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Aim: Simulation-based learning programs have become increasingly popular over the past 20 years to improve healthcare professionals' knowledge, skills, and attitudes while protecting patients from unnecessary risks and errors. However, recommended practices for simulations in healthcare are still unknown; hence this systematic review aimed to assess whether human simulations or machine stimulations programs would help prevent medical errors and improve patient safety. Methods: We searched for all the publications in the Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from January 2000 (when the idea of simulation in healthcare to prevent Medical Errors (ME) was employed for the first time by the Institute of Medicine) to Feb 2022 with only English language-based literature. The risk of bias from A randomized controlled trial (RCTs) was assessed through Cochrane's collaboration tool. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the cohort studies. The main outcome of this review was the improvement in professional skills among healthcare professionals and reduction in medical errors by employing simulation-based training. Results: Overall, the participants who received simulation-based training for the management of different clinical conditions and for the performance of various diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical procedures showed better learning than those who were given traditional education and training. Moreover, the studies showed that simulation-based training can improve self-efficacy, confidence, and perceptions among medical professionals. Different simulated adult and pediatric scenarios were created to assess the errors and delays during drug infusion-preparation and administration. The simulation was demonstrated to be an effective way of reducing medical errors. Conclusions: By incorporating simulation-based training into medical education curricula, the acquisition of knowledge and professional skills can be improved. Moreover, this can help improve patient outcomes and reduce medical errors. Based on our findings, we suggest that simulation can be best used as a complement to the other methods of healthcare professionals' teaching and training.

Aim: This meta-analysis and systematic review aim to investigate and compare the efficacy of mannitol and hypertonic saline in treating patients who have suffered from traumatic brain injury. Methods: We reviewed publications from the Medline database, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception to 13th October 2022 with only English-based literature. The risk of bias from included RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was employed to assess the included cohort's quality. The main outcomes of this review were treatment failure, mortality, ICP reduction and CPP increment. All the statistical analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5.4.1. A random-effects model was used to pool the studies when heterogeneity was seen, and the results were reported in the Odds Ratios (OR) and Mean Differences (MD) and the corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Results: The results of the statistical study found that there was a significantly lower treatment failure rate (OR = 1.80 [1.26, 2.57]; p = 0.001; I2 = 74%), the lower mortality rate (OR = 2.17 [1.26, 3.73]; p = 0.005; I2 = 0%), a greater increase in CPP (MD = -1.28 [-2.50, -0.05]; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%) associated with hypertonic saline treatment as compared to mannitol treatment. However, concerning ICP decrease, there was no significant difference between the two treatment options. (MD = 1.86 [-0.64, 4.36]; p = 0.14; I2 = 70%). Conclusions: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of trials and observational studies comparing the efficacy of hypertonic saline and mannitol demonstrates that hypertonic saline is a preferable treatment option with greater effectiveness and safety than mannitol in managing patients with traumatic brain injury.

Aim: We conducted the current analysis to determine the potential role of measles vaccination in the context of the spread of COVID-19. Methods: Data were extracted from the world health organization’s (WHO) Global Health Observatory data repository about the measles immunization coverage estimates and correlated to overall morbidity and mortality for COVID-19 among different countries. Data were statistically analyzed to calculate the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho). Result: There was no significant correlation between the measles vaccine coverage (%) and both of new cases per one million populations (rho= 0.21; p-value= 0.052) and deaths per one million populations (rho= 0.21; p-value< 0.080) (Figure 1; Figure 2). On further analysis of the effect of the first reported year of vaccination policy, there was no significant correlation with both total cases per one million populations (rho= 0.10; p-value= 0.361) and deaths per one million populations (rho= 0.17; p-value= 0.156). Conclusion: Claims regarding the possible protective effect of measles vaccination seem to be doubtful.

Background: COVID-19, a novel coronavirus, is currently a major worldwide threat It has infected more than a million people globally leading to hundred-thousan

Hajj is a unique gathering with Mecca and Kaaba being spiritually important to many faiths across the globe, especially Muslims. This is because of the proclamation of the prophet's father, Ibrahaam, when he called all mankind to perform Hajj. That is why all Muslims on Earth feel that they have to visit Mecca and Kaaba on a specific date and time, and that is the reason this small location hosts one of the largest human gatherings in the world. Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam that every financially and physically able Muslim must perform once in his/her lifetime. For 14 centuries countless millions of Muslim men and women from the four corners of the earth have undertaken pilgrimage to Mecca.In conclusion this review article confirm that Hajj is oldest and largest mass gathering in all mankind and there is some issues influence the health response such as size of gathering. diversity of population, climate and health facilities around hajj site, also we discuss the infectious and non infectious related illness in hajj and their prevention methods. Keywords: Hajj, Disaster medicine, Terrorism and mass casualty events

We present the case of a young lady who presented to the department of emergency medicine (DEM) for evaluation of painful breast swelling and skin indurations involving 90% of the body surface. She stayed long in the DEM for 3 days and managed for breast abscess she was consulted to dermatology for evaluation of skin lesions and prelimi- nary diagnosed as rare skin T cell lymphoma. Final diagnosis based on clinical and histopathological was Mycosis Fun- goids (MF).This case reveals that prompt referral from the DEM to the concerned speciality even for the rare type of dis- eases like MF can facilitate diagnosis and management and overall positive impact on disease outlook. Our patient was fi- nally admitted under oncology unit and managed appropriately.