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Objective: It was aimed to compare the methods of local anesthesia and general anesthesia with circumcision study questionnaire applied before and after circumcision. Material and Methods: Parents of children aged 0-12 years who applied for circumcision between June and December 2021 who agreed to participate in the study were asked to fill out the circumcision study questionnaire. All patients were operated with same surgeon and surgical method. Patients were divided into local and general anesthesia groups, and data were compared. Results: Our study included 282 patients; general anesthesia was applied to 132 patients (48.9%), and local anesthesia was applied to 144 patients (51.1%). Age and weight averages of patients who were administered local anesthesia and age preferences suitable for circumcision were significantly lower than those in general anesthesia group (p:0.001). There was no significant difference between socioeconomic levels, educational status and reasons for circumcision in both groups (p≥0.05). Patients’ need for postoperative care and recovery time was significantly lower in the local anesthesia group (p:0.001). Conclusion: Circumcision is a surgical operation that can be performed safely with local or general anesthesia. Parents who want circumcision in the early months of life mostly prefer local anesthesia. Postoperative recovery time is shorter in this group. Preference for anesthesia has changed in favor of general anesthesia in advanced ages, including the sexual development period. The knowledge and awareness level of our society about circumcision has increased compared to previous years. Keywords: circumcision, local anesthesia, general anesthesia, urinary tract infection

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most widespread malignancy within men. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which is the central component of advanced PCa treatment, causes side effects. The goal of this study was to examine the metabolic changes and bioelectrical impedance analysis differences in PCa patients who received ADT.After age-related match-pair analysis, a total of 519 patients with PCa and control group who had benign disease were enrolled in the study. Biochemical blood parameters and TANITA measurements were recorded for all patients. Patients were categorized into three groups, ADT group (Group 1, n=124) and non-ADT group (Group 2, n=248), control group (Group 3, n=147).The mean age of groups was similar. Body mass index, waist circumference, body fat mass and fat ratio, which were among the TANITA parameters, were higher in group 1 (p0.05). Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, non- high density lipoprotein, triglycerids and fasting blood glucose values were also higher in group 1 (p0.05). Myocardial infarction and metabolic syndrome rates were also higher in this group.While the use of ADT is manifested by an increase in fat mass and fat ratio in body composition, it negatively affects waist circumference measurements. It is associated with metabolically unfit body composition changes that predispose to diabetes mellitus and may increase cardio-vascular disease. For this reason, it is necessary to be careful about metabolic and endocrinological diseases in long-term therapy.

© 2023 Elsevier Inc.Objective: To develop a near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy device to diagnose testicular torsion with high sensitivity and specificity. Specifically, we aim to investigate the differentiation between testicular torsion from other pathologies such as orchidoepididymitis, varicocele, and hydrocele. Methods: Two LEDs with wavelengths of 660 nm and 940 nm were used as light sources in the device. Each wavelength was sent to the testicle successively, and a photodiode detected back-reflected diffuse light. The ratio of the light intensities of 660 nm and 940 nm was used as a diagnostic parameter. A multi-center clinical trial was performed in 5 different hospitals. Results: In total, 62 patients in urology clinics with acute testicular pain have been recruited for the study. The developed NIR spectroscopy correctly defined all 8 testicular torsion cases. Besides, 3 orchidoepididymitis, 1 varicocele, and 3 hydrocele cases were correctly distinguished from testicular torsion. Only 1 hydrocele case was misdiagnosed as torsion. The range of the ratio was between 0.14 and 1.16 overall measurements. The ratio varied between 0.14 and 0.3 for the testicle with torsion. The ratio was between 0.49 and 1.16 for the normal testicle and testicle with other pathologies mentioned above. Conclusion: We have chosen the threshold ratio of 0.4 to differentiate between the normal and torsion testis and diagnosed all the torsion cases among all normal and other pathologies. The developed optical device to diagnose testicular torsion is inexpensive, user-friendly, and works based on objective criteria with high sensitivity and specificity in real time.

Objective: Although it is an effective and safe area of use, different complications may arise with the use of double-J stents (DJS). In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical results of DJS migration and risk factors predicting the occurrence of migration in patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for kidney stones. Material and Methods: The data of 1258 patients who underwent RIRS for kidney stones in our clinic between December 2013 and April 2020 and had DJS inserted after the procedure were retrospectively reviewed. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to predict independent risk factors associated with DJS migration. Results: DJS migration was observed in 71 (5.6%) of 1258 patients. In group 1, stones located in the renal pelvis were statistically more common than calyceal stones (p = 0.003). While hydronephrosis is 70.4% in group 1; it was observed with a rate of 56.2% in group 2 (p = 0.019). Ureteral access sheath usage rate was 74.6% and 57.5% in group 1 and group 2, respectively (p = 0.004). While the modified Clavien-Dindo score in Group 1 was 2.2 ± 1.3; it was 0.2 ± 0.5 in group 2 (p

Background: Patient factors associated with urinary tract cancer can be used to risk stratify patients referred with haematuria, prioritising those with a higher risk of cancer for prompt investigation. Objective: To develop a prediction model for urinary tract cancer in patients referred with haematuria. Design, setting, and participants: A prospective observational study was conducted in 10 282 patients from 110 hospitals across 26 countries, aged ≥16 yr and referred to secondary care with haematuria. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The primary outcomes were the presence or absence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC], and renal cancer). Mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression was performed with site and country as random effects and clinically important patient-level candidate predictors, chosen a priori, as fixed effects. Predictors were selected primarily using clinical reasoning, in addition to backward stepwise selection. Calibration and discrimination were calculated, and bootstrap validation was performed to calculate optimism. Results and limitations: The unadjusted prevalence was 17.2% (n = 1763) for bladder cancer, 1.20% (n = 123) for UTUC, and 1.00% (n = 103) for renal cancer. The final model included predictors of increased risk (visible haematuria, age, smoking history, male sex, and family history) and reduced risk (previous haematuria investigations, urinary tract infection, dysuria/suprapubic pain, anticoagulation, catheter use, and previous pelvic radiotherapy). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the final model was 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.85-0.87). The model is limited to patients without previous urological malignancy. Conclusions: This cancer prediction model is the first to consider established and novel urinary tract cancer diagnostic markers. It can be used in secondary care for risk stratifying patients and aid the clinician's decision-making process in prioritising patients for investigation. Patient summary: We have developed a tool that uses a person's characteristics to determine the risk of cancer if that person develops blood in the urine (haematuria). This can be used to help prioritise patients for further investigation.

To evaluate the oncological results of hyperthermic Mitomycin C (MMC) in adjuvant treatment of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and to assess its side-effect profile.Patients who were followed up in two reference university hospitals due to high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder tumors were included in the study. High-risk patients according to the EAU non-muscle invasive bladder cancer guideline, patients who were rejected early cystectomy, patients who could not be treated with BCG due to a shortage, and patients for whom the cystectomy would be too risky due to their comorbidities were included in the study. All patients were followed up forat least 24 months with physical examination, cystoscopy, and urine cytology at 3-month intervals. Transurethral tumor resection was performed in all patients and a non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma was diagnosed pathologically. Hyperthermic MMC was administered with Synergo system SB-TS 101. Records were kept prospectively and evaluated retrospectively.Fifty-eight high-risk group patients 18 (31%) of whom were at pTa stage and 40 (69%) at pT1 stage were included in the study. During a mean follow-up of 42 months, 34 (58%) patients had recurrence, while 5 (8%) patients progressed to muscle-invasive disease. Eleven (19%) of the patients under went radical cystectomy. The mean time to relapse was 10 months (3-34 months), and the mean time to progression was 41 months (6-87 months). Five-year overall survival, cancer-specific survival, progression-free survival, and relapse-free survival of the patients were 76%, 88%, 90% and 38%, respectively. Multifocality alone was found to be an independent risk factor (HR: 0.26; 95% Cl: 0.08-0.78; p=0.016) affecting recurrence. The observed side effects included tachycardia, cystitis, dysuria, macrohematuria, procedure-related pain, and allergic skin reactions. Treatment had to be discontinued in one patient due to a diffuse skin reaction.Thermal intravesical MMC therapyis a safe treatment and it could be effective treatment option in preventing disease progression in patients with high risk and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with unsuccessful Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or who could not be treated with BCG for other reasons.Evaluar los resultados oncológicos de Mitomicina C hipertérmica en tratamiento adyuvante para el cáncer de vejiga de alto riesgono-musculoinvasivo y para evaluar el perfil de efectos secundarios.MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes evaluados en dos centros universitarios de referencia por cáncer de vejiga no-musculoinvasivo de alto riesgo. Fueron incluídos en el estudio los pacientes de alto riesgo según las guías europeas de cáncer de vejiga no-musculoinvasivo, pacientes que no aceptaron la cistectomía precoz o pacientes en los que la cistectomía implicaría demasiado riesgo quirúrgico debido a las comorbilidades. Todos los pacientes fueron seguidos como mínimo por 24 meses con exploración física, cistoscopia y citología de orina en intervalos de 3 meses. La resección transuretral de tumores se realizó en todos los pacientes y el diagnóstico anatomopatológico de carcinoma urotelial no-musculoinvasivo fue determinado. La MMC hipertermia se administró con el sistema Synergo SB-TS101. Los datos se reportaron prospectivamente y retrospectivamente.58 pacientes de alto riesgo, 18 (31%) de los cuales fueron pTa y 40 (69%) pT1 fueron incluidos en el estudio. Durante la media de seguimiento de 42 meses, 34 (58%) recurrieron, mientras que 5 (8% )progresaron a musculo-invasivo. 11 (19%) de los pacientes recibieron una cistectomía radical. La mediana de tiempo a la recidiva fue de 10 meses (3-34 meses) y la mediana a la progresión fue de 42 meses (6-87 meses). La supervivencia global, cáncer-especifica, libre de progresión y libre de recurrencia a 5 años fue de 76%, 88%, 90% y 38%, respectivamente. La multifocalidad fue un factor de riesgo independiente (HR:0,26; 95% Cl: 0,08-0,78; p=0,016) afectando la recurrencia. Los efectos secundarios observados fueron la taquicardia, cistitis, disuria, macrohematuria, dolor con el procedimiento y reacción alérgica. El tratamiento tuvo que pararse en un paciente debido a una reacción cutánea difusa.La terapia con Mitomicina C térmica es un tratamiento seguro y puede ser un tratamiento efectivo para la prevención de la progresión en pacientes de alto riesgo no-musculoinvasivo en los que la BCG ha fallado o que no se pueden tratar con BCG por otras razones.

The present study aims to investigate the potential role of Kallikrein 10 (KLK10) genotype and allele frequencies in predisposition to prostate cancer.KLK10 (rs7259451) gene polymorphisms were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis in patients with prostate cancer (n=69) and controls (n=76).KLK10 gene frequencies were significantly different in the case and control groups (P = .028). GG carriers were significantly higher in the control group (P = .034), whereas TT carriers were higher in the prostate cancer group (P = .033). Furthermore, The patients with GG genotype had the lowest PSA levels while TT carriers had the highest (P = .005). According to the results, we suggested that carrying variant T allele and also carrying homozygote TT genotype could be a potential risk, while ancestral homozygote GG genotype and G allele are risk reducing factors for prostate cancer.

The goal of current study was to evaluate prevalence of postoperative urinary tract infections (UTI) following flexible ureteroscopy (f-URS) and to determine predictive factors for those UTIs.A total of 420 patients with urolithiasis that underwent f-URS between August 2018 and August 2019 were enrolled in the study. Peri-operative characteristics of patients with and without postoperative UTIs were compared using univariate analyses. Predictive factors for UTIs following f-URS were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Forty-one (9.8%) out of 420 patients had postoperative urinary infection after f-URS and those patients were classified as group 1. Group 2 consisted of 379 patients that did not develop postoperative UTIs. The percentage of female gender was 58.5% vs 42% in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.042). The preoperative UTI history rate was 51.2% vs 20.8% (p0.001) and preoperative double J stent (DJS) insertion rate 39% vs 17.7% in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.001). Univariate regression analyses showed that the female gender (OR=1.98), history of UTI (OR=3.99), and preoperative DJS insertion (OR=2.98) significantly increased the possibility of postoperative UTI (p0.05). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that history of UTI (OR=3.41, 95%CI:1.73-6.72, p0.001) and preoperative DJS insertion (OR=2.30, 95%CI:1.13-4.68, p=0.021) were independent risk factors for infectious complications following f-URS. If both factors are present, the probability of infection is 55.2%.Even if f-URS is considered a safe procedure, the risk of postoperative infectious complications is far from negligible. We found that the presence of UTI history and preoperative DJS were independent risk factors for UTI after f-URS.El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de las infecciones del tracto urinario (UTI) postoperatorias después de la ureteroscopia flexible (f-URS) y determinar los factores predictivos de esas infecciones. MÉTODOS: Se inscribieron en el estudio un total de420 pacientes con urolitiasis que se sometieron a f-URSentre agosto de 2018 y agosto de 2019. Las característicasperioperatorias de los pacientes con y sin ITUUTI postoperatorias se compararon mediante análisisunivariados. Los factores predictivos de las infeccionesurinarias después de f-URS se determinaron mediante unanálisis de regresión logística multivariante.Cuarenta y uno (9,8%) de 420 pacientes tuvieron infección urinaria postoperatoria después de f-URS y esos pacientes se clasificaron como grupo 1. El grupo 2 consistió en 379 pacientes que no desarrollaron UTI postoperatorias. El porcentaje de sexo femenino fue del 58,5% frente al 42% en los grupos 1 y 2, respectivamente (p=0,042). La tasa de antecedentes de UTI preoperatoria fue del 51,2% frente al 20,8% (p0,001) y la tasa de inserción preoperatoria de un stent doble J (DJS) del 39% frente al 17,7% en los grupos 1 y 2, respectivamente (p=0,001). Los análisis de regresión univariante mostraron que el sexo femenino (OR=1,98), los antecedentes de UTI (OR=3,99) y la inserción preoperatoria de DJS (OR=2,98) aumentaron significativamente la posibilidad de UTI postoperatoria (p0,05). Los análisis de regresión multivariante revelaron que los antecedentes de UTI (OR=3,41, IC del 95%: 1,73–6,72, p0,001) y la inserción preoperatoria de DJS (OR=2,30, IC del 95%: 1,13–4,68, p=0,021) eran factores de riesgo independientes para las complicaciones infecciosas después de f-URS. Si ambos factores están presentes, la probabilidad de infección es del 55,2%.Incluso si la f-URS se considera un procedimiento seguro, el riesgo de complicaciones infecciosas postoperatorias está lejos de ser insignificante. Encontramos que la presencia de antecedentes de UTI y la DJS preoperatoria eran factores de riesgo independientes de UTI después de f-URS.

Renal cell carcinoma is constantly associated with calcification, but ossification is extremely scarce. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed two cases with clear cell renal cell carcinoma with osseous metaplasia. RESULTS: We criticized the oldest case of woman whose a 32x31mm irregular renal mass with calcifications and we also mentioned about a diffusely calcified mass of 90 mm of a 68-year-old male patient. The histopathological examinations of both were reported as clear cell carcinoma with metaplastic bone formation. CONCLUSION: Although there are no definitive data on prognosis and follow-up due to the low number of cases; this entity usually occurs with early stage disease and a favorable prognosis as in our cases. While the prognostic importance of osseous metaplasia existence in renal cell carcinoma is controversial, such that can safely be managed with nephron sparing surgery in appropriate cases. As the number of cases and follow-up periods increased; more definitive information will be obtained.El carcinoma de células renales se asocia constantemente con la calcificación, pero la osificación es extremadamente escasa. MÉTODO: Analizamos retrospectivamente dos casos del carcinoma de células renales de células claras con metaplasia ósea. RESULTADOS: Criticamos el caso más antiguo de una mujer cuya masa renal irregular era de 32x31 mm con calcificaciones y también mencionamos una masa calcificada de forma difusa de 90 mm de un paciente masculino de 68 años. Los exámenes histopatológicos de ambos demostraron que se trataba del carcinoma de células claras con formación de hueso metaplásico. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque, debido al bajo número de casos, no hay datos definitivos sobre el pronóstico y el seguimiento; esta entidad generalmente ocurre en un estadio temprano de la enfermedad con un pronóstico favorable como en nuestros casos. Si bien la importancia pronóstica de la existencia de metaplasia ósea en el carcinoma de células renales es controvertida, puede manejarse de manera segura con cirugía conservadora de nefronas en los casos apropiados. Dado el hecho de que se aumentó el número de casos y períodos de seguimiento, se obtendrá más información definitiva.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to examine the correlation between serum and urine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), and nerve growth factor beta (NGF-β) levels and serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as well as the recurrence and progression risks of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The current study included 89 individuals: n=47, patients with primary NMIBC (patient group) and n=42, healthy controls (control group). The TGF-β1, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and NGF-β levels in the blood and urine samples were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, the serum NLR was evaluated. For the statistical analysis, a generalized linear model was used to compare the groups. In the analysis, gender and use of cigarettes were used as the secondary factors, and age was included as the covariate in the generalized linear model set for the intergroup evaluations. Meanwhile, a logistic regression model was utilized to evaluate the impact of the biomarkers on the risk of recurrence and progression. RESULTS: The serum NLR was higher in the patient group than in the control group (p=0.033). The patients with disease recurrence had higher body mass index and MMP-9 levels, but the results were not statistically significant. Moreover, the patients with a high NLR had a high risk of disease progression (odds ratio [OR]=13.046, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.057–161.18, p=0.045), whereas the patients with a high serum TGF-β1 level (OR=0.972, 95% CI=0.945–0.999, p=0.047) had a low risk of disease progression. CONCLUSION: High NLR and low TGF-β1 values were associated with an increased risk of disease progression in patients with NMIBC. However, no relationships were found between TGF-β1, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and NGF-β values and the recurrence of NMIBC.

To assess the diagnostic accuracy ofThis was a multicentre trial of the Society of Urologic Oncology in Turkey in conjunction with the Nuclear Medicine Department of Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University. Patients were accrued from eight centres. Patients with high-risk and very high-risk disease scheduled to undergo surgical treatment with extended LN dissection between July 2014 and October 2015 were included. Either MRI or CT was used for morphological imaging. PSMA PET/CT was performed and evaluated at a single centre. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated for the detection of lymphatic metastases by PSMA PET/CT and morphological imaging. Kappa values were calculated to evaluate the correlation between the numbers of LN metastases detected by PSMA PET/CT and by histopathology.Data on 51 eligible patients are presented. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PSMA PET in detecting LN metastases in the primary setting were 53%, 86% and 76%, and increased to 67%, 88% and 81% in the subgroup with of patients with ≥15 LN removed. Kappa values for the correlation between imaging and pathology were 0.41 for PSMA PET and 0.18 for morphological imaging.PSMA PET/CT is superior to morphological imaging for the detection of metastatic LNs in patients with primary prostate cancer. Surgical dissection remains the gold standard for precise lymphatic staging.

Free-radical generation and nitric oxide (NO) generation were detected in the rat bladder following acute bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), and the results were compared with those for vascular ischemia and reperfusion (I-R). Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were used. In the acute BOO plus I-R group (group 1), rats were catheterized with a 3-Fr catheter and an inflated balloon was positioned at the bladder neck. The bladder was overdistended after administration of Ringer solution and furosemide (12 mg/kg, each) for 60 min, and was then drained to allow reperfusion for 30 min. In the acute BOO plus nerve stimulation group (group 2), the pelvic nerve was stimulated in the distended bladder for 60 min (5 s every 5 min, 10 V/0.1 ms, 20 Hz). Pelvic nerve stimulation was performed in nonobstructed animals in group 3. In the I-R group (group 4), the distal aorta was occluded for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 30 min. Sham-operated animals served as the control group (group 5). At the end of the protocols, the levels of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals and NO levels were measured in the bladder tissues with luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence methods. The results were compared by a one-way analysis of variance test. The levels of hydroxyl radicals were not significantly different between the study groups. In contrast, superoxide radicals and NO levels were significantly increased in both group 1 and group 4 compared with those in control animals (P0.05 for all comparisons). Superoxide radical generation in group 2 was comparable to the levels in group 1 (P0.05), whereas NO levels were substantially lower than in group 1 (P=0.06). In summary, vascular I-R causes significant oxidative damage to the bladder. Acute BOO with overdistension of the bladder mimics the effects of true vascular I-R injury. The NO pathway has possibly a major role in I-R-induced bladder damage. Prolonged BOO may therefore significantly enhance the oxidative damage to the bladder and further accentuate the effects of generalized atherosclerotic processes in the elderly adult.

Ultrasonografî kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsisi prostat kanseri tanısı için standart yöntemdir. Bu anketin amacı, Türkiye'deki üroloji uzmanları arasında ultrasonografî kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsilerindeki hasta hazırlığı ve biyopsi teknikleriyle ilgili farklılıkların araştırılmasıdır. Temmuz 2004'te prostat biyopsi protokollerini sorgulamak amacıyla, Üroonkoloji Derneği Üyeleri'nin e-posta adresine bir anket formu gönderildi. Anket formundaki sorular çoktan seçmeli olup, prostat biyopsilerindeki hasta hazırlığı ve teknikleri sorguluyordu. Cevaplar yine aynı yolla toplandı ve değerlendirildi. Ankete 24 merkezden 32 üroloji uzmanı katıldı. Bu merkezlerde prostat biyopsileri sadece üroloji uzmanları (%54.16), üroloji ve radyoloji uzmanı beraber (%37.5) ve sadece radyoloji uzmanları (%8.33) tarafından yapılıyordu. Ultrasonografî kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsileri büyük çoğunlukla transrektal yolla yapılıyordu. Merkezlerin %50'si biyopsi yapmak için PSA eşik değeri olarak 4 ng/ml'yi kullanıyordu. Biyopsi öncesi hazırlıkta bütün merkezler antibiyotik başlarken; yaklaşık yarısı bağırsak hazırlığı yapmaktaydı. Merkezlerin %37.5'i işlem sırasında analjezik kullanmazken; %29.1'i ağrıyı azaltmak için periprostatik sinir blokajı uyguluyordu. Üroloji uzmanlarının çoğu ilk biyopsilerde 10 veya 12 odaktan biyopsi alırken; %20.8'i rutin olarak transizyonel zon biyopsisi yapıyordu. Bu anket, Türkiye' deki üroloji uzmanları arasında ultrason kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsilerinde hasta hazırlığı ve biyopsi teknikleriyle ilgili bir standardizasyon olmadığını ve bunun için bir kılavuz gerektiğini göstermektedir., Introduction: Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is the standard method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The aim of the present survey is to assess the variability in patient preparation and technique of ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy among Turkish Urologists. Materials and Methods: In July 2004, a questionnaire was sent out to e-mail addresses of the members of Urooncological Association, asking about the details of prostate biopsy protocol of the members. The survey consisted of multiple choice questions about the patient preparation and prostate biopsy technique. Responses were acquired via e-mail and analyzed in detail.Results: Thirty two urologists from 24 centers responded. The biopsy procedure was performed by the urologist only in 54.16% of the centers, both urologist and radiologist in 37.5%, and radiologist only in 8.33%. Transrectal route was the most common method for ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. A half of the responders performed biopsy when PSA was greater than 4 ng/ml. All of the centers administered antibiotic and a half of them used enema before the procedure. Approximately 37% of responders did not administer any type of analgesia, but 29.1% of all responders administered a periprostatic nerve block for reducing painduring the procedure. Most urologists obtained 10 or 12 biopsy cores and only 20.8% of them obtained routine transitional zone biopsy during the initial biopsy session. Conclusion: This survey demonstrated that patient preparation and technique of ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is not standardized among Turkish Urologists, and a guideline on prostate biopsy is needed.