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This paper examines the internal and external challenges to the implementation of the code of conduct in the Ghana's civil service using the Controller and Accountant Generals' Department (CAGD) as a case study. The main internal challenges to the implementation of the civil service code of conduct at CAGD were found to be: the categories of staff affected by the code of conduct; 'immunity' from sanctions, nepotism; and limited checks on enforcement mechanisms. The key external challenges to the implementation of the civil service code of conduct at the CAGD are discussed in the paper and the authors make five important policy suggestions to enhance effectiveness of the implementation process. The suggestions will have value in countries with developing administrative systems. Enforcing of codes of conduct in many public sector organizations in Ghana and other developing countries can be difficult. Cronyism, nepotism and other non-merit considerations in appointments and promotions can result in employees openly flouting codes of conduct. Governments must empower their civil services to come up with well-enforced mechanisms to ensure full compliance with that country's public sector code of conduct. This paper explains how policy-makers in developing countries can move forward to prevent code violations and to resist political interference in civil service operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After two decades of constitutional rule with Ghana having a vibrant and pluralistic media, the media is yet to assert itself as the fourth estate anticipated by the framers of the 1992 Fourth Republican Constitution. Thus, this study examines the extent to which the media and their journalists are independent from their ownership structures (public/private) to perform their watchdog roles (especially when covering government). Hence, this qualitative case study found that journalists working in public media are prevented from exercising their watchdog role on top functionaries of the government. The study also found that journalists exercise their watchdog functions if the target is a rival to their owners political camp, and this watchdog exercise is not dependent of whiter the target of the investigations is in government or not. However, when the target happens to be in the same camp as that of their owners, they appeared constrained in exercising their investigative role. This study concluded that there are marginal differences between the two main ownership structures in the coverage of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effectiveness of global governance institutions in the light of changes in the global system, and how such changes can be observed in the international arena. This study focuses on the African system of human rights as an example of global governance institutions operating within the liberal global order created in the post-war era by the U.S. This paper also uses Oran Young's1 framework of effectiveness of international institutions to examine whether the African human rights system is effective. Based on that framework, we observes that the African human rights system has been able to move beyond human rights treaty ratification by African states to the establishment of treaty bodies that have demonstrated dynamism in response to challenges in African human rights, as well as changes in the liberal global order. However, there is more to effectiveness of institutions of global governance beyond the dynamism demonstrated by the African system of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]