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Background We investigated mortality in workers of the world's largest chrysotile mine and enrichment factories located in the town of Asbest, Russian Federation. Methods This historical cohort study included all workers employed for at least 1 year between 1975 and 2010 and follow-up until the end of 2015. Cumulative exposure to dust was estimated based on workers' complete occupational history linked to dust measurements systematically collected from the 1950s. Exposure to chrysotile fibers was estimated using dust-to-fiber conversion factors. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated as mortality rate ratios in Poisson regression models. Results A total of 30 445 (32% women) workers accumulated 721 312 person-years at risk and 11 110 (36%) died. Of the workers, 54% had more than 30 years since their first exposure. We found an exposure-response between cumulative dust and lung cancer mortality in men. No clear association with dust exposure but a modest increase in the highest category of fiber exposure was seen for lung cancer in women. Mesothelioma mortality was increased (RR = 7.64, 95% CI = 1.18 to 49.5, to at least 80 fibers per cm3 years and RR = 4.56, 95% CI = 0.94 to 22.1, to at least 150 mg/m3 years [dust]), based on 13 deaths. For colorectal and stomach cancer, there were inconsistent associations. No associations were seen for laryngeal or ovarian cancer. Conclusion In this large-scale epidemiological study in the world's largest active asbestos mine, we confirmed an increased risk of mesothelioma with high fiber exposure and an increasing mortality for lung cancer in men with increasing dust exposure. Less clear-cut increased lung cancer mortality was seen in the women. Continued mortality follow-up is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer is primarily diagnosed as non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with high recurrence and progression rates. Environmental and occupational exposures to carcinogens are well-known risk factors for developing bladder cancer, yet their effects on prognosis remain unknown. In the Be-Well Study, a population-based prospective cohort study of 1472 Kaiser Permanente patients newly diagnosed with NMIBC in California from 2015 to 2019, we examined history of environmental and occupational exposures in relation to tumor stage and grade at initial diagnosis by multivariable logistic regression, and subsequent recurrence and progression by Cox proportional hazards regression. Exposure to environmental and occupational carcinogens was significantly associated with increased risk of progression (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.04-3.09), specifically with increased progression to muscle-invasive disease (HR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.16-4.50). Exposures to asbestos and arsenic were associated with increased odds of advanced stage at diagnosis (asbestos: odds ratio (OR) = 1.43 [95% CI, 1.11-1.84]; arsenic: OR = 1.27 [95% CI, 1.01-1.63]), and formaldehyde exposure was associated with increased risk of recurrence (HR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.12-1.69). Our findings suggest that considering a patient's history of these exposures may benefit current risk stratification systems in better tailoring clinical care and improving prognosis among patients with NMIBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to analyze the trends and burden of occupational exposure to asbestos in the United States (U.S.) from 1990 to 2019, focusing on mortality rates, geographic distribution, age and sex patterns, and causes of death. Methods: Data on the number of deaths attributable to occupational exposure to asbestos were collected from 1990 to 2019 in the U.S. Joinpoint analysis was conducted to assess trends over time, and regression models were applied to calculate annual percentage changes (APC) and annual average percentage changes (AAPC). Geographic distribution was examined using mapping techniques. Age and sex patterns were analyzed, and causes of death were identified based on available data. Results: From 1990 to 2019, the overall number of deaths due to occupational exposure to asbestos in the U.S. increased by 20.2%. However, age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates (ASDR) exhibited a decline over the same period. Geographic analysis revealed differences in the number of deaths across states in 2019, with California reporting the highest number of fatalities. Age-specific mortality and DALYs showed an increase with age, peaking in older age groups. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer were the leading causes of death attributed to asbestos exposure, with increasing trends observed over the past five years. Conclusion: The study highlights significant trends and burden in occupational exposure to asbestos in the U.S., including overall increases in mortality rates, declining ASMR and ASDR, geographic disparities, age and sex patterns, and shifts in causes of death. These findings underscore the importance of continued monitoring and preventive measures to mitigate the burden of asbestos-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) gathered data between 1989 and 1997 to build an "objective database" to further understand the occupational exposures generated by the few asbestos-containing materials remaining at various steelmaking companies at this time. This paper analyzed the 520 samples from this campaign which occurred at five different steel manufacturers: Georgetown Steel Company, Inland Steel Company, Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) Corporation, United States Steel Corporation, and Weirton Steel Corporation. This database is believed to have never previously been systematically organized. Samples were grouped based on sampling times to determine whether they should most appropriately be compared to the OSHA short-term excursion limit (EL) or the 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL). Sampling times of 30 min or less were considered short-term samples, and samples of 180 min or greater were considered representative workday samples. Samples that did not fit into either category, with sampling times between 31 and 179 min, were considered task samples. Overall, the data indicated that the airborne concentrations were quite low in 1989 and they continued to be low through the study period which ended in 1997. Only seven out of 286 (approximately 2.5%) short-term or representative workday samples were in exceedance of the current OSHA OELs that were implemented in 1994 (short-term samples being compared to the 1 f/cc EL and representative workday samples being compared to the 0.1 f/cc 8-hr TWA PEL). Consistent with prior data, analysis of this dataset supports the view that materials containing asbestos were not used in many applications in the steel industry, and measured airborne concentrations of asbestos were almost always below the occupational exposure limits (OELs) in the post-OSHA era (1972–2000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radon is a naturally occurring noble radioactive gas that poses significant health risks, particularly lung cancer, due to its colorless, odorless, and tasteless nature, which makes detection challenging without formal testing. It is found in soil, rock, and water, and it infiltrates indoor environments, necessitating regulatory standards and guidelines from organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the World Health Organization, and the Occupational Health and Safety Agency to mitigate exposure. In this paper, we present various methods and instruments for radon assessment in occupational and environmental settings. Discussion on long- and short-term monitoring, including grab sampling, radon dosimetry, and continuous real-time monitoring, is provided. The comparative analysis of detection techniques—active versus passive—is highlighted from real-time data and long-term exposure assessment, including advances in sensor technology, data processing, and public awareness, to improve radon exposure evaluation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Context.--Molecular testing has increasingly been utilized in the evaluation of mesothelioma. Diffuse mesothelioma comprises multiple distinct genetic subgroups. While most diffuse mesotheliomas lack oncogenic kinase mutations and instead harbor alterations involving tumor suppressors and chromatin regulators, a minor subset of tumors is characterized by uncommon alterations such as germline mutations, genomic near-haploidization, ALK rearrangement, ATF1 rearrangement, or EWSR1::YY1 fusion. Objective.--To provide updates on the salient molecular features of diffuse mesothelioma, mesothelioma in situ, and other mesothelial lesions: well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor, adenomatoid tumor, peritoneal inclusion cyst, and others. We consider the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive utility of molecular testing in mesothelial lesions. Data Sources.--We performed a literature review of recently described genetic features, molecular approaches, and immunohistochemical tools, including BAP1, MTAP, and merlin in mesothelioma and other mesothelial lesions. Conclusions.--Our evolving understanding of the molecular diversity of diffuse mesothelioma and other mesothelial lesions has led to considerable changes in pathology diagnostic practice, including the application of immunohistochemical markers such as BAP1, MTAP, and merlin (NF2), which are surrogates of mutation status. In young patients and/or those without significant asbestos exposure, unusual mesothelioma genetics such as germline mutations, ALK rearrangement, and ATF1 rearrangement should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the manufacture, import, and use of asbestos products have been completely abolished in Japan, the main cause of asbestos emissions into the atmosphere is the demolition and removal of buildings built with asbestos-containing materials. To detect and correct asbestos emissions from inappropriate demolition and removal operations at an early stage, a rapid method to measure atmospheric asbestos fibers is required. The current rapid measurement method is a combination of short-term atmospheric sampling and phase-contrast microscopy counting. However, visual counting takes a considerable amount of time and is not sufficiently fast. Using artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze microscope images to detect fibers may greatly reduce the time required for counting. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the use of AI image analysis for detecting fibers in phase-contrast microscope images. A series of simulated atmospheric samples prepared from standard samples of amosite and chrysotile were observed using a phase-contrast microscope. Images were captured, and training datasets were created from the counting results of expert analysts. We adopted 2 types of AI models—an instance segmentation model, namely the mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN), and a semantic segmentation model, namely the multi-level aggregation network (MA-Net)—that were trained to detect asbestos fibers. The accuracy of fiber detection achieved with the Mask R-CNN model was 57% for recall and 46% for precision, whereas the accuracy achieved with the MA-Net model was 95% for recall and 91% for precision. Therefore, satisfactory results were obtained with the MA-Net model. The time required for fiber detection was less than 1 s per image in both AI models, which was faster than the time required for counting by an expert analyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text provides a concise and factual summary of the given document. It highlights the significance of the Postmasburg manganese field in South Africa and its role in the exploration of the Kalahari manganese field. It also discusses the rich history of pre-European extraction and utilization of iron ore in the area. The summary mentions the town of Postmasburg, its population, and its reliance on the mining and agricultural sectors. It also acknowledges the historical and cultural heritage of the region and the various minerals found in the area. The summary concludes by mentioning ongoing research and the currently operating mines in the region. [Extracted from the article]

An 80-year-old woman presented with complaints of weakness and dizziness. She had a medical history of subacute cerebral ischemia, vertigo, hypertension, and thalassemia minor. The patient was born and raised in Turkey and has lived in Switzerland for 50 years. Her sister died of a mesothelioma caused by asbestos exposure at the age of 60 years but had lived in Turkey until her death. The patient had neither a history of TB nor B symptoms. She has never smoked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that mostly affects the pleura and has a strong link to asbestos exposure. Greece banned the use of asbestos in 2005, however, the public was already aware of this substance in the 1980s. This research aims to present an overview of Greece's mesothelioma age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) from 1983 to 2019 by age, gender, and geographic region and to determine whether the actions to ban asbestos impacted these rates. Methods: Data were retrieved by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (HSA) from death certificates that mentioned mesothelioma as the cause of death from 1983 to 2019 with details on the residence, gender, and age. Statistical analysis was performed using PRISM 6.0 software, a two-way ANOVA test, Trend analysis was conducted using Joinpoint Regression Program 5.0 software. The linear and non-linear model was used to calculate the age-standardized rates of annual percentage change (APC) and its 95% confidential interval (95% CI). Results: From 1983 to 2019, 850 total mesothelioma deaths were recorded, the majority of whom were males (634). A rate of 74.6% accounts for males and 25.4% for females, and the ratio of Males: Females was 3:1. Males' ASMR and the whole population's ASMR reached their highest levels in 2011 (0.93/100000person-years and 0.53/100000person-years, respectively). To look for potential changes between the first two decades of the 21st century, we compared the mean ASMR of each geographic region in Greece between two different 10-year subperiods (2000–2009 and 2010–2019). Except for Epirus, all regions of Greece had elevated regional ASMRs, particularly in those with the highest asbestos deposits. Notably, the ASMR in Epirus decreased from 0.54/100000person-years (2000–2009) to 0.31/100000person-years (2010–2019). After 2011, the ASMR for men and the general population stabilized. This stability is important since mesothelioma in men is associated with occupational asbestos exposure. The intriguing discovery of a lower ASMR in Epirus emphasizes the need to raise awareness of the condition and implement effective public health measures. Conclusions: In Greece, the annual ASMR for males and the whole population reached its highest level in 2011, which is positive and encouraging and may be a sign that the rate will stabilize during the following years. Moreover, this study showed that the actions made in the 1980s regarding public awareness and surveillance directly impacted the decrease in Epirus rates. Future research, continual awareness, information, and recording are needed to monitor the mesothelioma epidemic. The possible benefit of a mesothelioma registry and the epidemiological surveillance of asbestos-related diseases, particularly mesothelioma mortality, need to be addressed. Trial registration: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following European directives, asbestos–cement corrugated roofing tiles must be eliminated by 2025. Therefore, identifying asbestos–cement rooftops is the first necessary step to proceed with their removal. Unfortunately, asbestos detection is a challenging task. Current procedures for identifying asbestos require human exploration, which is costly and slow. This has motivated the interest of governments and companies in developing automatic tools that can help to detect and classify these types of materials that are dangerous to the population. This paper explores multiple computer vision techniques based on Deep Learning to advance the automatic detection of asbestos in aerial images. On the one hand, we trained and tested two classification architectures, obtaining high accuracy levels. On the other, we implemented an explainable AI method to discern what information in an RGB image is relevant for a successful classification, ensuring that our classifiers' learning process is guided by the right variables—color, surface patterns, texture, etc.—observable on asbestos rooftops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Australia introduced a partial ban on asbestos consumption in 1984. There is continuing concern about exposure to asbestos in the built environment and non‐occupational exposures. The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological trends of mesothelioma in Western Australia (WA) over the 60 years since the first case was recorded. Methods: Every case of mesothelioma notified to the WA Cancer Registry is reviewed by an expert panel. Data include demographic and clinical variables including principal mode of asbestos exposure and age at first exposure. Trends over time for survival, latency and pathological subtype of mesothelioma where analysed. Incidence rates for cases exposed during home renovation where calculated. Results: Two thousand seven hundred ninety‐six cases of mesothelioma were identified with males comprising the majority (n = 2368, 84.7%). The median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 70 (62–78) years, and median latency of 47 (38–55) years. Pleural mesothelioma was recorded in 2620 (93.7%) cases with the epithelioid subtype most prevalent (n = 1730, 61.9%). Overall, median survival was 298 (128–585) days and latency 46 (37–54) years, both effectively doubling over the study period. Non‐occupational exposures were proportionally higher in females (52.6%), compared with males (9.5%). Home renovation was the primary exposure in 227 (8.1%) cases, with number of cases and incidence rate ratio peaking in 2005/09 but subsequently decreasing. Conclusion: The annual number of cases of mesothelioma in WA may have hit a plateau. The majority of females have non‐occupational exposures and incidence rates from home renovation exposure may have peaked, suggesting the ban on asbestos has been effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries banned asbestos due to its toxicity, but considering its colossal use, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, disposing of waste containing asbestos is the current problem. Today, many asbestos disposal technologies are known, but they usually involve colossal investment and operating expenses, and the end- and by-products of these methods negatively impact the environment. This paper identifies a unique modern direction in detoxifying asbestos minerals, which involves using microorganisms and plants and their metabolites. The work comprehensively focuses on the interactions between asbestos and plants, bacteria and fungi, including lichens and, for the first time, yeast. Biological treatment is a prospect for in situ land reclamation and under industrial conditions, which can be a viable alternative to landfilling and an environmentally friendly substitute or supplement to thermal, mechanical, and chemical methods, often characterized by high cost intensity. Plant and microbial metabolism products are part of the green chemistry trend, a central strategic pillar of global industrial and environmental development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pivotal environmental geology research was carried out in the protected area of Cape Peloro (Messina, NE Sicily, Italy). The main aims were the ascertainment of the presence of Asbestos Cement Materials (ACMs), their mapping, and, consequently, an estimation of the potential risk for human health and marine coastal environments. The beaches surveyed covered 4500 m of coastline. Through high-resolution photographic surveys, over 520 fiber cement fragments were documented on the beaches as well as in beach deposits. The materials, after microscope, SEM-EDS, and FTIR analyses, were found to be composed of Portland cement with chrysotile and crocidolite fibers. Fragments of ACMs showed typical corrugated forms with centimeter-to-decimeter sizes and prevailing well-rounded, platy, and sub-elongate shapes. In a few localities, some fragments were found to be angular or friable. Furthermore, some fragments found on the beach were covered by conspicuous encrustations of marine organisms, testifying to their long staying in shallow-water marine environments. Illicit landfills and abandoned materials were identified in natural sections on the coastal plain. Most of the rounded ACMs were characterized by their surface texture, with mm-size asbestos fibers exposed on the surface due to significant weathering and abrasion. Notably, new fragments appeared after storms. Significant criticisms have been made related to the ACMs, analogously to what was reported for other Italian marine beaches. Possible intervention and reclamation activities cannot limit themselves to removing the fragments on the beach, as fragments are immersed in the coastal sediments at different depths and are also found in the marine deposits. Here, it is underlined that any asbestos removal and reclamation activities, if not designed and based on a multidisciplinary approach and knowledge of local coastal dynamics and the meteo-marine climate, will be very expensive and ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes historical asbestos exposure data collected during the handling of short-fiber chrysotile asbestos that was used as an additive to drilling fluid in oil and gas exploration. A total of 1171 industrial hygiene (IH) personal and area air samples were collected and analyzed from more than 20 drilling rigs between 1972 and 1985. The dataset consists of 1097 short-term samples (<240 min) with more than 80% having sample durations less than 30 min. Average airborne fiber concentrations measured during asbestos handling activities ranged from 0.62 f/cc to 3.39 f/cc using phase-contrast microscopy (PCM). An additional 14 samples were considered long-term samples (>240 min) and there were 60 samples with no reported sample duration. Eight-hour time-weighted average (8-h TWA) results, calculated using short-term samples, along with long-term samples greater than 240 min, did not exceed contemporaneous Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PELs). This analysis fills a data gap in the evaluation of asbestos exposures from the use of drilling mud additives (DMAs) that contained chrysotile asbestos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing requirements for ablative thermal protection materials, there is an urgent need for boron phenolic resin (BPR) composites with excellent high-temperature strength properties as well as ablation performance to address the structural failure during the ablation process of these devices. Herein, modified pickling asbestos (MPA) was successfully incorporated into BPR to prepare MPA-modified BPR (MPABPR). In addition, one-dimensional MPA with improved dispersion and compatibility was used to fabricate a fiber-reinforced network inside of BPR for the first time, which effectively increased the high-temperature strength and ablation resistance of BPR. The results demonstrated that the hightemperature strength of MPABPR was optimally improved by 25% compared to pure BPR. Meanwhile, when the content of MPA was only 5 wt%, the linear and mass ablation rates of MPABPR could reduce to 0.046 mm/s and 0.043 g/s, which were 34.3% and 23.2% lower than that of pure BPR, respectively. This study has the enormous potential to provide a new strategy for preparing high-performance BPR matrix materials. Highlights • The dispersion and compatibility of PA are improved by modification. • MPA constructs a fiber-reinforced network that can strengthen the carbon layer. • The ablative properties of MPABPR have great advantages over the BPR. • The compressive strength of carbonized MPABPR5 is 25% higher than that of BPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asbestosis, defined as diffuse pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, occurs after heavy exposures to asbestos dust over several decades. Because workplace exposures have been significantly curtailed since the banning of asbestos in insulation products, we were interested in examining the clinicopathological characteristics of cases diagnosed in the 21st century. The consultation files of one of the authors (VLR) were reviewed for cases of asbestosis diagnosed since 1/1/2001. 102 cases were identified, with a median age of 75 years (range: 45–89). There were 100 men and 2 women. The women were from Turkey and Brazil (none from the United States). Malignancies were present in 78 cases, including 38 lung cancers, 29 pleural mesotheliomas, and 8 peritoneal mesotheliomas. The grade of asbestosis was available in 88 cases (median severity of 2; scale: 1–4). Pleural plaque was present in 94% of cases. The most common exposure categories were insulators (39), shipyard workers (16), asbestos manufacturing (9), boiler workers (8) and pipefitter/welders (6). The median duration of exposure was 33 years (range: 2–49 years). Lung fiber burden analysis was performed in 34 cases, with amosite being the predominant fiber type. Results were compared with similar information for 475 cases diagnosed prior to 1/1/2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue from a 77-year-old man diagnosed with mesothelioma was referred with a request for identification of the presence of fibrous structures in tissue samples. The individual's work history including working as a "mucker" at a specific "industrial" talc mine. Ferruginous bodies in the tissue digests as well as asbestos fibers were found. A bulk sample of a talc containing product from that mine was also analyzed. The correlation between the unique asbestos mineral/fibrous content of the talc to which he was exposed and findings of the same type of asbestos found in his lung is discussed. The type of asbestos found (tremolite) is a "non-commercial" type of asbestos that has been identified in some talc deposits. Tremolite, like all forms of asbestos is a causative agent for mesothelioma-the disease from which this individual suffered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erionite is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral found in soils in some geographical regions. Known for its potency for causing mesothelioma in the Cappadocia region of Turkey, the erionite fiber has attracted interest in the United States due to its presence in a band of rock that extends from Mexico to Montana. There are few toxicology studies of erionite, but all show it to have unusually high chronic toxicity. Despite its high potency compared to asbestos fibers, erionite has no occupational or environmental exposure limits. This paper takes what has been learned about the chemical and physical characteristics of the various forms of asbestos (chrysotile, amosite, anthophyllite, and crocidolite) and predicts the potency of North American erionite fibers. Based on the fiber potency model in Korchevskiy et al. (2019) and the available published information on erionite, the estimated mesothelioma potency factors (the proportion of mesothelioma mortality per unit cumulative exposure (f/cc-year)) for erionites in the western United States were determined. The model predicted potency factors ranged from 0.19 to 11.25 (average ∼3.5), depending on the region. For reference, crocidolite (the most potent commercial form of asbestos) is assigned a potency factor ∼0.5. The model predicted mesothelioma potency of Turkish erionite (4.53) falls in this same range of potencies as erionite found in North America. Although it can vary by region, a reasonable ratio of average mesothelioma potency based on this model is 3,000:500:100:1 comparing North American erionite, crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile (from most potent to least potent). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are catastrophic natural disasters that cause extensive damage to infrastructure and disrupt the lives of millions worldwide. Beyond the immediate physical and psychological damage caused by earthquakes, these events can significantly impact respiratory health. The inhalation of dust, smoke, particulates, toxic gases, and asbestos exposure can lead to various respiratory health pathologies. These include respiratory infections, exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory diseases, chest traumas, and pulmonary and venous thromboembolism. Longitudinal studies are necessary to assess the long-term respiratory health effects in affected populations. By addressing these knowledge gaps, future mitigation strategies and preparedness measures can be developed to minimize the respiratory health impacts of earthquakes and improve the well-being of affected communities. Robust building infrastructure and comprehensive earthquake preparedness are emerging as the most important determinants for not only mitigating building collapse but also significantly reducing the potential health impacts that follow. This comprehensive review aims to provide a systematic overview of the lung health impacts of earthquakes. It highlights the need for further research to identify specific pollutants, air contaminants, and environmental factors contributing to respiratory health issues following earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asbestos is a term that includes six fibrous mineral phases related to different lung diseases, including asbestosis, lung cancer, and Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM). Since the last century, these minerals have been widely studied under their mineralogical/chemical and physical aspects with in vivo and in vitro studies to understand the mechanisms of their carcinogenicity. There are several techniques described in the literature, as optical and electron microscopies, for the identification of coated (asbestos bodies, ABs) and uncoated fibers, but only micro-Raman spectroscopy permits a sure characterization of these minerals—and of the related phases—directly in the histological sections of pulmonary parenchyma without any manipulation. In this case, the risk of the loss of associated inorganic phases from asbestos bodies (ABs) and fibers (e.g.: iron or carbonaceous micro-particles) is avoided. Asbestos bodies are produced by the activity of alveolar macrophages with degradation/inactivation of asbestos fibers. Inside the alveolar macrophages, organic and inorganic material settles on the foreign fibers forming an iron-rich proteic and carbonaceous coating. In this study, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy with annexed Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (VP-SEM/EDS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy were applied to the characterization of the phases in the ABs. Characterization of carbonaceous materials (CMs), observed in pristine asbestos phases in previous works, was therefore performed, addressing the micro-Raman laser beam on different points of the asbestos bodies, and Raman mappings on ABs were carried out for the first time. Coupling the data obtained by VP-SEM/EDS and micro-Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to collect information about the iron and carbonaceous phases adhered to the fibers, probably lost during the classical tissue digestion procedures. Information about both mineral and carbonaceous components might be useful to understand the whole structure of "asbestos bodies" and the inflammogenic and carcinogenic effects of the asbestos phases coupled to CMs, that might derive from cigarette smoke or from environmental pollution; this study might be useful to deepen also the possible detrimental role of ABs in the tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The causal attribution of asbestos-related diseases to past asbestos exposures is of crucial importance in clinical and legal contexts. Often this evaluation is made based on the history of exposure, but this method presents important limitations. To assess past asbestos exposure, pleural plaques (PP), lung fibrosis and histological evidence of ferruginous bodies (FB) can be used in combination with anamnestic data. However, such markers have never been associated with a threshold value of inhaled asbestos. With this study we attempted to shed light on the dose–response relationship of PP, lung fibrosis and FBs, investigating if their prevalence in exposed individuals who died from malignant mesothelioma (MM) is related to the concentration of asbestos in lungs assessed using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Moreover, we estimated the values of asbestos concentration in lungs associated with PP, lung fibrosis and FB. Lung fibrosis showed a significant positive relationship with asbestos lung content, whereas PP and FB did not. We identified, for the first time, critical lung concentrations of asbestos related to the presence of PP, lung fibrosis and FB at histology (respectively, 19 800, 26 400 and 27 400 fibers per gram of dry weight), that were all well-below the background levels of asbestos identified in our laboratory. Such data suggest that PP, lung fibrosis and FB at histology should be used with caution in the causal attribution of MM to past asbestos exposures, while evaluation of amphibole lung content using analytical electron microscopy should be preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air quality in a cancer facility is integral to the success of patient treatment. The organization must be committed to providing a patient care environment free of physical and biological hazards that result from construction and demolition activities. This project intended to safely demolish a derelict building in Texas while minimizing air quality risks and impacts to nearby hospitals and a proximal cancer hospital. Two of the neighboring facilities were less than 18 feet (5.5 m) away from the demolition location. Adjacent facilities included inpatient and outpatient cancer treatment clinics, a large data center, a pediatric hospital complex, and a heart institute. Plans to minimize infection risks and dust for respective facilities were designed before implosion and remained in place until total debris removal. Risk assessments of nearby buildings were completed to determine the appropriate precautions and physical barriers needed. Culturable and non-culturable fungal air samples were collected during implosion to verify the management of outside contaminants. Additionally, continuous particulate and routine sampling for culturable and non-culturable fungi were performed for approximately 7 months after the project demolition. Air sampling results from 32 internal areas indicated that most areas remained at pre-implosion background levels. Areas that experienced elevated particle counts were cleaned and resampled, and baseline values returned to pre-implosion levels within 12 hr. Fungal air sampling results were acceptable based on predetermined infection control guidelines. The building was successfully demolished via implosion with no injuries and minimal damage to nearby facilities. The team learned that an integrated approach to project management that includes all stakeholders is essential to success. Contingency planning should account for all variables; no assumptions should be made. Staffing plans should be reviewed to ensure the sampling strategy developed can be implemented appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) are prevalent pollutants in shoe industry-related workplaces. The aim of this study was to assess exposure to BTEX and their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in shoe-industry-related workplaces. This study was carried out at different shoe manufactures, small shoe workshop units, shoe markets, and shoe stores in Tabriz, Iran in 2021. Personal inhalation exposure to BTEX was measured using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1501 method. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to inhalation exposure to BTEX were estimated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) method based on Mont Carlo simulation. Results showed that the concentrations of benzene and toluene were higher than the threshold limit value (TLV) in both gluing and non-gluing units of shoe manufactures. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) due to exposure to benzene and ethyl benzene was considerable in all shoe industry-related workplaces. Also, the hazard index (HI) as a non-carcinogenic index was higher than standard levels in all shoe industry-related workplaces. Therefore, shoe industry-related workers are at cancer and non-cancer risks due to exposure to BTEX. Prevention measures need to be implemented to reduce the concentration of BTEX in shoe industry-related workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asbestos cement (AC) is used in water pipes, roofing, exterior siding, water tanks, cooling towers, and other applications. Although the global market for asbestos is slowly shrinking, AC products continue to dominate the remaining uses in many countries. This review focuses on asbestos exposures during the installation, maintenance, and ultimate removal of these materials. This assessment summarizes the available published and unpublished reports of airborne asbestos exposures during the cutting and removal of AC pipes, roofing, sheets, and cooling tower components and the range of exposures associated with the most common work practices. Task-based exposures from cutting AC pipe ranged from 11.3 to 129.0 f/cm3 with a mean exposure of 53.8 f/cm3. Cutting flat boards and corrugated roofing AC sheets resulted in exposures ranging from 1.3 to 130.0 f/cm3 with a mean of 24.0 f/cm3. Exposures for power saw cutting of AC sheets and pipes fit lognormal distributions and suggest that more than 86% of these tasks with AC sheet and 100% of the tasks with AC pipe exceed the US short-term Excursion Limit. Intermittent high exposures from the ongoing use of AC products in countries around the world are associated with an increased lifetime risk of asbestos-related disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various scientific updates in oncology. Topics include such as a new methodology for assessing sarcopenia by CT scan, cognitive issues in breast cancer survivors, the underestimation of cancer-related fatigue, the recognition of laryngeal and ovarian cancers as asbestos-related occupational diseases, the significance of understanding elderly cancer patients for improved care, and potential interactions between unconventional therapies.

Bioremediation utilizes living organisms such as plants, microbes and their enzymatic products to reduce toxicity in xenobiotic compounds. Microbial-mediated bioremediation is cost effective and sustainable and in situ application is easily implemented. Either naturally occurring metabolic activity can be utilized during bioremediation for the degradation, transformation or accumulation of substances, or microbial augmentation with non-native species can be exploited. Despite the perceived low potential for the biological degradation of some recalcitrant compounds, successful steps towards bioremediation have been made, including with asbestos minerals, which are prevalent in building stock (created prior to the year 2000) in New Zealand. Evidence of the in situ biodegradation of asbestos fibres was investigated in samples taken from a retired asbestos mine, asbestos-contaminated soils and biofilm or lichen-covered asbestos-containing building materials. Microbial diversity within the biofilms to be associated with the asbestos-containing samples was investigated using internal transcribed spacer and 16S DNA amplicon sequencing, supplemented with isolation and culturing on agar plates. A range of fungal and bacterial species were found, including some known to produce siderophores. Changes to fibre structure and morphology were analysed using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Chrysotile fibrils from asbestos-containing material (ACMs), asbestos-containing soils, and asbestos incorporated into lichen material showed signs of amorphisation and dissolution across their length, which could be related to biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibole asbestos is related to multiple diseases, mainly those targeting the lungs. Asbestos-related malignancies can also be caused by non-regulated asbestiform minerals and some elongated mineral particles (EMPs). In particular, the role of nano- and micro-sized EMPs internalized by lung epithelial cells must be clarified. This is of major importance when considering that EMPs to which humans are exposed are likely a highly heterogeneous mix of different mineral types, shapes, and sizes. Here, we document that particles smaller than 4.54 µm in length and smaller than 0.89 µm in width (e.g., particles that do not fit the regulatory categories to be identified as asbestos) are easily internalized because of their specific dimensions, surface charge, and shape (mostly dictated by the aspect ratio L/w). Once internalized, these particles can be found in proximity to the cell nucleus, in vesicles, and in the cytoplasm. Examining the localization of particles in cells provides important information, which helps in determining the physicochemical environment found inside the biological compartment, thus allowing for a better comprehension of the mineralogical transformation that might happen after internalization by cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer, commonly detected at late stages. Proper blood-based biomarkers for the detection of the disease at early stages need to be assessed in prospective, longitudinal studies. This article comprehensively elucidates underlying methodologies to support researchers conducting these required studies. Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer, strongly associated with prior exposure to asbestos. Commonly, tumors are detected at late stages of the disease. Detection at early stages might be meaningful, because therapies might be more effective when the tumor burden is relatively low and the tumor has not spread to distant sites. Circulating biomarkers in blood might be a promising tool to improve the early detection of mesothelioma, but for screening in asymptomatic subjects, candidate biomarkers need to be validated in appropriate studies. This study was conducted to assess the performance of biomarkers in liquid biopsies to detect mesothelioma at early stages. Over a period of 10 years, 2769 volunteers formerly exposed to asbestos were annually examined and liquid biopsies were collected. A follow-up was completed 17 months after the last blood collection. The article provides a detailed overview of our lessons learned and experiences of conducting a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study. The existing cohort of individuals at risk is highly suitable for the validation of blood-based biomarkers for the early detection of mesothelioma as well as lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an invasive and drug-resistant tumor related to asbestos exposure, with limited therapy options. It is associated with an unfavorable prognosis and a 5-year survival rate of only 12%. Current standard-of-care treatment based on platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy has been in place for the past two decades, though survival is increased by just a few months. In this article, we aim to review the current chemotherapy and immunotherapy options for this malignancy and highlight recent developments with regard to chemoimmunotherapy, targeted agents and cellular therapy. The incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma is expected to increase globally. New treatment options for this malignancy are eagerly awaited to improve the survival and quality of life of patients. The present article highlights the results of recent advances in this field, analyzing data from several relevant trials. The heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and biology, together with the low mutational burden, pose a challenge for treating such tumors. So far, no single biomarker has been soundly correlated with targeted therapy development; thus, combination strategies are often required to improve outcomes. Locally applied vaccines, the expansion of genetically engineered immune cell populations such as T cells, the blockage of immune checkpoints that inhibit anti-tumorigenic responses and chemoimmunotherapy are among the most promising options expected to change the mesothelioma treatment landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pleural mesothelioma is a neoplastic disease originating from mesothelium and is commonly associated with asbestos exposure. Despite the progress made, mortality is still high both because of late diagnosis and treatment resistance. With this review, we want to reassess all aspects of this disease from pathogenesis to diagnosis, and the most recent proposed treatment in order to inspire further research to cover unmet needs. Pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive disease with diffuse nature, low median survival, and prolonged latency presenting difficulty in prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment. Here, we review all these aspects to underline the progress being made in its investigation and to emphasize how much work remains to be carried out to improve prognosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mesothelioma is a rare cancer arising from the mesothelium, the epithelial lining of the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium and tunica vaginalis testis. Mesothelioma is a disease with poor prognosis and few targeted treatment options. The genomic landscape of mesothelioma is characterized by the inactivation of oncosuppressor genes, and activating targetable mutations in oncogenes are rare. The goal of this review is to summarize the advancements in the use of clinical next generation sequencing in mesothelioma to guide the use of targeted agents. Mesothelioma comprises a group of rare cancers arising from the mesothelium of the pleura, peritoneum, tunica vaginalis testis and pericardium. Mesothelioma is generally associated with asbestos exposure and has a dismal prognosis, with few therapeutic options. Several next generation sequencing (NGS) experiments have been performed on mesothelioma arising at different sites. These studies highlight a genomic landscape mainly characterized by a high prevalence (>20%) of genomic aberrations leading to functional losses in oncosuppressor genes such as BAP1, CDKN2A, NF2, SETD2 and TP53. Nevertheless, to date, evidence of the effect of targeting these alterations with specific drugs is lacking. Conversely, 1–2% of mesothelioma might harbor activating mutations in oncogenes with specifically approved drugs. The goal of this review is to summarize NGS applications in mesothelioma and to provide insights into target therapy of mesothelioma guided by NGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asbestos lung content is regarded as the most reliable tool for causal attribution of malignant mesothelioma (MM) to previous asbestos exposures. However, there is a lack of studies on asbestos burden in lungs of MM patients in comparison with healthy individuals. This study aims to provide such a comparison, investigating, as well, differences in asbestos lung burden with sex and time trends. Methods: Asbestos lung content has been assessed on formalin-fixed lung fragments using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) on individuals deceased from MM (cases) and healthy subjects without any lung disease who died from violent causes (controls) between 2005 and 2023. Results: Asbestos and asbestos bodies (ABs) were found, respectively, in 73.7% and 43.2% of cases and in 28 and 22% of controls; in MM cases the most represented asbestos types were crocidolite and amosite, whereas in controls it was tremolite-actinolite asbestos. The concentration of both asbestos fibers and ABs was statistically significantly higher in MM cases compared to controls. The mean asbestos fibers width was also significantly higher in cases than controls. Males and females with MM showed similar asbestos and ABs concentrations, but females had higher concentrations of chrysotile, and significantly lower fibers width compared to males. Time trends show that MM lung asbestos concentrations decreased starting in 2011. Discussion: The results suggest a correlation between asbestos burden in lungs and MM risk. The different concentration of chrysotile, as well as the different width of asbestos fibers in MM males and females might reflect a sex difference in response of the lung microenvironment to inhaled asbestos. Finally, this study provides the first pathological evidence of the effect of the ban of asbestos use, demonstrating a significant decrease of asbestos lung content after 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.-- Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis (TVT) is an extremely rare form of mesothelioma. Objective.-- To compare the clinical and molecular characteristics of mesothelioma of the TVT with those of mesothelioma at other more common sites, including the relationship with exposure to asbestos. Design.-- We present clinical and pathological data for 9 cases of primary TVT mesothelioma. We performed whole-genome sequencing on 3 cases for the first time. Results.-- The majority (7 of 9 cases) of TVT mesotheliomas were epithelioid, with the remaining 2 cases showing biphasic morphology. Morphology and immunohistochemical profiles were indistinguishable from mesothelioma elsewhere. Asbestos exposure was documented for 7 of the 9 cases, with no information for 2 cases. The 3 TVT mesothelioma cases that underwent whole-genome sequencing displayed a mutational profile similar to that of mesothelioma at other sites, including NF2 and TP53 mutations. Conclusions.-- The clinical and molecular profile of TVT mesothelioma is similar to that of mesothelioma elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review essay discusses the function of documentary in the field of hazard exposure and health effect by closely examining Kazuo Hara's two films: Sennan Asbestos Disaster and Minamata Mandala. The author first historicizes the ways environmental hazards, such as radioactive pollutants, have been documented on film from both fictional and non-fictional perspectives in Japan. Realizing the limitations of science for establishing causal relations between hazard exposure and disease, efforts to visualize harm are therefore important in these sites to conduct previously "undone science." The author particularly focuses on the concept of "environmental publics" as the infrastructure of such cross-disciplinary works. In the second part of the essay, the author examines in detail the style and production of Kazuo Hara's documentaries, arguing about the active role the director's camera plays in facilitating the act of speaking by his interviewees, indirectly enabling their witness to the atrocious exposure that was causing their poor health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The association between asbestos exposure and ovarian cancer has been questioned given the possible misdiagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma as ovarian cancer. Aims To update a systematic review on ovarian cancer risk in women occupationally exposed to asbestos, exploring the association with the time since first exposure and the duration of exposure. Methods We searched PubMed from 2008 onwards, screened previous systematic reviews, combined standardized mortality ratios (SMR) using random effect models and quantified heterogeneity using the I 2 statistic. To assess tumour misclassification, we compared the distribution of observed excess ovarian cancers (OEOC) to that expected (EEOC) from the distribution of peritoneal cancers in strata of latency and exposure duration. Results Eighteen publications (20 populations), including a pooled analysis of 21 cohorts, were included. The pooled SMR was 1.79 (95% confidence interval 1.38–2.31), with moderate heterogeneity between studies (I 2 = 42%), based on 144 ovarian cancer deaths/cases. The risk was increased for women with indirect indicators of higher exposure, longer duration and latency, and lower for chrysotile than for crocidolite exposure. The effect of duration and latency could not be completely disentangled, since no multivariate analysis was available for time-related variables. The dissimilarity index between OEOC and EEOC for the time since first exposure was small suggesting a similar pattern of risk. Conclusions While some misclassification between ovarian and peritoneal cancers cannot be excluded, the observed excess risk of ovarian cancer should be added to the overall disease burden of asbestos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water industry is facing increasing pressure to replace or renovate aging asbestos cement (AC) pipes due to rising failure rates. While AC pipes have been used since the 1930s, many have already exceeded their expected service life. As AC pipe testing requires specialized and certified laboratories due to hazardous friable asbestos material, this paper investigates the potential of using fiber-reinforced cement (FRC) pipes, with cellulose fibers as a substitute for asbestos fibers, as a simulant for deteriorated AC pipes. Material property tests, burst tests, and bend tests were conducted to assess the performance of FRC pipes. Test results revealed that the performance of FRC pipes tested ranged from 20% to 54% of that of AC pipes, as per industry standard minimum values. This provides an excellent case for FRC pipes to be used as a deteriorated AC pipe simulant. In addition, an FRC pipe lined with cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), as an example of a renovation technique for deteriorated AC pipes, was tested under 4-point bending. The findings suggest that FRC pipes can serve as a reliable alternative to deteriorated AC pipes for laboratory testing purposes, and CIPP lining could potentially extend the life of deteriorated AC pipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the dissolution process and surface characterization of amosite fibres following interaction with a mimicked Gamble's solution at a pH of 4.5 and T = 37 °C, up to 720 h. To achieve this, a multi-analytical approach was adopted, and the results were compared to those previously obtained on a sample of asbestos tremolite and UICC crocidolite, which were investigated under the same experimental conditions. Combining surface chemical data obtained by XPS with cation release quantified by ICP-OES, an incongruent behaviour of the fibre dissolution was highlighted for amosite fibres, similarly to asbestos tremolite and UICC crocidolite. In particular, a preferential release of Mg and Ca from the amphibole structure was observed, in agreement with their Madelung site energies. Notably, no Fe release from amosite fibres was detected in our experimental conditions (pH of 4.5 and atmospheric pO2), despite the occurrence of Fe(II) at the M(4) site of the amphibole structure, where cations are expected to be rapidly leached out during mineral dissolution. Moreover, the oxidation of both the Fe centres initially present on the fibre surface and those promoted from the bulk, because of the erosion of the outmost layers, was observed. Since biodurability (i.e., the resistance to dissolution) is one of the most important toxicity parameters, the knowledge of the surface alteration of asbestos possibly occurring in vivo may help to understand the mechanisms at the basis of its long-term toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis updates two previous analyses that evaluated the exposure-response relationships for lung cancer and mesothelioma in chrysotile-exposed cohorts. We reviewed recently published studies, as well as updated information from previous studies. Based on the 16 studies considered for chrysotile (<10% amphibole), we identified the "no-observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for lung cancer and/or mesothelioma; it should be noted that smoking or previous or concurrent occupational exposure to amphiboles (if it existed) was not controlled for. NOAEL values ranged from 2.3–<11.5 f/cc-years to 1600–3200 f/cc-years for lung cancer and from 100–<400 f/cc-years to 800–1599 f/cc-years for mesothelioma. The range of best-estimate NOAELs was estimated to be 97–175 f/cc-years for lung cancer and 250–379 f/cc-years for mesothelioma. None of the six cohorts of cement or friction product manufacturing workers exhibited an increased risk at any exposure level, while all but one of the six studies of textile workers reported an increased risk at one or more exposure levels. This is likely because friction and cement workers were exposed to much shorter chrysotile fibers. Only eight cases of peritoneal mesothelioma were reported in all studies on predominantly chrysotile-exposed cohorts combined. This analysis also proposed best-estimate amosite and crocidolite NOAELs for mesothelioma derived by the application of relative potency estimates to the best-estimate chrysotile NOAELs for mesothelioma and validated by epidemiology studies with exposure-response information. The best-estimate amosite and crocidolite NOAELs for mesothelioma were 2–5 f/cc-years and 0.6–1 f/cc-years, respectively. The rate of peritoneal mesothelioma in amosite- and crocidolite-exposed cohorts was between approximately 70- to 100-fold and several-hundred-fold higher than in chrysotile-exposed cohorts, respectively. These findings will help characterize potential worker and consumer health risks associated with historical and current chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The surface of building materials was stained with two dyes, MB and RED-3. • Asbestos was more clearly and sensitively detected than PCM method. • The method is cost-effective and can be used outdoors by amateur worker. • Stained color was stable for more than 6 months. • Mixed solution of MB and RED-3 forms nanoparticles and stained asbestos. Whenever houses are demolished or disasters occur, large quantities of building materials are discharged, which may contain asbestos. To prevent the damage caused by asbestos exposure, a rapid asbestos presence confirmation method is required at demolition sites or temporary disaster storage sites. It is difficult to confirm the presence of asbestos in waste building materials by simple observation. However, it can be confirmed by staining the materials with two dyes: methylene blue (MB) with positive charge, and erythrosine (RED-3) with negative charge, and using a stereomicroscope. The method was applied to samples collected from disaster and demolition sites. Asbestos was stained violet or reddish-purple, and the base material of the building materials remained blue. Using this method, even amateur workers can detect asbestos by means of an image in a different color than the building substrate. Furthermore, the present method detected asbestos more explicitly than the official method (JIS A 1482, 1483; detection limit is < 0.1%) recommended by the Japanese government. This cost-effective method is suitable for detecting asbestos at disaster and demolition sites. The mixture of MB and RED-3 formed nanoparticles of size 151 nm and surface charge of −34 mV that selectively stained asbestos. The staining mechanism was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a myriad of associated health, ecological and social benefits, urban greening has become a prominent policy strategy to renew historically neglected sites in cities, so popular that its implementation often eludes scrutiny. Utilising resident interviews, this paper investigates the distribution of 'wellbeing' narratives and objectives in such transformations. We demonstrate how affinities with nature are utilised to hasten green happy-futures, whilst neglecting to address ongoing questions of social and environmental justice. This paper foregrounds these injustices by attending to the affective dimensions of past and present experiences of environmental damage, advocating for the prioritisation of caring-futures over happy-futures in urban greening imaginaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asbestos is a mineral with unique physical and chemical properties that make it highly resistant to heat, fire, and corrosion. Nevertheless, exposure to asbestos fibers has been linked to serious health problems, including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. Despite the ban on asbestos usage, asbestos-related diseases are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Analyzing the mineralogical features and fiber analysis of asbestos in biological materials is critical for scenarios where an asbestos exposure history cannot be obtained, a clinical diagnosis cannot be made, or legal aspects necessitate further investigation. This review outlines the mineralogical features and fiber analysis techniques of asbestos in biological materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the adverse effects of micro- and nanoplastics (N/MPLs) on humans and the environment. The pollution caused by N/MPLs is a significant global problem, with these particles infiltrating various environments such as soils, air, freshwaters, and oceans. The accumulation of N/MPLs in terrestrial ecosystems can cause damage to soil, plants, and the overall soil-plant system. Additionally, N/MPLs can enter the food chain, potentially leading to human exposure. The article highlights the need for comprehensive research on the effects of MPLs on the environment and living organisms. It also emphasizes the potential risks and health problems associated with N/MPL contamination, drawing parallels to the historical impact of asbestos. The article concludes by calling for further research to enhance our understanding of micro- and nanoplastic pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. [Extracted from the article]

Asbestos is a known carcinogen; however, the influence of chrysotile asbestos on the development of tumor-related diseases remains a subject of intense debate within the scientific community. To analyze the effect of asbestos, we conducted a study using the MRC5 cell line. We were able to demonstrate that chrysotile asbestos stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cell death and DNA damage in the MRC5 cell line, using various techniques such as ROS measurement, comet assay, MTT assay, and qPCR. In addition, we found that chrysotile asbestos treatment significantly increased extracellular mitochondrial DNA levels in the culture medium and induced significant changes in the expression profile of several miRNAs, which was the first of its kind. Thus, our research highlights the importance of studying the effects of chrysotile asbestos on human health and reveals multiple adverse effects of chrysotile asbestos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the hypothesis about the dominant effect of the concentration, median diameter, dispersion, temperature, and humidity of dust particles at the outlet of the shaft furnace on the environmental efficiency of drying materials in shaft furnaces, a device for thermal aeration dust separation is proposed. Analysis of mathematical simulation of aerothermodynamic processes in a two-phase asbestos dust-gas flow medium confirmed the conclusions of industrial research on the effect of aerothermodynamic parameters of direct flow on the temperature and humidity of asbestos dust in a shaft furnace. Based on the principle of classification additivity, a mathematical model of aeration separation of dust particles directly in a shaft furnace depending on the parameters of the heat carrier and the proposed device has been constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While exposure to long amphibolic asbestos fibers (L > 10 µm) results in the development of severe diseases including inflammation, fibrosis, and mesothelioma, the pathogenic activity associated with short fibers (L < 5 µm) is less clear. By exposing murine macrophages to short (SFA) or long (LFA) fibers of amosite asbestos different in size and surface chemistry, we observed that SFA internalization resulted in pyroptotic-related immunogenic cell death (ICD) characterized by the release of the pro-inflammatory damage signal (DAMP) IL-1α after inflammasome activation and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-pore formation. In contrast, macrophage responses to non-internalizable LFA were associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release, caspase-3 and -7 activation, and apoptosis. SFA effects exclusively resulted from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) recognized for its ability to sense particles, while the response to LFA was elicited by a multifactorial ignition system involving the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (SR-A6 or MARCO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade, and TLR4. Our findings indicate that asbestos fiber size and surface features play major roles in modulating ICD and inflammatory pathways. They also suggest that SFA are biologically reactive in vitro and, therefore, their inflammatory and toxic effects in vivo should not be underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bankruptcy is being used as a tool for silencing survivors and their families. When faced with claims from multiple plaintiffs related to the same wrongful conduct that can financially or operationally crush the defendant over the long term--a phenomenon we identify as onslaught litigation--defendants harness bankruptcy's reorganization process to draw together those who allege harm and pressure them into a swift, universal settlement. In doing so, they use the bankruptcy system to deprive survivors of their voice and the public of the truth. This Article identifies this phenomenon and argues that it is time to rein in this destructive use of bankruptcy. Whereas the current literature largely discusses mass tort bankruptcy from a doctrinal, constitutional, or economic perspective, this Article examines how bankruptcy proceedings like these cause direct harms to survivors, to public trust in the justice system, and to the corporate economy. It traces the evolution of defendants' use of bankruptcy to resolve mass torts from asbestos, IUD, and breast implant product liability litigation to its presentday use in controversies involving the Catholic Church, Purdue Pharma, the Weinstein Companies, USA Gymnastics, the Boy Scouts of America, Alex Jones's Infowars, and Johnson & Johnson. The Article shows how the prior use of reorganization for mass torts created the necessary conditions to allow defendants to use bankruptcy to silence people and facilitate cover-ups in a wider variety of onslaught litigation. It concludes with a normative proposal for the narrow circumstances in which courts should allow bankruptcy to be used to deal with onslaught litigation, while still preserving the voices of those harmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work shows the effect of counting rules, such as analysis magnification and asbestos fiber dimension to be count (with length ≥5 µm or also asbestos fibers with length <5 µm) in the lung asbestos fiber burden analysis for legal medicine evaluations. On the same lung tissue samples, two different analyses were carried out to count any asbestos fibers with length ≥1 µm and with length ≥5 µm. Results of the amphibole burden of the two analyses were compared by linear regression analysis on log10-transformed values. The analysis should be carried out at an appropriate magnification and on samples prepared in such a way as they allow the counting of very fine fibers. If the analysis is limited to the asbestos fibers with length ≥5 µm, there is a high risk of not detecting possible residual chrysotile fiber burden and thinner crocidolite asbestos fibers. On average we estimated that 1 amphibole fiber with length ≥5 µm corresponds to ∼8 amphibole fibers with length ≥1 µm in the lung. The values of the Helsinki criteria should be updated taking this into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]