [where LH 2 = R CH 3 , R = –C 6 H 5 , –C 6 H 4 Cl(p)] were synthesized by the reaction of Zr(OPr i )4.Pr i OH with sterically constrained sulfur-containing Schiff bases of heterocyclic β -diketones in a 1:1 molar ratio in dry refluxing benzene. The complexes ZrL(OPr i ) 2 were used as important precursors for the synthesis of the complexes of the type Zr(L) 2 . The complexes, Zr(L) 2 , were prepared by the interaction of precursor ZrL(OPr i ) 2 with sterically constrained sulfur-containing Schiff bases of heterocyclic β -diketones in a 1:1 molar ratio in dry benzene. The structures of these zirconium(IV) chelates have been discerned with the help of elemental analyses, physicochemical studies, and spectral [IR and NMR ( 1 H and 13 C)] data. A distorted trigonal bipyramidal and a distorted octahedral geometry may be assigned to zirconium(IV) chelates of the types ZrL(OPr i ) 2 and Zr(L) 2 , respectively.

Background Despite high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer in Indian women, no study has been done in tribal populations whose socio-sexual lifestyle is different. Therefore, HPV screening has been carried out in pre-adolescent, adolescent and young adult tribal girls using self-collected urine samples. Methods 20–35 ml self-collected midstream urine samples were obtained from a total of 2278 healthy tribal girls (9–25 years) comprising pre-adolescent, adolescent and young adults from three Indian states: Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. β-globin positive 2034 samples were employed for HPV detection and genotyping. Results The overall prevalence of HPV infection in tribal girls was 12.9% (262/2034). More than 65% (172/262) of them were infected with HR-HPV types of which HPV16 was the most predominant type (54%). Young adult girls aged 18–25 years showed a significantly higher prevalence of HPV infection (19.2%; OR = 3.36; 95% CI 2.97–6.34, P

Several new monobutyltin(IV) derivatives containing both oximes and N-protected amino acids have been generated. The compounds having the general formulae BuSn[(L)2A], where LH=cyclohexanoneoxime, acetophenoneoxime and (where R=-CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, -CH2C6H5), and BuSn[L(A)2], where LH=cyclohexanoneoxime, acetophenoneoxime and (where R=-CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, -CH2C6H5), were generated by the reactions of monobutyltin(IV) trichloride with sodium salts of oximes and N-protected amino acids in 1:2:1 and 1:1:2 molar ratios in dry boiling benzene. Plausible structures of these compounds were suggested based on physico-chemical and spectroscopic studies. 119Sn NMR spectroscopic data revealed the presence of five and six coordinated tin centers.

A number of penta- and hexacoordinated organotin(IV) complexes and tetracoordinated tin(II) complexes of compositionsMe2SnCl[RCOC:CON(C6H5)N:C︹CH3](whereR=−CH3,−p−ClC6H4, and−C6H5),Me2Sn[RCOC:CON(C6H5)N:C︹CH3](whereR=−CH3, and−C6H5), and Sn(II)[RCOC:CON(C6H5)N:C︹CH3](whereR=−p−ClC6H4and−C6H5) were screened for their toxicity againstMusca domestica(house fly). In general, organotin(IV) complexes contribute more to the activity than tin(II) complexes.

New mixed ligand monomeric complexes of dicyclopentadienyl titanium(IV) of general formula, [Formula: see text] have been synthesised by the reaction of titanocenedichloride with sterically congested heterocyclic β-diketones and N-protected amino acids in the presence of triethylamine in refluxing THF. Plausible structures for these mixed ligand complexes have been suggested

There is little research on cost–effectiveness of homeopathy in General Practice. This study aimed to compare the costs of homeopathic prescribing with conventional drugs prescribing. Data were collected for 4 years on all patients who were treated homeopathically. Costs of homeopathic remedies and costs of conventional drugs which otherwise would be prescribed for these patients was calculated for the total duration of treatment. Savings were calculated. One hundred patients were included in the study. Average cost savings per patient was £60.40. The majority of patients had improved and most did not report any side-effects. The limitations of this study are that it is based on one GP's work, with a small number of patients so definite and generalisable conclusions cannot be drawn. Moreover, calculated costs in this study are based on drugs only, it does not take into account doctor's time, special investigations and time off sick. Future work needs to be carried out to include all of these points for a comprehensive economic analysis.

A new set of N-protected amino acids and sterically congested heterocyclic β-diketones-modified BuSnCl3 formulations having the general formulae BuSnClAL, where [where -CHR=-CH2 CH2,R= -CH(CH3)CH2 CH3] and [where R′=-C6 H5, -CH3, -pClC6 H4] and BuSn(A)2 L, where [where -CHR=-CH2 CH2, R=- CH(CH3)CH2 CH3] and [where R′=-C6 H5, -CH3, -pClC6 H4] were prepared by the reactions of monobutyltin(IV) chloride with sodium salts of N-protected amino acids and sterically congested heterocyclic β-diketones in 1:1:1 and 1:2:1 molar ratios in refluxing dry THF. Plausible structures of these N-protected amino acids and sterically congested heterocyclic β-diketones-modified BuSnCl3 formulations were suggested on the basis of physicochemical and spectral studies. These newly prepared organic-inorganic hybrid complexes of monobutyltin(IV) contain seven coordinated tin centers as revealed by 119Sn NMR spectral data.

Some organotin(IV) and tin(II) complexes of composition R3Sn[ R′ COC:CON¯(C¯6¯H¯5¯)N:C¯CH3] (where R=C4H9, R′=CH3 , C3H5 ,p-Cl C6H4 ; R=C6H5 , R′=C6H5 and p-ClC6H4 ) and Sn[p-ClC6H4COC:CON¯(C¯6¯H¯5¯)N:C¯CH3]2 were screened for their toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae. Organotin(IV) complexes were more active than tin(II) complexes.

The effect of fluorinated/non-fluorinated β-diketones and side-chain branching of N-protected amino acids on the antibacterial potential of new heptacoordinated monobutyltin(IV) complexes was investigated. New heptacoordinated monobutyltin(IV) complexes having the general formulae BuSn(A)2B and BuSnA(B)2 [where AH = (1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-α-(substituted)-2H-isoindole-2-acetic acids, N-protected amino acids), R = CH(CH3)CH2CH3: A1H; R = CH(CH3)2: A2H; and BH = R'COCH2COR″ (β-diketones), R′ = R″ = CH3: B1H; R′ = CH3, R″ = C6H5: B2H; R′ = CF3, R″ = C6H5: B3H] were synthesized. Complexes BuSn(A)2B and BuSnA(B)2 were generated by the reaction of sodium salts of the ligands AH and BH with BuSnCl3 in 2:1:1 and 1:2:1 molar ratios, respectively. These newly generated complexes were characterized in physicochemical and spectroscopic studies. These complexes contain heptacoordinated tin centres as revealed by 119Sn NMR chemical shift values. Some of the newly generated complexes and their corresponding ligands were screened for their antibacterial activity to study the structure–activity relationship.

A set of pentacoordinated dimethyltin(IV) complexes of flexible N-protected amino acids and fluorinated β-diketone/β-diketones was screened for their antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptomyces griseus. These pentacoordinated complexes of the type Me2SnAB (where : R = CH(CH3)C2H5, A1H; CH2CH(CH3)2, A2H; CH(CH3)2, A3H; CH2C6H5, A4H; and BH = R'C(O)CH2C(O)R″: R′ = C6H5, R″ = CF3, B1H; R′ = R″ = CH3, B2H; R′ = C6H5, R″ = CH3, B3H; R′ = R″ = C6H5, B4H) were generated by the reactions of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride with sodium salts of flexible N-protected amino acids (ANa) and fluorinated β-diketone/β-diketones (BNa) in 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing dry benzene solution. Plausible structures of these complexes were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical and spectral studies. 119Sn NMR spectral data revealed the presence of pentacoordinated tin centres in these dimethyltin(IV) complexes.

Some new 1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-α-substituted-2H-isoindo­le-2-acetic acid derivatives of phenylboronic acid of compo­sitions PhBOH[O2CCH(R)C(O)] and PhB[O2CCH (R)(O)]2 [where -CH(R)=-CH2CH2-, R=-CH2­­C6H5, -CH(CH3)2, and -CH(CH3)C2H5] have been prepared by the reaction of phenylboronic acid with N-protected amino acids in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios in dry refluxing benzene. Plausible structures of these newly synthesized N-protected amino acid derivatives of phenylboronic acid have been proposed on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic studies. 11B NMR data reveal the presence of tetracoordinated boron centers in these N-protected amino acid derivatives of phenylboronic acid.

Summary Background Knowledge about the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in invasive cervical cancer is crucial to guide the introduction of prophylactic vaccines. We aimed to provide novel and comprehensive data about the worldwide genotype distribution in patients with invasive cervical cancer. Methods Paraffin-embedded samples of histologically confirmed cases of invasive cervical cancer were collected from 38 countries in Europe, North America, central South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Inclusion criteria were a pathological confirmation of a primary invasive cervical cancer of epithelial origin in the tissue sample selected for analysis of HPV DNA, and information about the year of diagnosis. HPV detection was done by use of PCR with SPF-10 broad-spectrum primers followed by DNA enzyme immunoassay and genotyping with a reverse hybridisation line probe assay. Sequence analysis was done to characterise HPV-positive samples with unknown HPV types. Data analyses included algorithms of multiple infections to estimate type-specific relative contributions. Findings 22 661 paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from 14 249 women. 10 575 cases of invasive cervical cancer were included in the study, and 8977 (85%) of these were positive for HPV DNA. The most common HPV types were 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 with a combined worldwide relative contribution of 8196 of 8977 (91%, 95% CI 90–92). HPV types 16 and 18 were detected in 6357 of 8977 of cases (71%, 70–72) of invasive cervical cancer. HPV types 16, 18, and 45 were detected in 443 of 470 cases (94%, 92–96) of cervical adenocarcinomas. Unknown HPV types that were identified with sequence analysis were 26, 30, 61, 67, 69, 82, and 91 in 103 (1%) of 8977 cases of invasive cervical cancer. Women with invasive cervical cancers related to HPV types 16, 18, or 45 presented at a younger mean age than did those with other HPV types (50·0 years [49·6–50·4], 48·2 years [47·3–49·2], 46·8 years [46·6–48·1], and 55·5 years [54·9–56·1], respectively). Interpretation To our knowledge, this study is the largest assessment of HPV genotypes to date. HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 should be given priority when the cross-protective effects of current vaccines are assessed, and for formulation of recommendations for the use of second-generation polyvalent HPV vaccines. Our results also suggest that type-specific high-risk HPV-DNA-based screening tests and protocols should focus on HPV types 16, 18, and 45. Funding Spanish grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Marato de TV3 Foundation, and unrestricted grants from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Sanofi Pasteur MSD, and Merck.

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (H2MEHP) has been used to study the extraction of some lanthanoids and other associated elements from nitric acid medium. Effect of various variables like kind of diluent, concentration of metal ion, nitric acid and extractant has been investigated. Based on distribution data, it was possible to achieve some separations of lighter lanthanoids from metals like titanium, zirconium, thorium and uranium with high separation factors.