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1. High contrast at short separation with VLTI/GRAVITY: Bringing Gaia companions to light

Author

Pourré, N., Winterhalder, T. O., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Lacour, S., Bidot, A., Nowak, M., Maire, A. -L., Mouillet, D., Babusiaux, C., Woillez, J., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Balmer, W. O., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bordoni, M. S., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chavez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Davies, R., Defrère, D., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Schreiber, N. M. Föster, Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Gonte, F., Grant, S., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Hönig, S. F., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Kenworthy, M., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Kurtovic, N. T., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Lutz, D., Mang, F., Marleau, G. -D., Mérand, A., Millour, F., Mollière, P., Monnier, J. D., Mordasini, C., Nasedkin, E., Oberti, S., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Ribeiro, D. C., Rickman, E., Rustamkulov, Z., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Soulez, F., Stadler, J., Stolker, T., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Sykes, C., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Wang, J., Widmann, F., Yazici, S., Collaboration, the GRAVITY, Abad, J. A., Carpentier, E. Aller, Alonso, J., Andolfato, L., Barriga, P., Beuzit, J. -L., Bourget, P., Brast, R., Caniguante, L., Cottalorda, E., Darré, P., Delabre, B., Delboulbé, A., Delplancke-Ströbele, F., Donaldson, R., Dorn, R., Dupuy, C., Egner, S., Fischer, G., Frank, C., Fuenteseca, E., Gitton, P., Guerlet, T., Guieu, S., Gutierrez, P., Haguenauer, P., Haimerl, A., Heritier, C. T., Huber, S., Hubin, N., Jolley, P., Kirchbauer, J. -P., Kolb, J., Kosmalski, J., Krempl, P., Louarn, M. Le, Lilley, P., Lopez, B., Magnard, Y., Mclay, S., Meilland, A., Meister, A., Moulin, T., Pasquini, L., Paufique, J., Percheron, I., Pettazzi, L., Phan, D., Pirani, W., Quentin, J., Rakich, A., Ridings, R., Reyes, J., Rochat, S., Schmid, C., Schuhler, N., Shchekaturov, P., Seidel, M., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Stephan, C., Suárez, M., Todorovic, M., Valdes, G., Verinaud, C., Zins, G., Zúñiga-Fernández, S., and Collaboration, the NAOMI

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Since 2019, GRAVITY has provided direct observations of giant planets and brown dwarfs at separations of down to 95 mas from the host star. Some of these observations have provided the first direct confirmation of companions previously detected by indirect techniques (astrometry and radial velocities). We want to improve the observing strategy and data reduction in order to lower the inner working angle of GRAVITY in dual-field on-axis mode. We also want to determine the current limitations of the instrument when observing faint companions with separations in the 30-150 mas range. To improve the inner working angle, we propose a fiber off-pointing strategy during the observations to maximize the ratio of companion-light-to-star-light coupling in the science fiber. We also tested a lower-order model for speckles to decouple the companion light from the star light. We then evaluated the detection limits of GRAVITY using planet injection and retrieval in representative archival data. We compare our results to theoretical expectations. We validate our observing and data-reduction strategy with on-sky observations; first in the context of brown dwarf follow-up on the auxiliary telescopes with HD 984 B, and second with the first confirmation of a substellar candidate around the star Gaia DR3 2728129004119806464. With synthetic companion injection, we demonstrate that the instrument can detect companions down to a contrast of $8\times 10^{-4}$ ($\Delta \mathrm{K}= 7.7$ mag) at a separation of 35 mas, and a contrast of $3\times 10^{-5}$ ($\Delta \mathrm{K}= 11$ mag) at 100 mas from a bright primary (K<6.5), for 30 min exposure time. With its inner working angle and astrometric precision, GRAVITY has a unique reach in direct observation parameter space. This study demonstrates the promising synergies between GRAVITY and Gaia for the confirmation and characterization of substellar companions., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures. Submitted to A&A

Published
2024

2. Four-of-a-kind? Comprehensive atmospheric characterisation of the HR 8799 planets with VLTI/GRAVITY

Author

Nasedkin, E., Mollière, P., Lacour, S., Nowak, M., Kreidberg, L., Stolker, T., Wang, J. J., Balmer, W. O., Kammerer, J., Shangguan, J., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bordoni, M. S., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chavez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Davies, R., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Schreiber, N. M. Förster, Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Grant, S., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kurtovic, N. T., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mang, F., Marleau, G. -D., Mérand, A., Monnier, J. D., Mordasini, C., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pourré, N., Pueyo, L., Ribeiro, D. C., Rickman, E., Ruffio, J. B., Rustamkulov, Z., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Widmann, F., Winterhalder, T. O., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., and Collaboration, the GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

With four companions at separations from 16 to 71 au, HR 8799 is a unique target for direct imaging, presenting an opportunity for the comparative study of exoplanets with a shared formation history. Combining new VLTI/GRAVITY observations obtained within the ExoGRAVITY program with archival data, we perform a systematic atmospheric characterisation of all four planets. We explore different levels of model flexibility to understand the temperature structure, chemistry and clouds of each planet using both petitRADTRANS atmospheric retrievals and fits to self-consistent radiative-convective equilibrium models. Using Bayesian Model Averaging to combine multiple retrievals, we find that the HR 8799 planets are highly enriched in metals, with [M/H] $\gtrsim$1, and have stellar to super-stellar C/O ratios. The C/O ratio increases with increasing separation from $0.55^{+0.12}_{-0.10}$ for d to $0.78^{+0.03}_{-0.04}$ for b, with the exception of the innermost planet which has a C/O ratio of $0.87\pm0.03$. By retrieving a quench pressure and using a disequilibrium chemistry model we derive vertical mixing strengths compatible with predictions for high-metallicity, self-luminous atmospheres. Bayesian evidence comparisons strongly favour the presence of HCN in HR 8799 c and e, as well as CH$_{4}$ in HR 8799 c, with detections at $>5\sigma$ confidence. All of the planets are cloudy, with no evidence for patchiness. The clouds of c, d and e are best fit by silicate clouds lying above a deep iron cloud layer, while the clouds of the cooler HR 8799 b are more likely composed of Na$_{2}$S. With well defined atmospheric properties, future exploration of this system is well positioned to unveil further detail in these planets, extending our understanding of the composition, structure, and formation history of these siblings., Comment: 45 pages, 25 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics

Published
2024
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3. Combining Gaia and GRAVITY: Characterising five new Directly Detected Substellar Companions

Author

Winterhalder, T. O., Lacour, S., Mérand, A., Maire, A. -L., Kammerer, J., Stolker, T., Pourré, N., Babusiaux, C., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Balmer, W. O., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bordoni, M. S., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chavez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Davies, R., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Schreiber, N. M. Förster, Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Grant, S., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Kurtovic, N. T., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Lutz, D., Mang, F., Marleau, G. -D., Mollière, P., Monnier, J. D., Mordasini, C., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Nowak, M., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Ribeiro, D. C., Rickman, E., Rustamkulov, Z., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Wang, J. J., Widmann, F., Woillez, J., and Yazıcı, Ş.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Precise mass constraints are vital for the characterisation of brown dwarfs and exoplanets. Here we present how the combination of data obtained by Gaia and GRAVITY can help enlarge the sample of substellar companions with measured dynamical masses. We show how the Non-Single-Star (NSS) two-body orbit catalogue contained in Gaia DR3 can be used to inform high-angular-resolution follow-up observations with GRAVITY. Applying the method presented in this work to eight Gaia candidate systems, we detect all eight predicted companions, seven of which were previously unknown and five are of a substellar nature. Among the sample is Gaia DR3 2728129004119806464 B, which - detected at an angular separation of (34.01 $\pm$ 0.15) mas from the host - is the closest substellar companion ever imaged. This translates to a semi-major axis of (0.938 $\pm$ 0.023) AU. WT 766 B, detected at a greater angular separation, was confirmed to be on an orbit exhibiting an even smaller semi-major axis of (0.676 $\pm$ 0.008) AU. The GRAVITY data were then used to break the host-companion mass degeneracy inherent to the Gaia NSS orbit solutions as well as to constrain the orbital solutions of the respective target systems. Knowledge of the companion masses enabled us to further characterise them in terms of their ages, effective temperatures, and radii via the application of evolutionary models. The inferred ages exhibit a distinct bias towards values younger than what is to be expected based on the literature. The results serve as an independent validation of the orbital solutions published in the NSS two-body orbit catalogue and show that the combination of astrometric survey missions and high-angular-resolution direct imaging holds great promise for efficiently increasing the sample of directly imaged companions in the future, especially in the light of Gaia's upcoming DR4 and the advent of GRAVITY+., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Published
2024
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4. A catalogue of dual-field interferometric binary calibrators

Author

Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Balmer, W. O., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bordoni, M. S., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chavez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Davies, R., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Schreiber, N. M. Förster, Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Grant, S., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Kurtovic, N. T., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mang, F., Marleau, G. -D., Mérand, A., Monnier, J. D., Mordasini, C., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuh, O., Pourré, N., Pueyo, L., Ribeiro, D. C., Rickman, E., Rustamkulov, Z., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Stadler, J., Stolker, T., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Subroweit, M., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Wang, J. J., Widmann, F., Winterhalder, T. O., Woillez, J., Yazıcı, Ş., Young, A., and Collaboration, the GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Dual-field interferometric observations with VLTI/GRAVITY sometimes require the use of a "binary calibrator", a binary star whose individual components remain unresolved by the interferometer, with a separation between 400 and 2000 mas for observations with the Units Telescopes (UTs), or 1200 to 3000 mas for the Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs). The separation vector also needs to be predictable to within 10 mas for proper pointing of the instrument. Up until now, no list of properly vetted calibrators was available for dual-field observations with VLTI/GRAVITY on the UTs. Our objective is to compile such a list, and make it available to the community. We identify a list of candidates from the Washington Double Star (WDS) catalogue, all with appropriate separations and brightness, scattered over the Southern sky. We observe them as part of a dedicated calibration programme, and determine whether these objects are true binaries (excluding higher multiplicities resolved interferometrically but unseen by imaging), and extract measurements of the separation vectors. We combine these new measurements with those available in the WDS to determine updated orbital parameters for all our vetted calibrators. We compile a list of 13 vetted binary calibrators for observations with VLTI/GRAVITY on the UTs, and provide orbital estimates and astrometric predictions for each of them. We show that our list guarantees that there are always at least two binary calibrators at airmass < 2 in the sky over the Paranal observatory, at any point in time. Any Principal Investigator wishing to use the dual-field mode of VLTI/GRAVITY with the UTs can now refer to this list to select an appropriate calibrator. We encourage the use of "whereistheplanet" to predict the astrometry of these calibrators, which seamlessly integrates with "p2Gravity" for VLTI/GRAVITY dual-field observing material preparation., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures. Submitted to A&A

Published
2024
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5. VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab formed like a 'Failed Star'

Author

Balmer, William O., Pueyo, L., Lacour, S., Wang, J. J., Stolker, T., Kammerer, J., Pourré, N., Nowak, M., Rickman, E., Blunt, S., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Sing, D., Wagner, K., Marleau, G. -D., Lagrange, A. -M., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bordoni, M. S., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chavez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Davies, R., Dembet, R., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Schreiber, N. M. F"orster, Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Grant, S., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Kurtovic, N. T., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mang, F., Mérand, A., Mollière, P., Mordasini, C., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Ribeiro, D. C., Rodet, L., Rustamkulov, Z., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Winterhalder, T., Woillez, J., and Yazici, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Young, low-mass Brown Dwarfs orbiting early-type stars, with low mass ratios ($q\lesssim0.01$), appear intrinsically rare and present a formation dilemma: could a handful of these objects be the highest mass outcomes of ``planetary" formation channels (bottom up within a protoplanetary disk), or are they more representative of the lowest mass ``failed binaries" (formed via disk fragmentation, or core fragmentation)? Additionally, their orbits can yield model-independent dynamical masses, and when paired with wide wavelength coverage and accurate system age estimates, can constrain evolutionary models in a regime where the models have a wide dispersion depending on initial conditions. We present new interferometric observations of the $16\,\mathrm{Myr}$ substellar companion HD~136164~Ab (HIP~75056~Ab) with VLTI/GRAVITY and an updated orbit fit including proper motion measurements from the Hipparcos-Gaia Catalogue of Accelerations. We estimate a dynamical mass of $35\pm10\,\mathrm{M_J}$ ($q\sim0.02$), making HD~136164~Ab the youngest substellar companion with a dynamical mass estimate. The new mass and newly constrained orbital eccentricity ($e=0.44\pm0.03$) and separation ($22.5\pm1\,\mathrm{au}$) could indicate that the companion formed via the low-mass tail of the Initial Mass Function. Our atmospheric fit to the \texttt{SPHINX} M-dwarf model grid suggests a sub-solar C/O ratio of $0.45$, and $3\times$ solar metallicity, which could indicate formation in the circumstellar disk via disk fragmentation. Either way, the revised mass estimate likely excludes ``bottom-up" formation via core accretion in the circumstellar disk. HD~136164~Ab joins a select group of young substellar objects with dynamical mass estimates; epoch astrometry from future \textit{Gaia} data releases will constrain the dynamical mass of this crucial object further., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal. 9 figures, 3 tables

Published
2023

6. First VLTI/GRAVITY Observations of HIP 65426 b: Evidence for a Low or Moderate Orbital Eccentricity

Author

Blunt, S., Balmer, W. O., Wang, J. J., Lacour, S., Petrus, S., Bourdarot, G., Kammerer, J., Pourré, N., Rickman, E., Shangguan, J., Winterhalder, T., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chavez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Dembet, R., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Feuchtgruber, H., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mang, F., Marleau, G. -D., Mérand, A., Mollière, P., Monnier, J. D., Mordasini, C., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Nowak, M., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rustamkulov, Z., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Stolker, T., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., and Young, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Giant exoplanets have been directly imaged over orders of magnitude of orbital separations, prompting theoretical and observational investigations of their formation pathways. In this paper, we present new VLTI/GRAVITY astrometric data of HIP 65426 b, a cold, giant exoplanet which is a particular challenge for most formation theories at a projected separation of 92 au from its primary. Leveraging GRAVITY's astrometric precision, we present an updated eccentricity posterior that disfavors large eccentricities. The eccentricity posterior is still prior-dependent, and we extensively interpret and discuss the limits of the posterior constraints presented here. We also perform updated spectral comparisons with self-consistent forward-modeled spectra, finding a best fit ExoREM model with solar metallicity and C/O=0.6. An important caveat is that it is difficult to estimate robust errors on these values, which are subject to interpolation errors as well as potentially missing model physics. Taken together, the orbital and atmospheric constraints paint a preliminary picture of formation inconsistent with scattering after disk dispersal. Further work is needed to validate this interpretation. Analysis code used to perform this work is available at https://github.com/sblunt/hip65426., Comment: 28 pages, 14 figures. Revised and resubmitted to AJ

Published
2023

7. VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B

Author

Balmer, W. O., Pueyo, L., Stolker, T., Reggiani, H., Lacour, S., Maire, A. -L., Mollière, P., Nowak, M., Sing, D., Pourré, N., Blunt, S., Wang, J. J., Rickman, E., Henning, Th., Ward-Duong, K., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chavez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Dembet, R., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Feuchtgruber, H., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Mang, F., Marleau, G. -D., Mérand, A., Monnier, J. D., Mordasini, C., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rustamkulov, Z., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Winterhalder, T., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., and Young, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Tension remains between the observed and modeled properties of substellar objects, but objects in binary orbits, with known dynamical masses can provide a way forward. HD 72946 B is a recently imaged brown dwarf companion to the nearby, solar type star. We achieve $\sim100~\mu\mathrm{as}$ relative astrometry of HD 72946 B in the K-band using VLTI/GRAVITY, unprecedented for a benchmark brown dwarf. We fit an ensemble of measurements of the orbit using orbitize! and derive a strong dynamical mass constraint $\mathrm{M_B}=69.5\pm0.5~\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$ assuming a strong prior on the host star mass $\mathrm{M_A}=0.97\pm0.01~\mathrm{M_\odot}$ from an updated stellar analysis. We fit the spectrum of the companion to a grid of self-consistent BT-Settl-CIFIST model atmospheres, and perform atmospheric retrievals using petitRADTRANS. A dynamical mass prior only marginally influences the sampled distribution on effective temperature, but has a large influence on the surface gravity and radius, as expected. The dynamical mass alone does not strongly influence retrieved pressure-temperature or cloud parameters within our current retrieval setup. Independent of cloud prescription and prior assumptions, we find agreement within $\pm2\,\sigma$ between the C/O ratio of the host ($0.52\pm0.05)$ and brown dwarf ($0.43$ to $0.63$), as expected from a molecular cloud collapse formation scenario, but our retrieved metallicities are implausibly high ($0.6-0.8$) in light of an excellent agreement of the data with the solar abundance model grid. Future work on our retrieval framework will seek to resolve this tension. Additional study of low surface-gravity objects is necessary to assess the influence of a dynamical mass prior on atmospheric analysis., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 32 pages, 14 figures, 7 tables. v2&3 correct errors in co-author's affiliations, figure rendering, and some grant acknowledgements

Published
2023
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8. Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD206893 system. Evidence for deuterium burning in a planetary-mass companion

Author

Hinkley, S., Lacour, S., Marleau, G. -D., Lagrange, A. M., Wang, J. J., Kammerer, J., Cumming, A., Nowak, M., Rodet, L., Stolker, T., Balmer, W. -O., Ray, S., Bonnefoy, M., Mollière, P., Lazzoni, C., Kennedy, G., Mordasini, C., Abuter, R., Aigrain, S., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Babusiaux, C., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnet, H., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chomez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Delorme, P., Dembet, R., de Zeeuw, P. T., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Feuchtgruber, H., Galland, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Grandjean, A., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mang, F., Mérand, A., Meunier, N., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Philipot, F., Pfuhl, O., Pourré, N., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rickman, E., Rubini, P., Rustamkulov, Z., Samland, M., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., Young, A., Zicher, N., and Collaboration, the GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Long term precise radial velocity (RV) monitoring of the nearby star HD206893, as well as anomalies in the system proper motion, have suggested the presence of an additional, inner companion in the system. Here we describe the results of a multi-epoch search for the companion responsible for this RV drift and proper motion anomaly using the VLTI/GRAVITY instrument. Utilizing information from ongoing precision RV measurements with the HARPS spectrograph, as well as Gaia host star astrometry, we report a high significance detection of the companion HD206893c over three epochs, with clear evidence for Keplerian orbital motion. Our astrometry with $\sim$50-100 $\mu$arcsec precision afforded by GRAVITY allows us to derive a dynamical mass of 12.7$^{+1.2}_{-1.0}$ M$_{\rm Jup}$ and an orbital separation of 3.53$^{+0.08}_{-0.06}$ au for HD206893c. Our fits to the orbits of both companions in the system utilize both Gaia astrometry and RVs to also provide a precise dynamical estimate of the previously uncertain mass of the B component, and therefore derive an age of $155\pm15$ Myr. We find that theoretical atmospheric/evolutionary models incorporating deuterium burning for HD206893c, parameterized by cloudy atmospheres provide a good simultaneous fit to the luminosity of both HD206893B and c. In addition to utilizing long-term RV information, this effort is an early example of a direct imaging discovery of a bona fide exoplanet that was guided in part with Gaia astrometry. Utilizing Gaia astrometry is expected to be one of the primary techniques going forward to identify and characterize additional directly imaged planets. Lastly, this discovery is another example of the power of optical interferometry to directly detect and characterize extrasolar planets where they form at ice-line orbital separations of 2-4\,au., Comment: Accepted to A&A

Published
2022
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9. The mass of Beta Pictoris c from Beta Pictoris b orbital motion

Author

Lacour, S., Wang, J. J., Rodet, L., Nowak, M., Shangguan, J., Beust, H., Lagrange, A. -M., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bolzer, M. -L., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., de Zeeuw, P. T., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mérand, A., Mollière, P., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Rickman, E., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rousset, G., Rustamkulov, Z., Samland, M., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Stadler, J., Stolker, T., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., Young, A., and Collaboration, the GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

We aim to demonstrate that the presence and mass of an exoplanet can now be effectively derived from the astrometry of another exoplanet. We combined previous astrometry of $\beta$ Pictoris b with a new set of observations from the GRAVITY interferometer. The orbital motion of $\beta$ Pictoris b is fit using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations in Jacobi coordinates. The inner planet, $\beta$ Pictoris c, was also reobserved at a separation of 96\,mas, confirming the previous orbital estimations. From the astrometry of planet b only, we can (i) detect the presence of $\beta$ Pictoris c and (ii) constrain its mass to $10.04^{+4.53}_{-3.10}\,M_{\rm Jup}$. If one adds the astrometry of $\beta$ Pictoris c, the mass is narrowed down to $9.15^{+1.08}_{-1.06}\,M_{\rm Jup}$. The inclusion of radial velocity measurements does not affect the orbital parameters significantly, but it does slightly decrease the mass estimate to $8.89^{+0.75}_{-0.75}\,M_{\rm Jup}$. With a semimajor axis of $2.68\pm0.02$\,au, a period of $1221\pm15$ days, and an eccentricity of $0.32\pm0.02$, the orbital parameters of $\beta$ Pictoris c are now constrained as precisely as those of $\beta$ Pictoris b. The orbital configuration is compatible with a high-order mean-motion resonance (7:1). The impact of the resonance on the planets' dynamics would then be negligible with respect to the secular perturbations, which might have played an important role in the eccentricity excitation of the outer planet., Comment: Accepted in A&A Letter

Published
2021
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10. A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6

Author

Brown-Sevilla, S. B., Keppler, M., Barraza-Alfaro, M., Fuksman, J. D. Melon, Kurtovic, N., Pinilla, P., Feldt, M., Brandner, W., Ginski, C., Henning, Th., Klahr, H., Asensio-Torres, R., Cantalloube, F., Garufi, A., van Holstein, R. G., Langlois, M., Menard, F., Rickman, E., Benisty, M., Chauvin, G., Zurlo, A., Weber, P., Pavlov, A., Ramos, J., Rochat, S., and Roelfsema, R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

[Full abstract in the paper] In recent years, protoplanetary disks with spiral structures have been detected in scattered light, millimeter continuum, and CO gas emission. The mechanisms causing these structures are still under debate. A popular scenario to drive the spiral arms is the one of a planet perturbing the material in the disk. However, if the disk is massive, gravitational instability is usually the favored explanation. Multiwavelength studies could be helpful to distinguish between the two scenarios. So far, only a handful of disks with spiral arms have been observed in both scattered light and millimeter continuum. We aim to perform an in-depth characterization of the protoplanetary disk morphology around WaOph 6 analyzing data obtained at different wavelengths, as well as to investigate the origin of the spiral features in the disk. We present the first near-infrared polarimetric observations of WaOph 6 obtained with SPHERE at the VLT and compare them to archival millimeter continuum ALMA observations. We traced the spiral features in both data sets and estimated the respective pitch angles. We discuss the different scenarios that can give rise to the spiral arms in WaOph 6. We tested the planetary perturber hypothesis by performing hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations to compare them with scattered light and millimeter continuum observations., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 17 pages, 9 figures in the main text and 3 figures in the Appendix

Published
2021
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11. GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B: brown dwarf or exoplanet

Author

Kammerer, J., Lacour, S., Stolker, T., Mollière, P., Sing, D. K., Nasedkin, E., Kervella, P., Wang, J. J., Ward-Duong, K., Nowak, M., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bolzer, M. -L., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., de Zeeuw, P. T., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kreidberg, L., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mérand, A., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Müller, A., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rousset, G., Rustamkulov, Z., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., and Collaboration, GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We aim to reveal the nature of the reddest known substellar companion HD 206893 B by studying its near-infrared colors and spectral morphology and by investigating its orbital motion. We fit atmospheric models for giant planets and brown dwarfs and perform spectral retrievals with petitRADTRANS and ATMO on the observed GRAVITY, SPHERE, and GPI spectra of HD 206893 B. To recover its unusual spectral features, we include additional extinction by high-altitude dust clouds made of enstatite grains in the atmospheric model fits. We also infer the orbital parameters of HD 206893 B by combining the $\sim 100~\mu\text{as}$ precision astrometry from GRAVITY with data from the literature and constrain the mass and position of HD 206893 C based on the Gaia proper motion anomaly of the system. The extremely red color and the very shallow $1.4~\mu\text{m}$ water absorption feature of HD 206893 B can be fit well with the adapted atmospheric models and spectral retrievals. Altogether, our analysis suggests an age of $\sim 3$-$300~\text{Myr}$ and a mass of $\sim 5$-$30~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$ for HD 206893 B, which is consistent with previous estimates but extends the parameter space to younger and lower-mass objects. The GRAVITY astrometry points to an eccentric orbit ($e = 0.29^{+0.06}_{-0.11}$) with a mutual inclination of $< 34.4~\text{deg}$ with respect to the debris disk of the system. While HD 206893 B could in principle be a planetary-mass companion, this possibility hinges on the unknown influence of the inner companion on the mass estimate of $10^{+5}_{-4}~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$ from radial velocity and Gaia as well as a relatively small but significant Argus moving group membership probability of $\sim 61\%$. However, we find that if the mass of HD 206893 B is $< 30~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$, then the inner companion HD 206893 C should have a mass between $\sim 8$-$15~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$., Comment: 28 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021
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12. Perturbers: SPHERE detection limits to planetary-mass companions in protoplanetary disks

Author

Asensio-Torres, R., Henning, Th., Cantalloube, F., Pinilla, P., Mesa, D., Garufi, A., Jorquera, S., Gratton, R., Chauvin, G., Szulagyi, J., van Boekel, R., Dong, R., Marleau, G. -D., Benisty, M., Villenave, M., Bergez-Casalou, C., Desgrange, C., Janson, M., Keppler, M., Langlois, M., Menard, F., Rickman, E., Stolker, T., Feldt, M., Fusco, T., Gluck, L., Pavlov, A., and Ramos, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The detection of a wide range of substructures such as rings, cavities and spirals has become a common outcome of high spatial resolution imaging of protoplanetary disks, both in the near-infrared scattered light and in the thermal millimetre continuum emission. The most frequent interpretation of their origin is the presence of planetary-mass companions perturbing the gas and dust distribution in the disk (perturbers), but so far the only bona-fide detection has been the two giant planets around PDS 70. Here, we collect a sample of 15 protoplanetary disks showing substructures in SPHERE scattered light images and present a homogeneous derivation of planet detection limits in these systems. We also estimate the mass of these perturbers through a Hill radius prescription and a comparison to ALMA data. Assuming that one single planet carves each substructure in scattered light, we find that more massive perturbers are needed to create gaps within cavities than rings, and that we might be close to a detection in the cavities of RX J1604, RX J1615, Sz Cha, HD 135344B and HD 34282. We reach typical mass limits in these cavities of 3-10 Mjup. For planets in the gaps between rings, we find that the detection limits of SPHERE are about an order of magnitude away in mass, and that the gaps of PDS 66 and HD 97048 seem to be the most promising structures for planet searches. The proposed presence of massive planets causing spiral features in HD 135344B and HD 36112 are also within SPHERE's reach assuming hot-start models.These results suggest that current detection limits are able to detect hot-start planets in cavities, under the assumption that they are formed by a single perturber located at the centre of the cavity. More realistic planet mass constraints would help to clarify whether this is actually the case, which might point to perturbers not being the only way of creating substructures., Comment: 26 pages, 33 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021
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13. The ExoGRAVITY project: using single mode interferometry to characterize exoplanets

Author

Lacour, S., Wang, J. J., Nowak, M., Pueyo, L., Eisenhauer, F., Lagrange, A. -M., Mollière, P., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Cridland, A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Haubois, X., Heissel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mérand, A., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Muller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodriguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Stolker, T., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., and Woillez, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Combining adaptive optics and interferometric observations results in a considerable contrast gain compared to single-telescope, extreme AO systems. Taking advantage of this, the ExoGRAVITY project is a survey of known young giant exoplanets located in the range of 0.1'' to 2'' from their stars. The observations provide astrometric data of unprecedented accuracy, being crucial for refining the orbital parameters of planets and illuminating their dynamical histories. Furthermore, GRAVITY will measure non-Keplerian perturbations due to planet-planet interactions in multi-planet systems and measure dynamical masses. Over time, repetitive observations of the exoplanets at medium resolution ($R=500$) will provide a catalogue of K-band spectra of unprecedented quality, for a number of exoplanets. The K-band has the unique properties that it contains many molecular signatures (CO, H$_2$O, CH$_4$, CO$_2$). This allows constraining precisely surface gravity, metallicity, and temperature, if used in conjunction with self-consistent models like Exo-REM. Further, we will use the parameter-retrieval algorithm petitRADTRANS to constrain the C/O ratio of the planets. Ultimately, we plan to produce the first C/O survey of exoplanets, kick-starting the difficult process of linking planetary formation with measured atomic abundances., Comment: SPIE 2020, invited talk

Published
2021
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14. Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY

Author

Wang, J. J., Vigan, A., Lacour, S., Nowak, M., Stolker, T., De Rosa, R. J., Ginzburg, S., Gao, P., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Baubck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Beuzit, J. -L., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Facchini, S., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Meyer, M., Kreidberg, L., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Ménard, F., Mérand, A., Mollière, P., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Müller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodríguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Scheithauer, S., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., and Collaboration, The GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We present K-band interferometric observations of the PDS 70 protoplanets along with their host star using VLTI/GRAVITY. We obtained K-band spectra and 100 $\mu$as precision astrometry of both PDS 70 b and c in two epochs, as well as spatially resolving the hot inner disk around the star. Rejecting unstable orbits, we found a nonzero eccentricity for PDS 70 b of $0.17 \pm 0.06$, a near-circular orbit for PDS 70 c, and an orbital configuration that is consistent with the planets migrating into a 2:1 mean motion resonance. Enforcing dynamical stability, we obtained a 95% upper limit on the mass of PDS 70 b of 10 $M_\textrm{Jup}$, while the mass of PDS 70 c was unconstrained. The GRAVITY K-band spectra rules out pure blackbody models for the photospheres of both planets. Instead, the models with the most support from the data are planetary atmospheres that are dusty, but the nature of the dust is unclear. Any circumplanetary dust around these planets is not well constrained by the planets' 1-5 $\mu$m spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and requires longer wavelength data to probe with SED analysis. However with VLTI/GRAVITY, we made the first observations of a circumplanetary environment with sub-au spatial resolution, placing an upper limit of 0.3~au on the size of a bright disk around PDS 70 b., Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in AJ

Published
2021
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15. Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet $\beta$ Pic c

Author

Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Lagrange, A. -M., Rubini, P., Wang, J., Stolker, T., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Charnay, B., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Kervella, P., Keppler, M., Kreidberg, L., Kulikauskas, M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Mérand, A., Maire, A. -L., Mollière, P., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Müller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G., Paumard, T., Paladini, C., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pueyo, L., Pfuhl, O., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodríguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Scheithauer, S., Shangguan, J., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., and Collaboration, the GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. %, and thus on long orbital period. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once. Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way. We observed the recently-discovered giant planet $\beta$ Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of $T = 1250\pm50$\,K and a dynamical mass of $M = 8.2\pm0.8\,M_{\rm Jup}$. At $18.5\pm2.5$\,Myr, this puts $\beta$ Pic c close to a 'hot start' track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7\,au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude ($M_{\rm K} = 14.3 \pm 0.1$) favours a core accretion scenario. We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation., Comment: 10 pages

Published
2020
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16. The search for disks or planetary objects around directly imaged companions: A candidate around DH Tau B

Author

Lazzoni, C., Zurlo, A., Desidera, S., Mesa, D., Fontanive, C., Bonavita, M., Ertel, S., Rice, K., Vigan, A., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Chauvin, G., Delorme, P., Gratton, R., Houllé, M., Maire, A. L., Meyer, M., Rickman, E., Spalding, E. A., Asensio-Torres, R., Langlois, M., Müller, A., Baudino, J-L., Beuzit, J. -L., Biller, B., Brandner, W., Buenzli, E., Cantalloube, F., Cheetham, A., Cudel, M., Feldt, M., Galicher, R., Janson, M., Hagelberg, J., Henning, T., Kasper, M., Keppler, M., Lagrange, A. -M., Lannier, J., LeCoroller, H., Mouillet, D., Peretti, S., Perrot, C., Salter, G., Samland, M., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., and Wildi, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

In recent decades, thousands of substellar companions have been discovered with both indirect and direct methods of detection. In this paper, we focus our attention on substellar companions detected with the direct imaging technique, with the primary goal of investigating their close surroundings and looking for additional companions and satellites, as well as disks and rings. Any such discovery would shed light on many unresolved questions, particularly with regard to their possible formation mechanisms. To reveal bound features of directly imaged companions we need to suppress the contribution from the source itself. Therefore, we developed a method based on the negative fake companion (NEGFC) technique that first estimates the position in the field of view (FoV) and the flux of the imaged companion, then subtracts a rescaled model point spread function (PSF) from the imaged companion. Next it performs techniques, such as angular differential imaging (ADI), to further remove quasi-static patterns of the star. We applied the method to the sample of substellar objects observed with SPHERE during the SHINE GTO survey. Among the 27 planets and brown dwarfs we analyzed, we detected a possible point source close to DH Tau B. This candidate companion was detected in four different SPHERE observations, with an estimated mass of $\sim 1$ M\textsubscript{Jup}, and a mass ratio with respect to the brown dwarf of $1/10$. This binary system, if confirmed, would be the first of its kind, opening up interesting questions for the formation mechanism, evolution, and frequency of such pairs. In order to address the latter, the residuals and contrasts reached for 25 companions in the sample of substellar objects observed with SPHERE were derived. If the DH Tau Bb companion is real, the binary fraction obtained is $\sim 7\%$, which is in good agreement with the results obtained for field brown dwarfs., Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures

Published
2020
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17. The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). III. The demographics of young giant exoplanets below 300 au with SPHERE

Author

Vigan, A., Fontanive, C., Meyer, M., Biller, B., Bonavita, M., Feldt, M., Desidera, S., Marleau, G. -D., Emsenhuber, A., Galicher, R., Rice, K., Forgan, D., Mordasini, C., Gratton, R., Coroller, H. Le, Maire, A. -L., Cantalloube, F., Chauvin, G., Cheetham, A., Hagelberg, J., Lagrange, A. -M., Langlois, M., Bonnefoy, M., Beuzit, J. -L., Boccaletti, A., D'Orazi, V., Delorme, P., Dominik, C., Henning, Th., Janson, M., Lagadec, E., Lazzoni, C., Ligi, R., Menard, F., Mesa, D., Messina, S., Moutou, C., Müller, A., Perrot, C., Samland, M., Schmid, H. M., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Zurlo, A., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Asensio-Torres, R., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Baudrand, J., Bazzon, A., Blanchard, P., Bohn, A. J., Sevilla, S. Brown, Carbillet, M., Carle, M., Cascone, E., Charton, J., Claudi, R., Costille, A., De Caprio, V., Delboulbé, A., Dohlen, K., Engler, N., Fantinel, D., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gigan, P., Girard, J. H., Giro, E., Gisler, D., Gluck, L., Gry, C., Hubin, N., Hugot, E., Jaquet, M., Kasper, M., Mignant, D. Le, Llored, M., Madec, F., Magnard, Y., Martinez, P., Maurel, D., Möller-Nilsson, O., Mouillet, D., Moulin, T., Origné, A., Pavlov, A., Perret, D., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Puget, P., Rabou, P., Ramos, J., Rickman, E. L., Rigal, F., Rochat, S., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Salasnich, B., Sauvage, J. -F., Sevin, A., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Suarez, M., Wahhaj, Z., Weber, L., and Wildi, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The SHINE project is a 500-star survey performed with SPHERE on the VLT for the purpose of directly detecting new substellar companions and understanding their formation and early evolution. Here we present an initial statistical analysis for a subsample of 150 stars that are representative of the full SHINE sample. Our goal is to constrain the frequency of substellar companions with masses between 1 and 75 MJup and semimajor axes between 5 and 300 au. We adopt detection limits as a function of angular separation from the survey data for all stars converted into mass and projected orbital separation using the BEX-COND-hot evolutionary tracks and known distance to each system. Based on the results obtained for each star and on the 13 detections in the sample, we use a MCMC tool to compare our observations to two different types of models. The first is a parametric model based on observational constraints, and the second type are numerical models that combine advanced core accretion and gravitational instability planet population synthesis. Using the parametric model, we show that the frequencies of systems with at least one substellar companion are $23.0_{-9.7}^{+13.5}\%$, $5.8_{-2.8}^{+4.7}\%$, and $12.6_{-7.1}^{+12.9}\%$ for BA, FGK, and M stars, respectively. We also demonstrate that a planet-like formation pathway probably dominates the mass range from 1-75 MJup for companions around BA stars, while for M dwarfs, brown dwarf binaries dominate detections. In contrast, a combination of binary star-like and planet-like formation is required to best fit the observations for FGK stars. Using our population model and restricting our sample to FGK stars, we derive a frequency of $5.7_{-2.8}^{+3.8}\%$, consistent with predictions from the parametric model. More generally, the frequency values that we derive are in excellent agreement with values obtained in previous studies., Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2020
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18. Resolving faint structures in the debris disk around TWA7

Author

Olofsson, J., van Holstein, R. G., Boccaletti, A., Janson, M., Thébault, P., Gratton, R., Lazzoni, C., Kral, Q., Bayo, A., Canovas, H., Caceres, C., Ginski, C., Pinte, C., Asensio-Torres, R., Chauvin, G., Desidera, S., Henning, Th., Langlois, M., Milli, J., Schlieder, J. E., Schreiber, M. R., Augereau, J. -C., Bonnefoy, M., Buenzli, E., Brandner, W., Durkan, S., Engler, N., Feldt, M., Godoy, N., Grady, C., Hagelberg, J., Lagrange, A. -M., Lannier, J., Ligi, R., Maire, A. -L., Mawet, D., Ménard, F., Mesa, D., Mouillet, D., Peretti, S., Perrot, C., Salter, G., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., Thalmann, C., Vigan, A., Abe, L., Feautrier, P., Mignant, D. Le, Moulin, T., Pavlov, A., Rabou, P., Rousset, G., and Roux, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Debris disks are the intrinsic by-products of the star and planet formation processes. Most likely due to instrumental limitations and their natural faintness, little is known about debris disks around low-mass stars, especially when it comes to spatially resolved observations. We present new VLT/SPHERE IRDIS Dual-Polarization Imaging (DPI) observations in which we detect the dust ring around the M2 spectral type star TWA\,7. Combined with additional Angular Differential Imaging observations we aim at a fine characterization of the debris disk and setting constraints on the presence of low-mass planets. We model the SPHERE DPI observations and constrain the location of the small dust grains, as well as the spectral energy distribution of the debris disk, using the results inferred from the observations, and perform simple N-body simulations. We find that the dust density distribution peaks at 25 au, with a very shallow outer power-law slope, and that the disk has an inclination of 13 degrees with a position angle of 90 degrees East of North. We also report low signal-to-noise detections of an outer belt at a distance of ~52 au from the star, of a spiral arm in the Southern side of the star, and of a possible dusty clump at 3.9 au. These findings seem to persist over timescales of at least a year. Using the intensity images, we do not detect any planets in the close vicinity of the star, but the sensitivity reaches Jovian planet mass upper limits. We find that the SED is best reproduced with an inner disk at 7 au and another belt at 25 au. We report the detections of several unexpected features in the disk around TWA\,7. A yet undetected 100 M$_\oplus$ planet with a semi-major axis at 20-30 au could possibly explain the outer belt as well as the spiral arm. We conclude that stellar winds are unlikely to be responsible for the spiral arm., Comment: Accepted by A&A, 17 pages

Published
2018
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19. Polarimetry and flux distribution in the debris disk around HD 32297

Author

Asensio-Torres, R., Janson, M., Hashimoto, J., Thalmann, C., Currie, T., Buenzli, E., Kudo, T., Kuzuhara, M., Kusakabe, N., Abe, L., Akiyama, E., Brandner, W., Brandt, T. D., Carson, J., Egner, S., Feldt, M., Goto, M., Grady, C., Guyon, O., Hayano, Y., Hayashi, M., Hayashi, S., Henning, T., Hodapp, K., Ishii, M., Iye, M., Kandori, R., Knapp, G., Kwon, J., Matsuo, T., McElwain, M., Mayama, S., Miyama, S., Morino, J., Moro-Martin, A., Nishimura, T., Pyo, T., Serabyn, E., Suenaga, T., Suto, H., Suzuki, R., Takahashi, Y., Takami, M., Takato, N., Terada, H., Turner, E., Watanabe, M., Wisniewski, J., Yamada, T., Takami, H., Usuda, T., and Tamura, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present high-contrast angular differential imaging (ADI) observations of the debris disk around HD 32297 in H-band, as well as the first polarimetric images for this system in polarized differential imaging (PDI) mode with Subaru/HICIAO. In ADI, we detect the nearly edge-on disk at >5sigma levels from ~0.45 arcsec to ~1.7 arcsec (50-192 AU) from the star and recover the spine deviation from the midplane already found in previous works. We also find for the first time imaging and surface brightness (SB) indications for the presence of a gapped structure on both sides of the disk at distances of ~0.75 arcsec (NE side) and ~0.65 arcsec (SW side). Global forward-modelling work delivers a best-fit model disk and well-fitting parameter intervals that essentially match previous results, with high-forward scattering grains and a ring located at 110 AU. However, this single ring model cannot account for the gapped structure seen in our SB profiles. We create simple double ring models and achieve a satisfactory fit with two rings located at 60 and 95 AU, respectively, low-forward scattering grains and very sharp inner slopes. In polarized light we retrieve the disk extending from ~0.25-1.6 arcsec, although the central region is quite noisy and high S/N are only found in the range ~0.75-1.2 arcsec. The disk is polarized in the azimuthal direction, as expected, and the departure from the midplane is also clearly observed. Evidence for a gapped scenario is not found in the PDI data. We obtain a linear polarization degree of the grains that increases from ~10% at 0.55 arcsec to ~25% at 1.6 arcsec. The maximum is found at scattering angles of ~90degrees, either from the main components of the disk or from dust grains blown out to larger radii., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Published
2016
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20. Catalogue of dual-field interferometric binary calibrators.

Author

Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Balmer, W. O., Benisty, M., Berger, J.-P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Bordoni, M. S., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., and Chavez, A.

Subjects
BINARY stars, TELESCOPES, INTERFEROMETERS, GRAVITY, OBSERVATORIES
Abstract

Context. Dual-field interferometric observations with VLTI/GRAVITY sometimes require the use of a binary calibrator. This is a binary star whose individual components remain unresolved by the interferometer, with a separation between 400 and 2000 mas for observations with the Unit Telescopes (UTs), or 1200–3000 mas for the Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs). The separation vector also needs to be predictable to within 10 mas for a proper pointing of the instrument. Aims. No list of properly vetted calibrators was available so far for dual-field observations with VLTI/GRAVITY on the UTs. Our objective is to compile such a list and make it available to the community. Methods. We identified a list of candidates from the Washington Double Star (WDS) catalogue, all with appropriate separations and brightness, scattered over the southern sky. We observed them as part of a dedicated calibration programme, determined whether these objects were true binaries (excluding higher multiplicities resolved interferometrically, but unseen by imaging), and extracted measurements of the separation vectors. We combined these new measurements with those available in the WDS to determine updated orbital parameters for all our vetted calibrators. Results. We compiled a list of 13 vetted binary calibrators for observations with VLTI/GRAVITY on the UTs, and we provide orbital estimates and astrometric predictions for each of them. We show that our list guarantees that there are always two binary calibrators at least at an airmass < 2 in the sky over the Paranal observatory at any point in time. Conclusions. Any principal investigator wishing to use the dual-field mode of VLTI/GRAVITY with the UTs can now refer to this list to select an appropriate calibrator. We encourage the use of whereistheplanet to predict the astrometry of these calibrators, which seamlessly integrates with p2Gravity for VLTI/GRAVITY dual-field observing material preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD 206893 system

Author

Hinkley, S., primary, Lacour, S., additional, Marleau, G.-D., additional, Lagrange, A.-M., additional, Wang, J. J., additional, Kammerer, J., additional, Cumming, A., additional, Nowak, M., additional, Rodet, L., additional, Stolker, T., additional, Balmer, W.-O., additional, Ray, S., additional, Bonnefoy, M., additional, Mollière, P., additional, Lazzoni, C., additional, Kennedy, G., additional, Mordasini, C., additional, Abuter, R., additional, Aigrain, S., additional, Amorim, A., additional, Asensio-Torres, R., additional, Babusiaux, C., additional, Benisty, M., additional, Berger, J.-P., additional, Beust, H., additional, Blunt, S., additional, Boccaletti, A., additional, Bohn, A., additional, Bonnet, H., additional, Bourdarot, G., additional, Brandner, W., additional, Cantalloube, F., additional, Caselli, P., additional, Charnay, B., additional, Chauvin, G., additional, Chomez, A., additional, Choquet, E., additional, Christiaens, V., additional, Clénet, Y., additional, Coudé du Foresto, V., additional, Cridland, A., additional, Delorme, P., additional, Dembet, R., additional, Drescher, A., additional, Duvert, G., additional, Eckart, A., additional, Eisenhauer, F., additional, Feuchtgruber, H., additional, Galland, F., additional, Garcia, P., additional, Garcia Lopez, R., additional, Gardner, T., additional, Gendron, E., additional, Genzel, R., additional, Gillessen, S., additional, Girard, J. H., additional, Grandjean, A., additional, Haubois, X., additional, Heißel, G., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Hippler, S., additional, Horrobin, M., additional, Houllé, M., additional, Hubert, Z., additional, Jocou, L., additional, Keppler, M., additional, Kervella, P., additional, Kreidberg, L., additional, Lapeyrère, V., additional, Le Bouquin, J.-B., additional, Léna, P., additional, Lutz, D., additional, Maire, A.-L., additional, Mang, F., additional, Mérand, A., additional, Meunier, N., additional, Monnier, J. D., additional, Mouillet, D., additional, Nasedkin, E., additional, Ott, T., additional, Otten, G. P. P. L., additional, Paladini, C., additional, Paumard, T., additional, Perraut, K., additional, Perrin, G., additional, Philipot, F., additional, Pfuhl, O., additional, Pourré, N., additional, Pueyo, L., additional, Rameau, J., additional, Rickman, E., additional, Rubini, P., additional, Rustamkulov, Z., additional, Samland, M., additional, Shangguan, J., additional, Shimizu, T., additional, Sing, D., additional, Straubmeier, C., additional, Sturm, E., additional, Tacconi, L. J., additional, van Dishoeck, E. F., additional, Vigan, A., additional, Vincent, F., additional, Ward-Duong, K., additional, Widmann, F., additional, Wieprecht, E., additional, Wiezorrek, E., additional, Woillez, J., additional, Yazici, S., additional, Young, A., additional, and Zicher, N., additional

Published
2023
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22. VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B.

Author

Balmer, William O., Pueyo, Laurent, Stolker, Tomas, Reggiani, Henrique, Maire, A.-L., Lacour, S., Mollière, P., Nowak, M., Sing, D., Pourré, N., Blunt, S., Wang, J. J., Rickman, E., Kammerer, J., Henning, Th., Ward-Duong, K., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., and Benisty, M.

Subjects
BROWN dwarf stars, STELLAR mass, GRAVITY, ORBITS (Astronomy), ATMOSPHERIC models, STELLAR atmospheres
Abstract

Tension remains between the observed and modeled properties of substellar objects, but objects in binary orbits, with known dynamical masses, can provide a way forward. HD 72946 B is a recently imaged brown dwarf companion to a nearby, solar-type star. We achieve ∼100 μ as relative astrometry of HD 72946 B in the K band using VLTI/GRAVITY, unprecedented for a benchmark brown dwarf. We fit an ensemble of measurements of the orbit using orbitize! and derive a strong dynamical mass constraint M B = 69.5 ± 0.5 M Jup assuming a strong prior on the host star mass M A = 0.97 ± 0.01 M ⊙ from an updated stellar analysis. We fit the spectrum of the companion to a grid of self-consistent BT-Settl-CIFIST model atmospheres, and perform atmospheric retrievals using petitRADTRANS. A dynamical mass prior only marginally influences the sampled distribution of effective temperature, but has a large influence on the surface gravity and radius, as expected. The dynamical mass alone does not strongly influence retrieved pressure–temperature or cloud parameters within our current retrieval setup. Independently of the cloud prescription and prior assumptions, we find agreement within ±2 σ between the C/O of the host (0.52 ± 0.05) and brown dwarf (0.43–0.63), as expected from a molecular cloud collapse formation scenario, but our retrieved metallicities are implausibly high (0.6–0.8) in light of the excellent agreement of the data with the solar-abundance model grid. Future work on our retrieval framework will seek to resolve this tension. Additional study of low surface gravity objects is necessary to assess the influence of a dynamical mass prior on atmospheric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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23. Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD 206893 system : Evidence for deuterium burning in a planetary-mass companion

Author

Hinkley, S., Lacour, S., Marleau, G. -D., Lagrange, A. M., Wang, J. J., Kammerer, J., Cumming, A., Nowak, M., Rodet, L., Stolker, T., Balmer, W. -O., Ray, S., Bonnefoy, M., Mollière, P., Lazzoni, C., Kennedy, G., Mordasini, C., Abuter, R., Aigrain, S., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Babusiaux, C., Benisty, M., Berger, J. -P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnet, H., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Chomez, A., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Foresto, V. Coudé du, Cridland, A., Delorme, P., Dembet, R., de Zeeuw, P. T., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Feuchtgruber, H., Galland, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J. H., Grandjean, A., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., Mang, F., Mérand, A., Meunier, N., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Philipot, F., Pfuhl, O., Pourré, N., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rickman, E., Rubini, P., Rustamkulov, Z., Samland, M., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., Young, A., Zicher, N., and Collaboration, the GRAVITY

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Physik (inkl. Astronomie), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Long term precise radial velocity (RV) monitoring of the nearby star HD206893, as well as anomalies in the system proper motion, have suggested the presence of an additional, inner companion in the system. Here we describe the results of a multi-epoch search for the companion responsible for this RV drift and proper motion anomaly using the VLTI/GRAVITY instrument. Utilizing information from ongoing precision RV measurements with the HARPS spectrograph, as well as Gaia host star astrometry, we report a high significance detection of the companion HD206893c over three epochs, with clear evidence for Keplerian orbital motion. Our astrometry with $\sim$50-100 $\mu$arcsec precision afforded by GRAVITY allows us to derive a dynamical mass of 12.7$^{+1.2}_{-1.0}$ M$_{\rm Jup}$ and an orbital separation of 3.53$^{+0.08}_{-0.06}$ au for HD206893c. Our fits to the orbits of both companions in the system utilize both Gaia astrometry and RVs to also provide a precise dynamical estimate of the previously uncertain mass of the B component, and therefore derive an age of $155\pm15$ Myr. We find that theoretical atmospheric/evolutionary models incorporating deuterium burning for HD206893c, parameterized by cloudy atmospheres provide a good simultaneous fit to the luminosity of both HD206893B and c. In addition to utilizing long-term RV information, this effort is an early example of a direct imaging discovery of a bona fide exoplanet that was guided in part with Gaia astrometry. Utilizing Gaia astrometry is expected to be one of the primary techniques going forward to identify and characterize additional directly imaged planets. Lastly, this discovery is another example of the power of optical interferometry to directly detect and characterize extrasolar planets where they form at ice-line orbital separations of 2-4\,au., Comment: Accepted to A&A

Published
2023

24. Constraining the nature of the PDS 70 protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY

Author

Wang, JJ, Vigan, A, Lacour, S, Nowak, M, Stolker, T, De Rosa, RJ, Ginzburg, S, Gao, P, Abuter, R, Amorim, A, Asensio-Torres, R, Bauböck, M, Benisty, M, Berger, JP, Beust, H, Beuzit, JL, Blunt, S, Boccaletti, A, Bohn, A, Bonnefoy, M, Bonnet, H, Brandner, W, Cantalloube, F, Caselli, P, Charnay, B, Chauvin, G, Choquet, E, Christiaens, V, Clénet, Y, Coudé Du Foresto, V, Cridland, A, De Zeeuw, PT, Dembet, R, Dexter, J, Drescher, A, Duvert, G, Eckart, A, Eisenhauer, F, Facchini, S, Gao, F, Garcia, P, Garcia Lopez, R, Gardner, T, Gendron, E, Genzel, R, Gillessen, S, Girard, J, Haubois, X, Heißel, G, Henning, T, Hinkley, S, Hippler, S, Horrobin, M, Houllé, M, Hubert, Z, Jiménez-Rosales, A, Jocou, L, Kammerer, J, Keppler, M, Kervella, P, Meyer, M, Kreidberg, L, Lagrange, AM, Lapeyrère, V, Le Bouquin, JB, Léna, P, Lutz, D, Maire, AL, Ménard, F, Mérand, A, Mollière, P, Monnier, JD, Mouillet, D, Müller, A, Nasedkin, E, Ott, T, Otten, GPPL, Paladini, C, Paumard, T, Perraut, K, Perrin, G, Pfuhl, O, Pueyo, L, Rameau, J, Rodet, L, Rodríguez-Coira, G, Rousset, G, Scheithauer, S, Shangguan, J, Shimizu, T, Stadler, J, Straub, O, Straubmeier, C, Sturm, E, Tacconi, LJ, Van Dishoeck, EF, Vincent, F, Von Fellenberg, SD, Ward-Duong, K, Widmann, F, Wang, JJ [0000-0003-0774-6502], Vigan, A [0000-0002-5902-7828], Lacour, S [0000-0002-6948-0263], Stolker, T [0000-0002-5823-3072], De Rosa, RJ [0000-0002-4918-0247], Gao, P [0000-0002-8518-9601], Asensio-Torres, R [0000-0003-2990-0726], Benisty, M [0000-0002-7695-7605], Beuzit, JL [0000-0002-7391-479X], Blunt, S [0000-0002-3199-2888], Bohn, A [0000-0003-1401-9952], Bonnefoy, M [0000-0001-5579-5339], Brandner, W [0000-0003-1939-6351], Caselli, P [0000-0003-1481-7911], Charnay, B [0000-0003-0977-6545], Choquet, E [0000-0002-9173-0740], Christiaens, V [0000-0002-0101-8814], Clénet, Y [0000-0002-8382-2020], De Zeeuw, PT [0000-0003-4175-3474], Dexter, J [0000-0003-3903-0373], Eckart, A [0000-0001-6049-3132], Facchini, S [0000-0003-4689-2684], Gao, F [0000-0002-2581-9114], Garcia Lopez, R [0000-0002-2144-0991], Gardner, T [0000-0002-3003-3183], Genzel, R [0000-0002-2767-9653], Gillessen, S [0000-0002-5708-0481], Girard, J [0000-0001-8627-0404], Henning, T [0000-0002-1493-300X], Hinkley, S [0000-0001-8074-2562], Hippler, S [0000-0002-3912-6108], Horrobin, M [0000-0001-5451-7847], Kervella, P [0000-0003-0626-1749], Meyer, M [0000-0003-1227-3084], Kreidberg, L [0000-0003-0514-1147], Le Bouquin, JB [0000-0002-0493-4674], Lutz, D [0000-0003-0291-9582], Maire, AL [0000-0002-2591-4138], Mérand, A [0000-0002-1637-7393], Monnier, JD [0000-0002-3380-3307], Ott, T [0000-0003-1572-0396], Paumard, T [0000-0003-0655-0452], Perrin, G [0000-0003-0680-0167], Rameau, J [0000-0003-0029-0258], Rodríguez-Coira, G [0000-0002-4177-6433], Shangguan, J [0000-0002-4569-9009], Shimizu, T [0000-0002-2125-4670], Straub, O [0000-0001-5755-0677], Straubmeier, C [0000-0002-0671-9302], Sturm, E [0000-0002-0018-3666], Tacconi, LJ [0000-0002-1485-9401], Van Dishoeck, EF [0000-0001-7591-1907], Vincent, F [0000-0002-3855-0708], Von Fellenberg, SD [0000-0002-9156-2249], Ward-Duong, K [0000-0002-4479-8291], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Orbit determination, Exoplanet formation, Long baseline interferometry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Exoplanet atmospheres
Abstract

We present K-band interferometric observations of the PDS 70 protoplanets along with their host star using VLTI/GRAVITY. We obtained K-band spectra and 100 $\mu$as precision astrometry of both PDS 70 b and c in two epochs, as well as spatially resolving the hot inner disk around the star. Rejecting unstable orbits, we found a nonzero eccentricity for PDS 70 b of $0.17 \pm 0.06$, a near-circular orbit for PDS 70 c, and an orbital configuration that is consistent with the planets migrating into a 2:1 mean motion resonance. Enforcing dynamical stability, we obtained a 95% upper limit on the mass of PDS 70 b of 10 $M_\textrm{Jup}$, while the mass of PDS 70 c was unconstrained. The GRAVITY K-band spectra rules out pure blackbody models for the photospheres of both planets. Instead, the models with the most support from the data are planetary atmospheres that are dusty, but the nature of the dust is unclear. Any circumplanetary dust around these planets is not well constrained by the planets' 1-5 $\mu$m spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and requires longer wavelength data to probe with SED analysis. However with VLTI/GRAVITY, we made the first observations of a circumplanetary environment with sub-au spatial resolution, placing an upper limit of 0.3~au on the size of a bright disk around PDS 70 b.

Published
2022
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25. New binaries from the SHINE survey

Author

Bonavita, M., primary, Gratton, R., additional, Desidera, S., additional, Squicciarini, V., additional, D’Orazi, V., additional, Zurlo, A., additional, Biller, B., additional, Chauvin, G., additional, Fontanive, C., additional, Janson, M., additional, Messina, S., additional, Menard, F., additional, Meyer, M., additional, Vigan, A., additional, Avenhaus, H., additional, Asensio Torres, R., additional, Beuzit, J.-L., additional, Boccaletti, A., additional, Bonnefoy, M., additional, Brandner, W., additional, Cantalloube, F., additional, Cheetham, A., additional, Cudel, M., additional, Daemgen, S., additional, Delorme, P., additional, Desgrange, C., additional, Dominik, C., additional, Engler, N., additional, Feautrier, P., additional, Feldt, M., additional, Galicher, R., additional, Garufi, A., additional, Gasparri, D., additional, Ginski, C., additional, Girard, J., additional, Grandjean, A., additional, Hagelberg, J., additional, Henning, T., additional, Hunziker, S., additional, Kasper, M., additional, Keppler, M., additional, Lagadec, E., additional, Lagrange, A.-M., additional, Langlois, M., additional, Lannier, J., additional, Lazzoni, C., additional, Le Coroller, H., additional, Ligi, R., additional, Lombart, M., additional, Maire, A.-L., additional, Mazevet, S., additional, Mesa, D., additional, Mouillet, D., additional, Moutou, C., additional, Müller, A., additional, Peretti, S., additional, Perrot, C., additional, Petrus, S., additional, Potier, A., additional, Ramos, J., additional, Rickman, E., additional, Rouan, D., additional, Salter, G., additional, Samland, M., additional, Schmidt, T., additional, Sissa, E., additional, Stolker, T., additional, Szulágyi, J., additional, Turatto, M., additional, Udry, S., additional, and Wildi, F., additional

Published
2022
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26. Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY ∗ ∗ Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programmes 0101.C-0281(B), 1103.B-0626(A), 2103.C-5018(A), and 1104.C-0651(A)

Author

Wang, J. J., Vigan, A., Lacour, S., Nowak, M., Stolker, T., De Rosa, R. J., Ginzburg, S., Gao, P., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Beuzit, J.-L., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Du Foresto, V. Coudé, Cridland, A., Zeeuw, P. T. De, Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Facchini, S., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Meyer, M., Kreidberg, L., Lagrange, A.-M., Lapeyrère, V., Bouquin, J.-B. Le, Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A.-L., Ménard, F., Mérand, A., Mollière, P., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Müller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodríguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Scheithauer, S., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., Dishoeck, E. F. Van, Vincent, F., Fellenberg, S. D. Von, Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Collaboration, The GRAVITY, Wang, J. J. [0000-0003-0774-6502], Vigan, A. [0000-0002-5902-7828], Lacour, S. [0000-0002-6948-0263], Stolker, T. [0000-0002-5823-3072], De Rosa, R. J. [0000-0002-4918-0247], Gao, P. [0000-0002-8518-9601], Asensio-Torres, R. [0000-0003-2990-0726], Benisty, M. [0000-0002-7695-7605], Beuzit, J.-L. [0000-0002-7391-479X], Blunt, S. [0000-0002-3199-2888], Bohn, A. [0000-0003-1401-9952], Bonnefoy, M. [0000-0001-5579-5339], Brandner, W. [0000-0003-1939-6351], Caselli, P. [0000-0003-1481-7911], Charnay, B. [0000-0003-0977-6545], Choquet, E. [0000-0002-9173-0740], Christiaens, V. [0000-0002-0101-8814], Clénet, Y. [0000-0002-8382-2020], Zeeuw, P. T. de [0000-0003-4175-3474], Dexter, J. [0000-0003-3903-0373], Eckart, A. [0000-0001-6049-3132], Facchini, S. [0000-0003-4689-2684], Gao, F. [0000-0002-2581-9114], Lopez, R. Garcia [0000-0002-2144-0991], Gardner, T. [0000-0002-3003-3183], Genzel, R. [0000-0002-2767-9653], Gillessen, S. [0000-0002-5708-0481], Girard, J. [0000-0001-8627-0404], Henning, T. [0000-0002-1493-300X], Hinkley, S. [0000-0001-8074-2562], Hippler, S. [0000-0002-3912-6108], Horrobin, M. [0000-0001-5451-7847], Kervella, P. [0000-0003-0626-1749], Meyer, M. [0000-0003-1227-3084], Kreidberg, L. [0000-0003-0514-1147], Bouquin, J.-B. Le [0000-0002-0493-4674], Lutz, D. [0000-0003-0291-9582], Maire, A.-L. [0000-0002-2591-4138], Ménard, F. [0000-0002-1637-7393], Monnier, J. D. [0000-0002-3380-3307], Ott, T. [0000-0003-1572-0396], Paumard, T. [0000-0003-0655-0452], Perrin, G. [0000-0003-0680-0167], Rameau, J. [0000-0003-0029-0258], Rodríguez-Coira, G. [0000-0002-4177-6433], Shangguan, J. [0000-0002-4569-9009], Shimizu, T. [0000-0002-2125-4670], Straub, O. [0000-0001-5755-0677], Straubmeier, C. [0000-0002-0671-9302], Sturm, E. [0000-0002-0018-3666], Tacconi, L. J. [0000-0002-1485-9401], Dishoeck, E. F. van [0000-0001-7591-1907], Vincent, F. [0000-0002-3855-0708], Fellenberg, S. D. von [0000-0002-9156-2249], Ward-Duong, K. [0000-0002-4479-8291], Woillez, J. [0000-0002-2958-4738], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
The Solar System, Exoplanets, and Astrobiology, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present K-band interferometric observations of the PDS 70 protoplanets along with their host star using VLTI/GRAVITY. We obtained K-band spectra and 100 μas precision astrometry of both PDS 70 b and c in two epochs, as well as spatially resolving the hot inner disk around the star. Rejecting unstable orbits, we found a nonzero eccentricity for PDS 70 b of 0.17 ± 0.06, a near-circular orbit for PDS 70 c, and an orbital configuration that is consistent with the planets migrating into a 2:1 mean motion resonance. Enforcing dynamical stability, we obtained a 95% upper limit on the mass of PDS 70 b of 10 M Jup, while the mass of PDS 70 c was unconstrained. The GRAVITY K-band spectra rules out pure blackbody models for the photospheres of both planets. Instead, the models with the most support from the data are planetary atmospheres that are dusty, but the nature of the dust is unclear. Any circumplanetary dust around these planets is not well constrained by the planets’ 1–5 μm spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and requires longer wavelength data to probe with SED analysis. However with VLTI/GRAVITY, we made the first observations of a circumplanetary environment with sub-astronomical-unit spatial resolution, placing an upper limit of 0.3 au on the size of a bright disk around PDS 70 b.

Published
2021
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27. Characterizing the morphology of the debris disk around the low-mass star GSC 07396-00759

Author

Lacour, S., Wang, J., Rodet, L., Nowak, M., Shangguan, J., Beust, H., Lagrange, A.-M., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Benisty, M., Berger, J.-P., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bolzer, M.-L., Bonnefoy, M., BONNET, H., Bourdarot, G., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Coudé Du Foresto, V., Cridland, A., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., de Zeeuw, P., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Garcia Lopez, R., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, Th., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrère, V., Le Bouquin, J.-B., Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A.-L., Mérand, A., Mollière, P., Monnier, J., Mouillet, D., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Rickman, E., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rousset, G., Rustamkulov, Z., Samland, M., Shimizu, T., Sing, D., Stadler, J., Stolker, T., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L., Van Dishoeck, E., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Von fellenberg, S., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., Young, A., Adam, C., Olofsson, J., van Holstein, R., Bayo, A., Milli, J., Kral, Q., Ginski, C., Montesinos, M., Pawellek, N., Zurlo, A., Langlois, M., Delboulbé, A., Pavlov, A., Ramos, J., Weber, L., Wildi, F., Rigal, F., Sauvage, J.-F., Pawellek, Nicole [0000-0002-9385-9820], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), and Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Outflows, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, circumstellar matter, techniques: photometric, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Debris disk, stars: winds, outflows, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Stars: winds, Grain size, Stars, stars: individual: GSC 07396-00759, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, radiative transfer, Scattering theory, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Low Mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Debris disks have commonly been studied around intermediate-mass stars. Their intense radiation fields are believed to efficiently remove the small dust grains that are constantly replenished by collisions. For lower-mass stars, in particular M-stars, the dust removal mechanism needs to be further investigated given the much weaker radiation field produced by these objects. Aims. We present new polarimetric observations of the nearly edge-on disk around the pre-main sequence M-type star GSC 07396-00759, taken with VLT/SPHERE IRDIS, with the aim to better understand the morphology of the disk, its dust properties, and the star-disk interaction via the stellar mass-loss rate. Methods. We model our observations to characterize the location and properties of the dust grains using the Henyey-Greenstein approximation of the polarized phase function and evaluate the strength of the stellar winds. Results. We find that the observations are best described by an extended and highly inclined disk ($i\approx 84.3\,^{\circ}\pm0.3$) with a dust distribution centered at a radius $r_{0}\approx107\pm2$ au. The polarized phase function $S_{12}$ is best reproduced by an anisotropic scattering factor $g\approx0.6$ and small micron-sized dust grains with sizes $s>0.3\,\mathrm��$m. We furthermore discuss some of the caveats of the approach and a degeneracy between the grain size and the porosity. Conclusions. Even though the radius of the disk may be over-estimated, our results suggest that using a given scattering theory might not be sufficient to fully explain key aspects such as the shape of the phase function, or the dust grain size. With the caveats in mind, we find that the average mass-loss rate of GSC 07396-00759 can be up to 500 times stronger than that of the Sun, supporting the idea that stellar winds from low-mass stars can evacuate small dust grains from the disk., 22 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables

Published
2021

28. Brown dwarf or exoplanet

Author

Kammerer, J., Lacour, S., Stolker, T., Mollière, P., Sing, D., Nasedkin, E., Kervella, P., Wang, J., Ward-Duong, K., Nowak, M., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J.-P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bolzer, M.-L., Bonnefoy, M., BONNET, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Coudé Du Foresto, V., Cridland, A., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., de Zeeuw, P., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Garcia Lopez, R., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jocou, L., Keppler, M., Kreidberg, L., Lagrange, A.-M., Lapeyrère, V., Le Bouquin, J.-B., Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A.-L., Mérand, A., Monnier, J., Mouillet, D., Müller, A., Ott, T., Otten, G., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rousset, G., Rustamkulov, Z., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L., Van Dishoeck, E., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Von fellenberg, S., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Yazici, S., European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; Context. Near-infrared interferometry has become a powerful tool for studying the orbital and atmospheric parameters of substellar companions. Aims. We aim to reveal the nature of the reddest known substellar companion HD 206893 B by studying its near-infrared colors and spectral morphology and by investigating its orbital motion. Methods. We fit atmospheric models for giant planets and brown dwarfs and perform spectral retrievals with petitRADTRANS and ATMO on the observed GRAVITY, SPHERE, and GPI spectra of HD 206893 B. To recover its unusual spectral features, first and foremost its extremely red near-infrared color, we include additional extinction by high-altitude dust clouds made of enstatite grains in the atmospheric model fits. However, forsterite, corundum, and iron grains predict similar extinction curves for the grain sizes considered here. We also infer the orbital parameters of HD 206893 B by combining the ~100 μas precision astrometry from GRAVITY with data from the literature and constrain the mass and position of HD 206893 C based on the Gaia proper motion anomaly of the system. Results. The extremely red color and the very shallow 1.4 μm water absorption feature of HD 206893 B can be fit well with the adapted atmospheric models and spectral retrievals. By comparison with AMES-Cond evolutionary tracks, we find that only some atmosphericmodels predict physically plausible objects. Altogether, our analysis suggests an age of ~ 3–300 Myr and a mass of ~ 5–30 M Jup for HD 206893 B, which is consistent with previous estimates but extends the parameter space to younger and lower-mass objects. The GRAVITY astrometry points to an eccentric orbit ( e = 0.29 −0.11 +0.06 ) with a mutual inclination of

Published
2021

29. The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE)

Author

Vigan, A., Fontanive, C., Meyer, M., Biller, B., Bonavita, M., Feldt, M., Desidera, S., Marleau, G.-D., Emsenhuber, A., Galicher, R., Rice, K., Forgan, D., Mordasini, C., Gratton, R., Le Coroller, H., Maire, A.-L., Cantalloube, F., Chauvin, G., Cheetham, A., Hagelberg, J., Lagrange, A.-M., Langlois, M., Bonnefoy, M., Beuzit, J.-L., Boccaletti, A., D���Orazi, V., Delorme, P., Dominik, C., Henning, Th., Janson, M., Lagadec, E., Lazzoni, C., Ligi, R., Menard, F., Mesa, D., Messina, S., Moutou, C., M��ller, A., Perrot, C., Samland, M., Schmid, H. M., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Zurlo, A., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Asensio-Torres, R., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Baudrand, J., Bazzon, A., Blanchard, P., Bohn, A. J., Brown Sevilla, S., Carbillet, M., Carle, M., Cascone, E., Charton, J., Claudi, R., Costille, A., De Caprio, V., Delboulb��, A., Dohlen, K., Engler, N., Fantinel, D., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gigan, P., Girard, J. H., Giro, E., Gisler, D., Gluck, L., Gry, C., Hubin, N., Hugot, E., Jaquet, M., Kasper, M., Le Mignant, D., Llored, M., Madec, F., Magnard, Y., Martinez, P., Maurel, D., M��ller-Nilsson, O., Mouillet, D., Moulin, T., Orign��, A., Pavlov, A., Perret, D., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Puget, P., Rabou, P., Ramos, J., Rickman, E. L., Rigal, F., Rochat, S., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Salasnich, B., Sauvage, J.-F., Sevin, A., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Suarez, M., Wahhaj, Z., Weber, L., Wildi, F., Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; The SpHere INfrared Exoplanet (SHINE) project is a 500-star survey performed with SPHERE on the Very Large Telescope for the purpose of directly detecting new substellar companions and understanding their formation and early evolution. Here we present an initial statistical analysis for a subsample of 150 stars spanning spectral types from B to M that are representative of the full SHINE sample. Our goal is to constrain the frequency of substellar companions with masses between 1 and 75 M Jup and semimajor axes between 5 and 300 au. For this purpose, we adopt detection limits as a function of angular separation from the survey data for all stars converted into mass and projected orbital separation using the BEX-COND-hot evolutionary tracks and known distance to each system. Based on the results obtained for each star and on the 13 detections in the sample, we use a Markov chain Monte Carlo tool to compare our observations to two different types of models. The first is a parametric model based on observational constraints, and the second type are numerical models that combine advanced core accretion and gravitational instability planet population synthesis. Using the parametric model, we show that the frequencies of systems with at least one substellar companion are 23.0 −9.7 +13.5 , 5.8 −2.8 +4.7 , and 12.6 −7.1 +12.9 % for BA, FGK, and M stars, respectively. We also demonstrate that a planet-like formation pathway probably dominates the mass range from 1–75 M Jup for companions around BA stars, while for M dwarfs, brown dwarf binaries dominate detections. In contrast, a combination of binary star-like and planet-like formation is required to best fit the observations for FGK stars. Using our population model and restricting our sample to FGK stars, we derive a frequency of 5.7 −2.8 +3.8 %, consistent with predictions from the parametric model. More generally, the frequency values that we derive are in excellent agreement with values obtained in previous studies.

Published
2021

30. The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE)

Author

Desidera, S., Chauvin, G., Bonavita, M., Messina, S., LeCoroller, H., Schmidt, T., Gratton, R., Lazzoni, C., Meyer, M., Schlieder, J., Cheetham, A., Hagelberg, J., Bonnefoy, M., Feldt, M., Lagrange, A.-M., Langlois, M., Vigan, A., Tan, T. G., Hambsch, F.-J., Millward, M., Alcalá, J., Benatti, S., Brandner, W., Carson, J., Covino, E., Delorme, P., D’Orazi, V., Janson, M., Rigliaco, E., Beuzit, J.-L., Biller, B., Boccaletti, A., Dominik, C., Cantalloube, F., Fontanive, C., Galicher, R., Henning, Th., Lagadec, E., Ligi, R., Maire, A.-L., Menard, F., Mesa, D., Müller, A., Samland, M., Schmid, H. M., Sissa, E., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Zurlo, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Kopytova, T., Rickman, E., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Baudrand, J., Blanchard, P., Bazzon, A., Buey, T., Carbillet, M., Carle, M., Charton, J., Cascone, E., Claudi, R., Costille, A., Deboulbé, A., De Caprio, V., Dohlen, K., Fantinel, D., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gigan, P., Giro, E., Gisler, D., Gluck, L., Hubin, N., Hugot, E., Jaquet, M., Kasper, M., Madec, F., Magnard, Y., Martinez, P., Maurel, D., Le Mignant, D., Möller-Nilsson, O., Llored, M., Moulin, T., Origné, A., Pavlov, A., Perret, D., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Puget, P., Rabou, P., Ramos, J., Rigal, F., Rochat, S., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Salasnich, B., Sauvage, J.-F., Sevin, A., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Suarez, M., Weber, L., Wildi, F., Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; Context. Large surveys with new-generation high-contrast imaging instruments are needed to derive the frequency and properties of exoplanet populations with separations from ~5 to 300 au. A careful assessment of the stellar properties is crucial for a proper understanding of when, where, and how frequently planets form, and how they evolve. The sensitivity of detection limits to stellar age makes this a key parameter for direct imaging surveys. Aims. We describe the SpHere INfrared survey for Exoplanets (SHINE), the largest direct imaging planet-search campaign initiated at the VLT in 2015 in the context of the SPHERE Guaranteed Time Observations of the SPHERE consortium. In this first paper we present the selection and the properties of the complete sample of stars surveyed with SHINE, focusing on the targets observed during the first phase of the survey (from February 2015 to February 2017). This early sample composed of 150 stars is used to perform a preliminary statistical analysis of the SHINE data, deferred to two companion papers presenting the survey performance, main discoveries, and the preliminary statistical constraints set by SHINE. Methods. Based on a large database collecting the stellar properties of all young nearby stars in the solar vicinity (including kinematics, membership to moving groups, isochrones, lithium abundance, rotation, and activity), we selected the original sample of 800 stars that were ranked in order of priority according to their sensitivity for planet detection in direct imaging with SPHERE. The properties of the stars that are part of the early statistical sample wererevisited, including for instance measurements from the Gaia Data Release 2. Rotation periods were derived for the vast majority of the late-type objects exploiting TESS light curves and dedicated photometric observations. Results. The properties of individual targets and of the sample as a whole are presented.

Published
2021

31. A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6

Author

Brown-Sevilla, S. B., primary, Keppler, M., additional, Barraza-Alfaro, M., additional, Melon Fuksman, J. D., additional, Kurtovic, N., additional, Pinilla, P., additional, Feldt, M., additional, Brandner, W., additional, Ginski, C., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Klahr, H., additional, Asensio-Torres, R., additional, Cantalloube, F., additional, Garufi, A., additional, van Holstein, R. G., additional, Langlois, M., additional, Ménard, F., additional, Rickman, E., additional, Benisty, M., additional, Chauvin, G., additional, Zurlo, A., additional, Weber, P., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Ramos, J., additional, Rochat, S., additional, and Roelfsema, R., additional

Published
2021
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32. GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B

Author

Kammerer, J., primary, Lacour, S., additional, Stolker, T., additional, Mollière, P., additional, Sing, D. K., additional, Nasedkin, E., additional, Kervella, P., additional, Wang, J. J., additional, Ward-Duong, K., additional, Nowak, M., additional, Abuter, R., additional, Amorim, A., additional, Asensio-Torres, R., additional, Bauböck, M., additional, Benisty, M., additional, Berger, J.-P., additional, Beust, H., additional, Blunt, S., additional, Boccaletti, A., additional, Bohn, A., additional, Bolzer, M.-L., additional, Bonnefoy, M., additional, Bonnet, H., additional, Brandner, W., additional, Cantalloube, F., additional, Caselli, P., additional, Charnay, B., additional, Chauvin, G., additional, Choquet, E., additional, Christiaens, V., additional, Clénet, Y., additional, Coudé du Foresto, V., additional, Cridland, A., additional, Dembet, R., additional, Dexter, J., additional, de Zeeuw, P. T., additional, Drescher, A., additional, Duvert, G., additional, Eckart, A., additional, Eisenhauer, F., additional, Gao, F., additional, Garcia, P., additional, Garcia Lopez, R., additional, Gendron, E., additional, Genzel, R., additional, Gillessen, S., additional, Girard, J., additional, Haubois, X., additional, Heißel, G., additional, Henning, T., additional, Hinkley, S., additional, Hippler, S., additional, Horrobin, M., additional, Houllé, M., additional, Hubert, Z., additional, Jocou, L., additional, Keppler, M., additional, Kreidberg, L., additional, Lagrange, A.-M., additional, Lapeyrère, V., additional, Le Bouquin, J.-B., additional, Léna, P., additional, Lutz, D., additional, Maire, A.-L., additional, Mérand, A., additional, Monnier, J. D., additional, Mouillet, D., additional, Müller, A., additional, Ott, T., additional, Otten, G. P. P. L., additional, Paladini, C., additional, Paumard, T., additional, Perraut, K., additional, Perrin, G., additional, Pfuhl, O., additional, Pueyo, L., additional, Rameau, J., additional, Rodet, L., additional, Rousset, G., additional, Rustamkulov, Z., additional, Shangguan, J., additional, Shimizu, T., additional, Stadler, J., additional, Straub, O., additional, Straubmeier, C., additional, Sturm, E., additional, Tacconi, L. J., additional, van Dishoeck, E. F., additional, Vigan, A., additional, Vincent, F., additional, von Fellenberg, S. D., additional, Widmann, F., additional, Wieprecht, E., additional, Wiezorrek, E., additional, Woillez, J., additional, and Yazici, S., additional

Published
2021
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33. Perturbers: SPHERE detection limits to planetary-mass companions in protoplanetary disks

Author

Asensio-Torres, R., primary, Henning, Th., additional, Cantalloube, F., additional, Pinilla, P., additional, Mesa, D., additional, Garufi, A., additional, Jorquera, S., additional, Gratton, R., additional, Chauvin, G., additional, Szulágyi, J., additional, van Boekel, R., additional, Dong, R., additional, Marleau, G.-D., additional, Benisty, M., additional, Villenave, M., additional, Bergez-Casalou, C., additional, Desgrange, C., additional, Janson, M., additional, Keppler, M., additional, Langlois, M., additional, Ménard, F., additional, Rickman, E., additional, Stolker, T., additional, Feldt, M., additional, Fusco, T., additional, Gluck, L., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, and Ramos, J., additional

Published
2021
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34. Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY ∗

Author

Wang, J. J., Vigan, A., Lacour, S., Nowak, M., Stolker, T., De Rosa, R. J., Ginzburg, S., Gao, P., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Baubck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Beuzit, J. -L., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Cl��net, Y., Foresto, V. Coud�� du, Cridland, A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Facchini, S., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Haubois, X., Hei��el, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houll��, M., Hubert, Z., Jim��nez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Meyer, M., Kreidberg, L., Lagrange, A. -M., Lapeyr��re, V., Bouquin, J. -B. Le, L��na, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A. -L., M��nard, F., M��rand, A., Molli��re, P., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., M��ller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G. P. P. L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Pueyo, L., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodr��guez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Scheithauer, S., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Collaboration, The GRAVITY, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Subjects
Gravity (chemistry), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, Solar and stellar astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Orbit determination, Exoplanet formation, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Earth and planetary astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Protoplanet, Long baseline interferometry 492 487 1175 932, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Exoplanet atmospheres
Abstract

We present K-band interferometric observations of the PDS 70 protoplanets along with their host star using VLTI/GRAVITY. We obtained K-band spectra and 100 $\mu$as precision astrometry of both PDS 70 b and c in two epochs, as well as spatially resolving the hot inner disk around the star. Rejecting unstable orbits, we found a nonzero eccentricity for PDS 70 b of $0.17 \pm 0.06$, a near-circular orbit for PDS 70 c, and an orbital configuration that is consistent with the planets migrating into a 2:1 mean motion resonance. Enforcing dynamical stability, we obtained a 95% upper limit on the mass of PDS 70 b of 10 $M_\textrm{Jup}$, while the mass of PDS 70 c was unconstrained. The GRAVITY K-band spectra rules out pure blackbody models for the photospheres of both planets. Instead, the models with the most support from the data are planetary atmospheres that are dusty, but the nature of the dust is unclear. Any circumplanetary dust around these planets is not well constrained by the planets' 1-5 $\mu$m spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and requires longer wavelength data to probe with SED analysis. However with VLTI/GRAVITY, we made the first observations of a circumplanetary environment with sub-au spatial resolution, placing an upper limit of 0.3~au on the size of a bright disk around PDS 70 b., Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in AJ

Published
2021

35. The SPHERE Infrared Survey for Exoplanets (SHINE): I. Sample Definition and Target Characterization

Author

Desidera, S., Chauvin, G., Bonavita, M., Messina, S., Lecoroller, H., Schmidt, T., Gratton, R., Lazzoni, C., Meyer, M., Schlieder, J., Cheetham, A., Hagelberg, J., Bonnefoy, M., Feldt, M., Lagrange, A. -M., Langlois, M., Vigan, A., Tan, T. G., Hambsch, F. -J., Millward, M., Alcalá, J., Benatti, S., Brandner, W., Carson, J., Covino, E., Delorme, P., D'Orazi, V., Janson, M., Rigliaco, E., Beuzit, J. -L., Biller, B., Boccaletti, A., Dominik, C., Cantalloube, F., Fontanive, C., Galicher, R., Henning, T., Lagadec, E., Ligi, R., Maire, A. -L., Menard, F., Mesa, D., Müller, A., Samland, M., Schmid, H. M., Sissa, E., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Zurlo, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Kopytova, T., Rickman, E., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Baudrand, J., Blanchard, P., Bazzon, A., Buey, T., Carbillet, M., Carle, M., Charton, J., Cascone, E., Claudi, R., Costille, A., Deboulbé, A., De Caprio, V., Dohlen, K., Fantinel, D., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gigan, P., Giro, E., Gisler, D., Gluck, L., Hubin, N., Hugot, E., Jaquet, M., Kasper, M., Madec, F., Magnard, Y., Martinez, P., Maurel, D., Le Mignant, D., Möller-Nilsson, O., Llored, M., Moulin, T., Origné, A., Pavlov, A., Perret, D., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Puget, P., Rabou, P., Ramos, J., Rigal, F., Rochat, S., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Salasnich, B., Sauvage, J. -F., Sevin, A., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Suarez, M., Weber, L., Wildi, F., Desidera, S., Chauvin, G., Bonavita, M., Messina, S., Lecoroller, H., Schmidt, T., Gratton, R., Lazzoni, C., Meyer, M., Schlieder, J., Cheetham, A., Hagelberg, J., Bonnefoy, M., Feldt, M., Lagrange, A. -M., Langlois, M., Vigan, A., Tan, T. G., Hambsch, F. -J., Millward, M., Alcalá, J., Benatti, S., Brandner, W., Carson, J., Covino, E., Delorme, P., D'Orazi, V., Janson, M., Rigliaco, E., Beuzit, J. -L., Biller, B., Boccaletti, A., Dominik, C., Cantalloube, F., Fontanive, C., Galicher, R., Henning, T., Lagadec, E., Ligi, R., Maire, A. -L., Menard, F., Mesa, D., Müller, A., Samland, M., Schmid, H. M., Sissa, E., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Zurlo, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Kopytova, T., Rickman, E., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Baudrand, J., Blanchard, P., Bazzon, A., Buey, T., Carbillet, M., Carle, M., Charton, J., Cascone, E., Claudi, R., Costille, A., Deboulbé, A., De Caprio, V., Dohlen, K., Fantinel, D., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gigan, P., Giro, E., Gisler, D., Gluck, L., Hubin, N., Hugot, E., Jaquet, M., Kasper, M., Madec, F., Magnard, Y., Martinez, P., Maurel, D., Le Mignant, D., Möller-Nilsson, O., Llored, M., Moulin, T., Origné, A., Pavlov, A., Perret, D., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Puget, P., Rabou, P., Ramos, J., Rigal, F., Rochat, S., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Salasnich, B., Sauvage, J. -F., Sevin, A., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Suarez, M., Weber, L., and Wildi, F.

Abstract

Large surveys with new-generation high-contrast imaging instruments are needed to derive the frequency and properties of exoplanet populations with separations from ~5 to 300 au. A careful assessment of the stellar properties is crucial for a proper understanding of when, where, and how frequently planets form, and how they evolve. The sensitivity of detection limits to stellar age makes this a key parameter for direct imaging surveys. Aims. We describe the SpHere INfrared survey for Exoplanets (SHINE), the largest direct imaging planet-search campaign initiated at the VLT in 2015 in the context of the SPHERE Guaranteed Time Observations of the SPHERE consortium. In this first paper we present the selection and the properties of the complete sample of stars surveyed with SHINE, focusing on the targets observed during the first phase of the survey (from February 2015 to February 2017). This early sample composed of 150 stars is used to perform a preliminary statistical analysis of the SHINE data, deferred to two companion papers presenting the survey performance, main discoveries, and the preliminary statistical constraints set by SHINE. Methods. Based on a large database collecting the stellar properties of all young nearby stars in the solar vicinity (including kinematics, membership to moving groups, isochrones, lithium abundance, rotation, and activity), we selected the original sample of 800 stars that were ranked in order of priority according to their sensitivity for planet detection in direct imaging with SPHERE. The properties of the stars that are part of the early statistical sample wererevisited, including for instance measurements from the Gaia Data Release 2. Rotation periods were derived for the vast majority of the late-type objects exploiting TESS light curves and dedicated photometric observations. Results. The properties of individual targets and of the sample as a whole are presented. © ESO 2021.

Published
2021

36. The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE) : III. The demographics of young giant exoplanets below 300 au with SPHERE

Author

Vigan, A., Fontanive, C., Meyer, M., Biller, B., Bonavita, M., Feldt, M., Desidera, S., Marleau, G-D, Emsenhuber, A., Galicher, R., Rice, K., Forgan, D., Mordasini, C., Gratton, R., Le Coroller, H., Maire, A-L, Cantalloube, F., Chauvin, G., Cheetham, A., Hagelberg, J., Lagrange, A-M, Langlois, M., Bonnefoy, M., Beuzit, J-L, Boccaletti, A., D'Orazi, V, Delorme, P., Dominik, C., Henning, Th, Janson, Markus, Lagadec, E., Lazzoni, C., Ligi, R., Menard, F., Mesa, D., Messina, S., Moutou, C., Muller, A., Perrot, C., Samland, Matthias, Schmid, H. M., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Zurlo, A., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Asensio-Torres, R., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Baudrand, J., Bazzon, A., Blanchard, P., Bohn, A. J., Sevilla, S. Brown, Carbillet, M., Carle, M., Cascone, E., Charton, J., Claudi, R., Costille, A., De Caprio, V, Delboulbe, A., Dohlen, K., Engler, N., Fantinel, D., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gigan, P., Girard, J. H., Giro, E., Gisler, D., Gluck, L., Gry, C., Hubin, N., Hugot, E., Jaquet, M., Kasper, M., Le Mignant, D., Llored, M., Madec, F., Magnard, Y., Martinez, P., Maurel, D., Moller-Nilsson, O., Mouillet, D., Moulin, T., Origné, A., Pavlov, A., Perret, D., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Puget, P., Rabou, P., Ramos, J., Rickman, E. L., Rigal, F., Rochat, S., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Salasnich, B., Sauvage, J-F, Sevin, A., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Suarez, M., Wahhaj, Z., Weber, L., Wildi, F., Vigan, A., Fontanive, C., Meyer, M., Biller, B., Bonavita, M., Feldt, M., Desidera, S., Marleau, G-D, Emsenhuber, A., Galicher, R., Rice, K., Forgan, D., Mordasini, C., Gratton, R., Le Coroller, H., Maire, A-L, Cantalloube, F., Chauvin, G., Cheetham, A., Hagelberg, J., Lagrange, A-M, Langlois, M., Bonnefoy, M., Beuzit, J-L, Boccaletti, A., D'Orazi, V, Delorme, P., Dominik, C., Henning, Th, Janson, Markus, Lagadec, E., Lazzoni, C., Ligi, R., Menard, F., Mesa, D., Messina, S., Moutou, C., Muller, A., Perrot, C., Samland, Matthias, Schmid, H. M., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Zurlo, A., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Asensio-Torres, R., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Baudrand, J., Bazzon, A., Blanchard, P., Bohn, A. J., Sevilla, S. Brown, Carbillet, M., Carle, M., Cascone, E., Charton, J., Claudi, R., Costille, A., De Caprio, V, Delboulbe, A., Dohlen, K., Engler, N., Fantinel, D., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gigan, P., Girard, J. H., Giro, E., Gisler, D., Gluck, L., Gry, C., Hubin, N., Hugot, E., Jaquet, M., Kasper, M., Le Mignant, D., Llored, M., Madec, F., Magnard, Y., Martinez, P., Maurel, D., Moller-Nilsson, O., Mouillet, D., Moulin, T., Origné, A., Pavlov, A., Perret, D., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Puget, P., Rabou, P., Ramos, J., Rickman, E. L., Rigal, F., Rochat, S., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Salasnich, B., Sauvage, J-F, Sevin, A., Soenke, C., Stadler, E., Suarez, M., Wahhaj, Z., Weber, L., and Wildi, F.

Abstract

The SpHere INfrared Exoplanet (SHINE) project is a 500-star survey performed with SPHERE on the Very Large Telescope for the purpose of directly detecting new substellar companions and understanding their formation and early evolution. Here we present an initial statistical analysis for a subsample of 150 stars spanning spectral types from B to M that are representative of the full SHINE sample. Our goal is to constrain the frequency of substellar companions with masses between 1 and 75 MJup and semimajor axes between 5 and 300 au. For this purpose, we adopt detection limits as a function of angular separation from the survey data for all stars converted into mass and projected orbital separation using the BEX-COND-hot evolutionary tracks and known distance to each system. Based on the results obtained for each star and on the 13 detections in the sample, we use a Markov chain Monte Carlo tool to compare our observations to two different types of models. The first is a parametric model based on observational constraints, and the second type are numerical models that combine advanced core accretion and gravitational instability planet population synthesis. Using the parametric model, we show that the frequencies of systems with at least one substellar companion are 23.0−9.7+13.5, 5.8−2.8+4.7, and 12.6−7.1+12.9% for BA, FGK, and M stars, respectively. We also demonstrate that a planet-like formation pathway probably dominates the mass range from 1–75 MJup for companions around BA stars, while for M dwarfs, brown dwarf binaries dominate detections. In contrast, a combination of binary star-like and planet-like formation is required to best fit the observations for FGK stars. Using our population model and restricting our sample to FGK stars, we derive a frequency of 5.7−2.8+3.8%, consistent with predictions from the parametric model. More generally, the frequency values that we derive are in excellent agreement with values obtained in previous studies.

Published
2021
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37. The ExoGRAVITY project: using single mode interferometry to characterize exoplanets

Author

Lacour, S., Wang, J.J., Nowak, M., Pueyo, L., Eisenhauer, F., Lagrange, A.-M., Mollière, P., Abuter, R., Amorin, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J.P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bohn, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Caselli, P., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clénet, Y., Cridland, A., Zeeuw, P.T. de, Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Garcia Lopez, R., Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J.H., Haubois, X., Heißel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houllé, M., Hubert, Z., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Keppler, M., Kervella, P., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrère, V., Le Bouquin, J.-B., Léna, P., Lutz, D., Maire, A.-L., Mérand, A., Monnier, J.D., Mouillet, D., Muller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G.P.P.L., Paladini, C., Paumard, T., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodriguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Shangguan, J., Shimizu, T., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Stolker, T., Dishoeck, E.F. van, Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S.D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Sallum, S., Tuthill, P.G., Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Tuthill, Peter G., Mérand, Antoine, Sallum, Stephanie, Sallum, S., and Tuthill, P.G.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Orbital elements, Metallicity, Conjunction (astronomy), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy, Surface gravity, 01 natural sciences, Exoplanet, 010309 optics, Stars, 13. Climate action, Planet, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Adaptive optics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Combining adaptive optics and interferometric observations results in a considerable contrast gain compared to single-telescope, extreme AO systems. Taking advantage of this, the ExoGRAVITY project is a survey of known young giant exoplanets located in the range of 0.1'' to 2'' from their stars. The observations provide astrometric data of unprecedented accuracy, being crucial for refining the orbital parameters of planets and illuminating their dynamical histories. Furthermore, GRAVITY will measure non-Keplerian perturbations due to planet-planet interactions in multi-planet systems and measure dynamical masses. Over time, repetitive observations of the exoplanets at medium resolution ($R=500$) will provide a catalogue of K-band spectra of unprecedented quality, for a number of exoplanets. The K-band has the unique properties that it contains many molecular signatures (CO, H$_2$O, CH$_4$, CO$_2$). This allows constraining precisely surface gravity, metallicity, and temperature, if used in conjunction with self-consistent models like Exo-REM. Further, we will use the parameter-retrieval algorithm petitRADTRANS to constrain the C/O ratio of the planets. Ultimately, we plan to produce the first C/O survey of exoplanets, kick-starting the difficult process of linking planetary formation with measured atomic abundances., SPIE 2020, invited talk

Published
2020

38. Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): A close low-mass companion to ET Cha

Author

Ginski, C., Ménard, F., Rab, Ch., Mamajek, E. E., van Holstein, R. G., Benisty, M., Manara, C. F., Torres, R. Asensio, Bohn, A., Birnstiel, T., Delorme, P., Facchini, S., Garufi, A., Gratton, R., Hogerheijde, M., Huang, J., Kenworthy, M., Langlois, M, Pinilla, P., Pinte, C., Ribas, Á., Rosotti, G., Schmidt, T. O. B., Ancker, M. van den, Wahhaj, Z., Waters, L. B. F. M., Williams, J., Zurlo, A., Asensio Torres, R., van den Ancker, M., Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), Universiteit Leiden, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CE31-0013,PLANET-FORMING-DISKS,De meilleurs modèles pour de meilleures données(2016), and Astronomy

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Brown dwarf, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), binaries: close, protoplanetary disks, stars: individual: ETCha, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary system, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, T Tauri star, Stars, Photometry (astronomy), techniques: polarimetric, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Low Mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, brown dwarfs
Abstract

To understand the formation of planetary systems, one needs to understand the initial conditions of planet formation, i.e. the young gas-rich planet forming disks. Spatially resolved high-contrast observations are of particular interest, since substructures in disks, linked to planet formation, can be detected and close companions or even planets in formation embedded in the disk can be revealed. In this study we present the first result of the DESTINYS survey (Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars). DESTINYS is an ESO/SPHERE large program that aims at studying disk evolution in scattered light, mainly focusing on a sample of low-mass stars (, 14 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&A on 09-07-2020

Published
2020

39. Unveiling the beta Pictoris system, coupling high contrast imaging, interferometric, and radial velocity data

Author

Lagrange, A. M., Rubini, P., Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Grandjean, A., Boccaletti, A., Langlois, M., Delorme, P., Gratton, R., Wang, J., Flasseur, O., Galicher, R., Kral, Q., Meunier, N., Beust, H., Babusiaux, C., Le Coroller, H., Thebault, P., Kervella, P., Zurlo, A., Maire, A.-L., Wahhaj, Z., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnefoy, M., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Clenet, Y., Christiaens, V., Coude du Foresto, V., de Zeeuw, P. T., Desidera, S., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Galland, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Garcia Lopez, R., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Hagelberg, J., Haubois, X., Henning, T., Heissel, G., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Janson, Markus, Kammerer, J., Kenworthy, M., Keppler, M., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrere, V., Le Bouquin, J.-B., Lena, P., Merand, A., Messina, S., Molliere, P., Monnier, J. D., Ott, T., Otten, G., Paumard, T., Paladini, C., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pueyo, L., Pfuhl, O., Rodet, L., Rodriguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Samland, M., Shangguan, J., Schmidt, T., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Stolker, T., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Widmann, F., Woillez, J., Lagrange, A. M., Rubini, P., Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Grandjean, A., Boccaletti, A., Langlois, M., Delorme, P., Gratton, R., Wang, J., Flasseur, O., Galicher, R., Kral, Q., Meunier, N., Beust, H., Babusiaux, C., Le Coroller, H., Thebault, P., Kervella, P., Zurlo, A., Maire, A.-L., Wahhaj, Z., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnefoy, M., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Charnay, B., Chauvin, G., Choquet, E., Clenet, Y., Christiaens, V., Coude du Foresto, V., de Zeeuw, P. T., Desidera, S., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Galland, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Garcia Lopez, R., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Hagelberg, J., Haubois, X., Henning, T., Heissel, G., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Janson, Markus, Kammerer, J., Kenworthy, M., Keppler, M., Kreidberg, L., Lapeyrere, V., Le Bouquin, J.-B., Lena, P., Merand, A., Messina, S., Molliere, P., Monnier, J. D., Ott, T., Otten, G., Paumard, T., Paladini, C., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pueyo, L., Pfuhl, O., Rodet, L., Rodriguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Samland, M., Shangguan, J., Schmidt, T., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Stolker, T., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., Widmann, F., and Woillez, J.

Abstract

Context. The nearby and young beta Pictoris system hosts a well resolved disk, a directly imaged massive giant planet orbiting at similar or equal to 9 au, as well as an inner planet orbiting at similar or equal to 2.7 au, which was recently detected through radial velocity (RV). As such, it offers several unique opportunities for detailed studies of planetary system formation and early evolution. Aims. We aim to further constrain the orbital and physical properties of beta Pictoris b and c using a combination of high contrast imaging, long base-line interferometry, and RV data. We also predict the closest approaches or the transit times of both planets, and we constrain the presence of additional planets in the system. Methods. We obtained six additional epochs of SPHERE data, six additional epochs of GRAVITY data, and five additional epochs of RV data. We combined these various types of data in a single Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis to constrain the orbital parameters and masses of the two planets simultaneously. The analysis takes into account the gravitational influence of both planets on the star and hence their relative astrometry. Secondly, we used the RV and high contrast imaging data to derive the probabilities of presence of additional planets throughout the disk, and we tested the impact of absolute astrometry. Results. The orbital properties of both planets are constrained with a semi-major axis of 9.8 0.4 au and 2.7 +/- 0.02 au for b and c, respectively, and eccentricities of 0.09 +/- 0.1 and 0.27 +/- 0.07, assuming the HIPPARCOS distance. We note that despite these low fitting error bars, the eccentricity of beta Pictoris c might still be over-estimated. If no prior is provided on the mass of beta Pictoris b, we obtain a very low value that is inconsistent with what is derived from brightness-mass models. When we set an evolutionary model motivated prior to the mass of beta Pictoris b, we find a solution in the 10-11 M-Jup range. Conversely, beta P

Published
2020
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40. Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet beta Pictoris c

Author

Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Lagrange, A. -M., Rubini, P., Wang, J., Stolker, T., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauboeck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Charnay, B., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clenet, Y., du Foresto, V. Coude, Cridland, A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Grandjean, A., Haubois, X., Heissel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houlle, M., Hubert, Z., Jimenez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Kervella, P., Keppler, M., Kreidberg, L., Kulikauskas, M., Lapeyrere, V., Le Bouquin, J. -B., Lena, P., Merand, A., Maire, A. -L., Molliere, P., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Mueller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G., Paumard, T., Paladini, C., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pueyo, L., Pfuhl, O., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodriguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Scheithauer, S., Shangguan, J., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., Woillez, J., Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Lagrange, A. -M., Rubini, P., Wang, J., Stolker, T., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauboeck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., Charnay, B., Choquet, E., Christiaens, V., Clenet, Y., du Foresto, V. Coude, Cridland, A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dembet, R., Dexter, J., Drescher, A., Duvert, G., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Gao, F., Garcia, P., Lopez, R. Garcia, Gardner, T., Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Girard, J., Grandjean, A., Haubois, X., Heissel, G., Henning, T., Hinkley, S., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Houlle, M., Hubert, Z., Jimenez-Rosales, A., Jocou, L., Kammerer, J., Kervella, P., Keppler, M., Kreidberg, L., Kulikauskas, M., Lapeyrere, V., Le Bouquin, J. -B., Lena, P., Merand, A., Maire, A. -L., Molliere, P., Monnier, J. D., Mouillet, D., Mueller, A., Nasedkin, E., Ott, T., Otten, G., Paumard, T., Paladini, C., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pueyo, L., Pfuhl, O., Rameau, J., Rodet, L., Rodriguez-Coira, G., Rousset, G., Scheithauer, S., Shangguan, J., Stadler, J., Straub, O., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Tacconi, L. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Vigan, A., Vincent, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Ward-Duong, K., Widmann, F., Wieprecht, E., Wiezorrek, E., and Woillez, J.

Abstract

Context. Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once.Aims. Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way.Methods. We observed the recently-discovered giant planet beta Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer.Results. This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of T=125050 K and a dynamical mass of M=8.2 +/- 0.8 M-Jup. At 18.5 +/- 2.5 Myr, this puts beta Pic c close to a 'hot start' track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7 au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude (M-K=14.3 +/- 0.1) favours a core accretion scenario.Conclusions. We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation.

Published
2020

41. The ExoGRAVITY project: using single mode interferometry to characterize exoplanets

Author

Tuthill, Peter G., Mérand, Antoine, Sallum, Stephanie, Lacour, S., Wang, J. J., Nowak, Mathias, Pueyo, Laurent A., Eisenhauer, Frank, Lagrange, A.-M., Mollière, Paul, Abuter, Roberto, Amorin, António, Asensio-Torres, R., Baubock, Michi, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Beust, Hervé, Blunt, S., Boccaletti, Anthony, Bonnefoy, Mickaël, Bonnet, Henri, Brandner, Wolfgang, Cantalloube, Faustine, Caselli, Paola, Charnay, Benjamin, Chauvin, Gael, Choquet, Élodie, Christiaens, Valentin, Clénet, Yann, Cridland, Alex, de Zeeuw, Tim, Dembet, Roderick, Dexter, Jason, Drescher, Antonia, Duvert, Gilles, Gao, Feng, Garcia-Lopez, Rebeca, Gardner, Tyler, Gendron, Eric, Genzel, Reinhard, Gillessen, Stefan, Girard, Julien H., Haubois, Xavier, Heissel, Gernot, Henning, Thomas, Hinkley, Sasha, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Houlle, Matthis, Hubert, Zoltan, Jimenez Rosales, A, Jocou, Laurent, Kammerer, Jens, Keppler, Miriam, Kervella, Pierre, Kreidberg, Laura, Lapeyrere, Vincent, Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste, Léna, Pierre, Lutz, Dieter, Maire, Anne-Lise, Monnier, John, Mouillet, David, Muller, André, Nasedkin, E., Ott, Thomas, Otten, Gilles, Paladini, Claudia, Paumard, Thibaut, Rousselet-Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy S., Pfuhl, Oliver, Rameau, Julien, Rodet, Laetitia, Rodriguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rousset, Gerard, Shangguan, Jinyi, Shimizu, Taro, Stadler, Julia, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Stolker, Tomas, van Dishoeck, Ewine F., Vigan, Arthur, Vincent, Frederic, von Fellenberg, Sebastiano, Ward Duong, Kimb, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiezorrek, Erich, Woillez, Julien, Tuthill, Peter G., Mérand, Antoine, Sallum, Stephanie, Lacour, S., Wang, J. J., Nowak, Mathias, Pueyo, Laurent A., Eisenhauer, Frank, Lagrange, A.-M., Mollière, Paul, Abuter, Roberto, Amorin, António, Asensio-Torres, R., Baubock, Michi, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Beust, Hervé, Blunt, S., Boccaletti, Anthony, Bonnefoy, Mickaël, Bonnet, Henri, Brandner, Wolfgang, Cantalloube, Faustine, Caselli, Paola, Charnay, Benjamin, Chauvin, Gael, Choquet, Élodie, Christiaens, Valentin, Clénet, Yann, Cridland, Alex, de Zeeuw, Tim, Dembet, Roderick, Dexter, Jason, Drescher, Antonia, Duvert, Gilles, Gao, Feng, Garcia-Lopez, Rebeca, Gardner, Tyler, Gendron, Eric, Genzel, Reinhard, Gillessen, Stefan, Girard, Julien H., Haubois, Xavier, Heissel, Gernot, Henning, Thomas, Hinkley, Sasha, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Houlle, Matthis, Hubert, Zoltan, Jimenez Rosales, A, Jocou, Laurent, Kammerer, Jens, Keppler, Miriam, Kervella, Pierre, Kreidberg, Laura, Lapeyrere, Vincent, Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste, Léna, Pierre, Lutz, Dieter, Maire, Anne-Lise, Monnier, John, Mouillet, David, Muller, André, Nasedkin, E., Ott, Thomas, Otten, Gilles, Paladini, Claudia, Paumard, Thibaut, Rousselet-Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy S., Pfuhl, Oliver, Rameau, Julien, Rodet, Laetitia, Rodriguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rousset, Gerard, Shangguan, Jinyi, Shimizu, Taro, Stadler, Julia, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Stolker, Tomas, van Dishoeck, Ewine F., Vigan, Arthur, Vincent, Frederic, von Fellenberg, Sebastiano, Ward Duong, Kimb, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiezorrek, Erich, and Woillez, Julien

Abstract

Combining adaptive optics and interferometric observations results in a considerable contrast gain compared to single-telescope, extreme AO systems. Taking advantage of this, the ExoGRAVITY project is a survey of known young giant exoplanets located in the range of 0.1” to 2” from their stars. The observations provide astrometric data of unprecedented accuracy, being crucial for refining the orbital parameters of planets and illuminating their dynamical histories. Furthermore, GRAVITY will measure non-Keplerian perturbations due to planet-planet interactions in multi-planet systems and measure dynamical masses. Over time, repetitive observations of the exoplanets at medium resolution (R = 500) will provide a catalogue of K-band spectra of unprecedented quality, for a number of exoplanets. The K-band has the unique properties that it contains many molecular signatures (CO, H₂O, CH₄, CO₂). This allows constraining precisely surface gravity, metallicity, and temperature, if used in conjunction with self-consistent models like Exo-REM. Further, we will use the parameter-retrieval algorithm petitRADTRANS to constrain the C/O ratio of the planets. Ultimately, we plan to produce the first C/O survey of exoplanets, kick-starting the difficult process of linking planetary formation with measured atomic abundances.

Published
2020

42. The ExoGRAVITY project: using single mode interferometry to characterize exoplanets

Author

Lacour, Sylvestre, primary, Wang, Jason J., additional, Nowak, Mathias, additional, Pueyo, Laurent A., additional, Eisenhauer, Frank, additional, Lagrange, A-M, additional, Mollière, Paul, additional, Abuter, Roberto, additional, Amorin, António, additional, Asensio-Torres, R, additional, Baubock, Michi, additional, Benisty, Myriam, additional, Berger, Jean-Philippe, additional, Beust, Hervé, additional, Blunt, Sarah, additional, Boccaletti, Anthony, additional, Bohn, Alexander, additional, Bonnefoy, Mickael, additional, Bonnet, Henri, additional, Brandner, Wolfgang, additional, Cantalloube, Faustine, additional, Caselli, Paola, additional, Charnay, Benjamin, additional, Chauvin, Gael, additional, Choquet, Elodie, additional, Christiaens, Valentin, additional, Clénet, Yann, additional, Cridland, Alex, additional, de Zeeuw, Tim, additional, Dembet, Roderick, additional, Dexter, Jason, additional, Drescher, Antonia, additional, Duvert, Gilles, additional, gao, feng, additional, Garcia, Paulo, additional, Garcia-Lopez, Rebeca, additional, Gardner, Tyler, additional, Gendron, Eric, additional, Genzel, Reinhard, additional, Gillessen, Stefan, additional, Girard, Julien H., additional, Haubois, Xavier, additional, Heissel, Gernot, additional, Henning, Thomas, additional, Hinkley, Sasha, additional, Hippler, Stefan, additional, Horrobin, Matthew, additional, Houlle, Matthis, additional, Hubert, Zoltan, additional, Rosales, A. Jimenez, additional, Jocou, Laurent, additional, Kammerer, Jens, additional, Keppler, Miriam, additional, Kervella, Pierre, additional, Kreidberg, Laura, additional, Lapeyrere, Vincent, additional, Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Léna, Pierre, additional, Lutz, Dieter, additional, Maire, Anne-Lise, additional, Mérand, Antoine, additional, Monnier, John, additional, Mouillet, David, additional, Muller, André, additional, Nasedkin, E., additional, Ott, Thomas, additional, Otten, Gilles, additional, Paladini, Claudia, additional, Paumard, Thibaut, additional, Rousselet-Perraut, Karine, additional, Perrin, Guy S., additional, Pfuhl, Oliver, additional, Rameau, Julien, additional, Rodet, Laetitia, additional, Rodriguez-Coira, Gustavo, additional, Rousset, Gerard, additional, Shangguan, Jinyi, additional, Shimizu, Taro, additional, Stadler, Julia, additional, Straub, Odele, additional, Straubmeier, Christian, additional, Sturm, Eckhard, additional, Stolker, Tomas, additional, van Dishoeck, Ewine F., additional, Vigan, Arthur, additional, Vincent, Frederic, additional, von Fellenberg, Sebastiano, additional, Ward Duong, Kim, additional, Widmann, Felix, additional, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, additional, Wiezorrek, Erich, additional, and Woillez, Julien, additional

Published
2020
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43. The search for disks or planetary objects around directly imaged companions: a candidate around DH Tauri B

Author

Lazzoni, C., primary, Zurlo, A., additional, Desidera, S., additional, Mesa, D., additional, Fontanive, C., additional, Bonavita, M., additional, Ertel, S., additional, Rice, K., additional, Vigan, A., additional, Boccaletti, A., additional, Bonnefoy, M., additional, Chauvin, G., additional, Delorme, P., additional, Gratton, R., additional, Houllé, M., additional, Maire, A. L., additional, Meyer, M., additional, Rickman, E., additional, Spalding, E. A., additional, Asensio-Torres, R., additional, Langlois, M., additional, Müller, A., additional, Baudino, J-L., additional, Beuzit, J.-L., additional, Biller, B., additional, Brandner, W., additional, Buenzli, E., additional, Cantalloube, F., additional, Cheetham, A., additional, Cudel, M., additional, Feldt, M., additional, Galicher, R., additional, Janson, M., additional, Hagelberg, J., additional, Henning, T., additional, Kasper, M., additional, Keppler, M., additional, Lagrange, A.-M., additional, Lannier, J., additional, LeCoroller, H., additional, Mouillet, D., additional, Peretti, S., additional, Perrot, C., additional, Salter, G., additional, Samland, M., additional, Schmidt, T., additional, Sissa, E., additional, and Wildi, F., additional

Published
2020
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44. Resolving faint structures in the debris disk around TWA 7

Author

Olofsson, J., van Holstein, R. G., Boccaletti, A., Janson, M., Thebault, P., Gratton, R., Lazzoni, C., Kral, Q., Bayo, A., Canovas, H., Caceres, C., Ginski, C., Pinte, C., Asensio-Torres, R., Chauvin, G., Desidera, S., Henning, Th., Langlois, M., Milli, J., Schlieder, J. E., Schreiber, M. R., Augereau, J.-C., Bonnefoy, M., Buenzli, E., Brandner, W., Durkan, S., Engler, N., Feldt, M., Godoy, N., Grady, C., Hagelberg, J., Lagrange, A.-M., Lannier, J., Ligi, R., Maire, A.-L., Mawet, D., Ménard, F., Mesa, D., Mouillet, D., Peretti, S., Perrot, C., Salter, G., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., Thalmann, C., Vigan, Arthur, Abe, L., Feautrier, P., Le Mignant, D., Moulin, T., PAVLOV, A., Rabou, P., Rousset, G., Roux, A., Schreiber, R., Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stockholm University, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Caltech Department of Astronomy [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CAMK), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Leiden, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CE31-0013,PLANET-FORMING-DISKS,De meilleurs modèles pour de meilleures données(2016), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], instrumentation: high angular resolution, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, instrumentation: polarimeters, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, circumstellar matter, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Debris disks are the intrinsic by-products of the star and planet formation processes. Most likely due to instrumental limitations and their natural faintness, little is known about debris disks around low-mass stars, especially when it comes to spatially resolved observations. We present new VLT/SPHERE IRDIS Dual-Polarization Imaging (DPI) observations in which we detect the dust ring around the M2 spectral type star TWA\,7. Combined with additional Angular Differential Imaging observations we aim at a fine characterization of the debris disk and setting constraints on the presence of low-mass planets. We model the SPHERE DPI observations and constrain the location of the small dust grains, as well as the spectral energy distribution of the debris disk, using the results inferred from the observations, and perform simple N-body simulations. We find that the dust density distribution peaks at 25 au, with a very shallow outer power-law slope, and that the disk has an inclination of 13 degrees with a position angle of 90 degrees East of North. We also report low signal-to-noise detections of an outer belt at a distance of ~52 au from the star, of a spiral arm in the Southern side of the star, and of a possible dusty clump at 3.9 au. These findings seem to persist over timescales of at least a year. Using the intensity images, we do not detect any planets in the close vicinity of the star, but the sensitivity reaches Jovian planet mass upper limits. We find that the SED is best reproduced with an inner disk at 7 au and another belt at 25 au. We report the detections of several unexpected features in the disk around TWA\,7. A yet undetected 100 M$_\oplus$ planet with a semi-major axis at 20-30 au could possibly explain the outer belt as well as the spiral arm. We conclude that stellar winds are unlikely to be responsible for the spiral arm., Comment: Accepted by A&A, 17 pages

Published
2018

45. Resolving faint structures in the debris disk around TWA 7. Tentative detections of an outer belt, a spiral arm, and a dusty cloud

Author

Olofsson, J., van Holstein, R. G., Boccaletti, A., Janson, M., Thébault, P., Gratton, R., Lazzoni, C., Kral, Q., Bayo, A., Canovas, H., Caceres, C., Ginski, C., Pinte, C., Asensio-Torres, R., Chauvin, G., Desidera, S., Henning, Th., Langlois, M., Milli, J., Schlieder, J. E., Schreiber, M. R., Augereau, J. -C., Bonnefoy, M., Buenzli, E., Brandner, W., Durkan, S., Engler, N., Feldt, M., Godoy, N., Grady, C., Hagelberg, J., Lagrange, A. -M., Lannier, J., Ligi, R., Maire, A. -L., Mawet, D., F. Ménard, D. Mesa, Mouillet, D., Peretti, S., Perrot, C., Salter, G., Schmidt, T., Sissa, E., Thalmann, C., Vigan, A., Abe, L., Feautrier, P., Le Mignant, D., Moulin, T., Pavlov, A., Rabou, P., and Roux, G. Rousset and A.

Published
2018

46. Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet β Pictoris c.

Author

Nowak, M., Lacour, S., Lagrange, A.-M., Rubini, P., Wang, J., Stolker, T., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Asensio-Torres, R., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Beust, H., Blunt, S., Boccaletti, A., Bonnefoy, M., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Cantalloube, F., and Charnay, B.

Subjects
VERY large telescopes, PLANETARY mass, PLANETS, GAS giants, PLANETARY orbits
Abstract

Context. Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once. Aims. Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way. Methods. We observed the recently-discovered giant planet β Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer. Results. This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of T = 1250 ± 50 K and a dynamical mass of M = 8.2 ± 0.8 MJup. At 18.5 ± 2.5 Myr, this puts β Pic c close to a 'hot start' track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7 au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude (MK = 14.3 ± 0.1) favours a core accretion scenario. Conclusions. We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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47. SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars

Author

Asensio-Torres, R., primary, Janson, M., additional, Bonavita, M., additional, Desidera, S., additional, Thalmann, C., additional, Kuzuhara, M., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Marzari, F., additional, Meyer, M. R., additional, Calissendorff, P., additional, and Uyama, T., additional

Published
2018
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48. Polarimetry and flux distribution in the debris disk around HD 32297

Author

Asensio-Torres, R., primary, Janson, M., additional, Hashimoto, J., additional, Thalmann, C., additional, Currie, T., additional, Buenzli, E., additional, Kudo, T., additional, Kuzuhara, M., additional, Kusakabe, N., additional, Abe, L., additional, Akiyama, E., additional, Brandner, W., additional, Brandt, T. D., additional, Carson, J., additional, Egner, S., additional, Feldt, M., additional, Goto, M., additional, Grady, C., additional, Guyon, O., additional, Hayano, Y., additional, Hayashi, M., additional, Hayashi, S., additional, Henning, T., additional, Hodapp, K., additional, Ishii, M., additional, Iye, M., additional, Kandori, R., additional, Knapp, G., additional, Kwon, J., additional, Matsuo, T., additional, McElwain, M., additional, Mayama, S., additional, Miyama, S., additional, Morino, J., additional, Moro-Martin, A., additional, Nishimura, T., additional, Pyo, T., additional, Serabyn, E., additional, Suenaga, T., additional, Suto, H., additional, Suzuki, R., additional, Takahashi, Y., additional, Takami, M., additional, Takato, N., additional, Terada, H., additional, Turner, E., additional, Watanabe, M., additional, Wisniewski, J., additional, Yamada, T., additional, Takami, H., additional, Usuda, T., additional, and Tamura, M., additional

Published
2016
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