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Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Reviews indicated a positive relationship between exposure to pesticides and the development of cancers. In the present study, we have estimated the level of oxidative stress markers in serum samples of pesticide exposure and unexposed cancer patients as compared to normal control. We have found a significant decrease in peroxygenase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) activity and substantial increases in homocysteine levels in both cancer groups. The level of heme biosynthesis rate-limiting enzymes delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) also significantly decreased compared to control. The statistical comparison between the cancer groups does not show significant changes. We concluded the involvement of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis in both cancer group patients. However, more study is needed to put homocysteine as a novel marker for a variety of diseases on a single platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation has been associated with various cardiovascular alterations, including disruptions in antioxidant defense mechanisms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of green tea extract (GTE) in mitigating these adverse effects. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were used in this study and divided into the control group (n = 8), Chronic-REM Sleep Deprivation (CRSD) Group (n = 8) and Chronic-REM SD + Green Tea 200 (CRSD + GTE200) Group (n = 8). After 21 days, a comprehensive analysis of paraoxonase (PON1), arylesterase (ARE), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx), proinflammatory cytokines, and lipid profiles in aortic tissue, heart tissue, and serum was conducted in a sleep-deprived rat model. Results: Chronic REM sleep deprivation led to a significant reduction in PON1 and ARE levels in aortic (p = 0.046, p = 0.035 respectively) and heart tissues (p = 0.020, p = 0.019 respectively), indicative of compromised antioxidant defenses. MDA levels increased, and NOx levels decreased, suggesting oxidative stress and impaired vascular function. Lipid profile alterations, including increased triglycerides and total cholesterol, were observed in serum. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) further indicated an inflammatory response (p = 0.007, p = 0.018 respectively). GTE administration demonstrated a protective role, restoring antioxidant enzyme levels, suppressing lipid peroxidation, and improving NOx levels. Conclusion: These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of GTE in alleviating the cardiovascular impairments of chronic REM sleep deprivation, emphasizing its candidacy for further clinical exploration as a natural intervention in sleep-related disorders and associated cardiovascular risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Atherosclerosis, driven by dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress, is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates the effects of vigorous-intensity bodybuilding exercise (VIBBE) on atherosclerosis biomarkers—including paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE) activities—and lipid profiles in male bodybuilders who do not use anabolic-androgenic steroids. Comparisons were made with individuals engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE), as well as overweight/obese sedentary (OOS) and normal-weight sedentary (NWS) individuals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 122 healthy male participants aged 18–45 years, divided into four groups: VIBBE (n = 31), OOS (n = 30), MIAE (n = 32), and NWS (n = 29). Anthropometric assessments were performed, and fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses, including lipid profiles and PON1 and ARE activities. Statistical analyses compared the groups and evaluated correlations between adiposity measures and atherosclerosis biomarkers. Results: The VIBBE group exhibited significantly lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and logarithm of the TG to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio [log(TG/HDL-C)] compared to the OOS group (p < 0.05 for all), indicating improved lipid profiles. However, these improvements were not significant when compared to the NWS group (p > 0.05), suggesting that VIBBE may not provide additional lipid profile benefits beyond those associated with normal weight status. PON1 and ARE activities were significantly lower in the VIBBE group compared to the MIAE group (p < 0.05 for both), suggesting that VIBBE may not effectively enhance antioxidant defences. Correlation analyses revealed significant inverse relationships between PON1 and ARE activities and adiposity measures, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass index (FMI), and obesity degree (OD) (p < 0.05 for all). Positive correlations were observed between oxLDL and log(TG/HDL-C) and adiposity measures (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Vigorous-intensity bodybuilding exercise improves certain lipid parameters compared to sedentary obese individuals but does not significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme activities or further improve lipid profiles beyond those observed in normal-weight sedentary men. Conversely, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise significantly enhances PON1 and ARE activities and improves lipid profiles, offering superior cardiovascular benefits. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating moderate-intensity aerobic exercise into physical activity guidelines to optimize cardiovascular health by balancing improvements in lipid metabolism with enhanced antioxidant defences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chronic Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation has been associated with various cardiovascular alterations, including disruptions in antioxidant defense mechanisms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of green tea extract (GTE) in mitigating these adverse effects. Methods A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were used in this study and divided into the control group (n = 8), Chronic-REM Sleep Deprivation (CRSD) Group (n = 8) and Chronic-REM SD + Green Tea 200 (CRSD + GTE200) Group (n = 8). After 21 days, a comprehensive analysis of paraoxonase (PON1), arylesterase (ARE), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx), proinflammatory cytokines, and lipid profiles in aortic tissue, heart tissue, and serum was conducted in a sleep-deprived rat model. Results Chronic REM sleep deprivation led to a significant reduction in PON1 and ARE levels in aortic (p = 0.046, p = 0.035 respectively) and heart tissues (p = 0.020, p = 0.019 respectively), indicative of compromised antioxidant defenses. MDA levels increased, and NOx levels decreased, suggesting oxidative stress and impaired vascular function. Lipid profile alterations, including increased triglycerides and total cholesterol, were observed in serum. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) further indicated an inflammatory response (p = 0.007, p = 0.018 respectively). GTE administration demonstrated a protective role, restoring antioxidant enzyme levels, suppressing lipid peroxidation, and improving NOx levels. Conclusion These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of GTE in alleviating the cardiovascular impairments of chronic REM sleep deprivation, emphasizing its candidacy for further clinical exploration as a natural intervention in sleep-related disorders and associated cardiovascular risks.

Abstract Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Reviews indicated a positive relationship between exposure to pesticides and the development of cancers. In the present study, we have estimated the level of oxidative stress markers in serum samples of pesticide exposure and unexposed cancer patients as compared to normal control. We have found a significant decrease in peroxygenase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) activity and substantial increases in homocysteine levels in both cancer groups. The level of heme biosynthesis rate-limiting enzymes delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) also significantly decreased compared to control. The statistical comparison between the cancer groups does not show significant changes. We concluded the involvement of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis in both cancer group patients. However, more study is needed to put homocysteine as a novel marker for a variety of diseases on a single platform.

Cognitive impairment is one of the main complications of diabetes and patients with cognitive impairment are considered to be in an intermediate stage of decreased cognition with higher risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed at evaluating serum activity of two esterase enzymes including cholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) in diabetic patients and association with cognitive performance and metabolic parameters. In this crosssectional study, 128 diabetic patients were enrolled. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Body mass index, fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, insulin resistance, serum cholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 activity were measured. Prevalence of cognitive impairment was found to be 77% in the study population. Serum cholinesterase activity was found to be higher in diabetic patients with cognitive impairment than the patients with normal cognitive performance (p < 0.04). Further, a negative correlation was found between cognitive performance and cholinesterase activity, albeit statistically non-significant. Alteration in the activity of cholinesterase enzyme was shown to be associated with cognitive impairment in diabetic patients and future studies are required to find the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cognitive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some findings have emerged from the field of oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders. These date also state that oxidative balance and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are significantly related. Yet, researchers have not investigated oxidative stress, oxidative balance, and DNA damage together. We tested the levels of paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and arylesterase (ARE). We also tested the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), oxidative stress, and oxidative DNA damage. We enrolled 37 patients with OCD in the study. The diagnosis of OCD according to DSM-V criteria was established. Patients had not received treatment for at least 6 months. The controls were matched with the patients about sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and smoking. Clinicians used the sociodemographic information form. All subjects were evaluated with a semi-structured questionnaire. Serum PON1, ARE, DPP-IV, oxidative stress index (OSI), and 8‑hydroxideoxiguanosine (8-OHdG) calculations were conducted in the biochemical laboratory. PON1 and DPP-IV levels were not different between OCD patients and the control group (P > 0.05). An oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG—and OSI were higher in the patient's group (p < 0.05). But levels of ARE were significantly lower in OCD patients (P < 0.05). We found evidence that oxidative stress-induced parameters such as OSI, ARE, and 8-OHdG might be related to a specific pathologic state in patients with OCD. The findings may provide a rationale for treating the pathological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Reduced serum PON1 activity is found in diseases marked by oxidative stress and inflammation, but its role in obesity remains unclear. This study investigated PON1 activities and concentrations in morbidly obese individuals and explored the impacts of the genetic polymorphism PON1 rs662 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on enzymatic properties. We recruited 1349 morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and 823 non-obese volunteers. PON1-related variables, including arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase activities and PON1 concentrations, were examined. Our results showed that morbidly obese individuals exhibited higher PON1 concentrations but lower enzymatic activities than non-obese individuals. We observed inverse associations of arylesterase and paraoxonase activities with waist circumference (rho = −0.24, p < 0.001, and rho = −0.30, p < 0.001, respectively) and body mass index (rho = −0.15, p = 0.001, and rho = −0.23, p < 0.001), as well as direct associations of arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase activities with HDL cholesterol (rho = 0.11, p = 0.005, rho = 0.20, p < 0.001, and rho = 0.20, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed regarding metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, rs662 polymorphism allele frequencies, or the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nevertheless, correlations were found between certain PON1-related variables, steatosis, and ballooning. In conclusion, changes in PON1-related variables in morbidly obese patients are dependent on the disease itself and HDL levels. The relationships between these variables and specific liver histological changes raise intriguing questions for consideration in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesPatients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) have severe vascular involvement, which contributes to disease morbidity and mortality. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) associated protein that protects the vascular endothelium from oxidative injury and damage. The current work assessed the functional and genetic determinants of PON1 activity in IIM patients.MethodsA total of 184 IIM patients and 112 healthy controls (HC) were included. PON1 enzyme activity was assessed by paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase assays, and the Q192R PON1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was analysed. Multivariate regression models examined associations of PON1 activity with IIM diagnosis and myositis disease outcomes.ResultsThe arylesterase and lactonase activities of PON1 were significantly lower in IIM patients compared with HC. Higher myositis disease activity, the presence of severe IIM-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD), and the presence of MDA5 or anti-synthetase antibodies were significantly associated with lower PON1 activity. The PON1 Q192R polymorphism was strongly linked to the paraoxonase activity of PON1 in IIM, and patients with the PON1 QQ genotype had better IIM disease outcomes compared with patients with the QR or RR genotypes.ConclusionsThe arylesterase and lactonase activities of PON1 are significantly impaired in IIM patients compared with HC, and inversely associate with IIM disease activity and the presence of severe ILD. The PON1 QQ genotype associates with more favourable disease outcomes in IIM patients. Large prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the role of PON1 and PON1 genetic polymorphisms in the development and propagation of IIM and IIM-ILD.

Background: Peri-implantitis is the main cause of implant failure and is associated with augmented oxidative stress or tissue destruction. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the oxidant-antioxidant balance parameters in individuals with peri-implantitis, considering the clinical findings and the control group.Methods: Peri-implantitis (n = 30) and healthy (n = 30) individuals participated in the study. Peri-implant clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), and keratinized mucosa width (KMW), were recorded. The levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC), oxidative stress index (OSI), and arylesterase (ARE) in saliva were examined. To identify the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers and clinical parameters was used Spearman’s correlation coefficient.Results: TOC values were higher in peri-implantitis, and they correlated with BoP, GI, PD, and PI (P = 0.004, r = 0.370; P = 0.010, r = 0.328; P = 0.038, r = 0.268; P = 0.007, r = 0.342, respectively). TAC values were higher in healthy and correlated with PI, BoP, and GI (P = 0.021, r = -0.297; P = 0.035, r = -0.273; P = 0.012, r = -0.321, respectively). OSI showed a negative correlation with the KMW (mm) (P = 0.046, r = -0.259).Conclusion: Increased TOC and decreased TAC and ARE activity could be predictors of peri-implantitis development. Adequate KMW is important in the production of antioxidants.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between smokeless tobacco (Maras powder) and cigarette consumption with homocysteine, Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), Arylesterase (ARE), and Lipoprotein-a (Lp (a)), which are known as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Material and Methods: The individuals included in the study were divided into three groups as Maras powder users (n = 38), cigarette smokers (n = 38), and healthy volunteers who did not use either tobacco group (n = 38). Serum homocysteine, PON-1, ARE, and Lp (a) levels of all participants were examined. Results: When the groups are compared, the highest homocysteine level was in the Maras powder group. While the difference between the control group and the Maras powder group was statistically significant, the difference between the control and smokers groups was statistically insignificant. Although PON values were lower in both the Maras powder and smokers groups than the control group, the difference was significant only in the smoking group. ARE was significantly lower, and Lp (a) was significantly higher in both tobacco smokers groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: Serum homocysteine, PON-1, ARE, and Lp (a) level are associated with Maras powder use. Homocysteine may be a useful early marker for cardiovascular disease in those who use Maras powder.

Aim:The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of oxidative stress on the etiopathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea by comparing serum oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme levels Methods:A total of 38 women with primary dysmenorrhea and 21 women without dysmenorrhea who applied to our hospital's gynecology clinic were included in the study. Two blood samples were taken from each of the women included in the study, on the 3rd day and the 21st day of their menstrual cycle. The serum levels of Para-oxonase (PON), Arylesterase (ARES), and Stimulated Paraoxonase (SPON) were examined. PON, ARES, and SPON levels were compared between the patient and control groups, as well as within each group, on the 3rd and 21st days of menstrual cycles. Results: In our study, a significant difference was found in the mean age between the patient and control groups. No significant differences were observed in terms of age at menarche, regularity, and duration. No significant differences were found in the ARES, PON, and SPON levels examined on the 3rd and 21st days of the menstrual cycle between the patient and control groups. ConclusionAccording to the results of our study, there was no significant difference in the levels of these markers between the patient and control groups on their respective menstrual cycle days. Based on this, we believe that oxidative and antioxidant markers are not directly involved in the etiopathogenesis of dysmenorrhea or they exhibit cycle-independent effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate PON1 QR192 polymorphism’s (rs662) effects on levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, glucose, and c-reactive protein, and paraoxonase-arylesterase activities among deep vein thrombosis patients and healthy subjects.

To obtain novel esterases from probiotic bacteria, the genome of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was analyzed, and the arylesterase gene (LggAE) from LGG was cloned and heterologously expressed. The expressed enzyme was subjected to affinity purification for enzymatic characterization and structural analysis. The results revealed that the optimal pH of the arylesterase was 7.5, which maintained more than 70% of its activity at pH 7.0–10.0. The optimal temperature of LggAE was 50 ℃. LggAE preferentially hydrolyzed medium-chain p-nitrophenol esters, and the most suitable substrate for it was p-nitrophenol octanoate. LggAE was stable at 40 ℃. The enzymatic activity of LggAE was improved by 17.3% in the presence of ethylene glycol. LggAE was tolerant to DMSO. LggAE retained 39.1%–71.0% of its activity in the presence of sodium citrate or NaCl at high concentrations. The enzymatic activity of LggAE was significantly inhibited by sodium deoxycholate at high temperatures. Structural analysis showed that the substrate binding pocket of LggAE was a small hole mainly composed of aliphatic hydrophobic residues.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme, shows cardioprotective properties and has been proposed as a therapeutic marker for CRF. A systematic analysis of the literature assessing the association between PON1 activity and renal replacement therapy (RRT) of CRF is currently lacking. Therefore, we set out to perform a meta-analysis of the available data on PON1 in RRT of CRF. We searched three electronic databases for studies on PON1 activity in CRF patients with RRT such as hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), or renal transplantation (RTx), published before June 2023. A random-effects and network meta-analysis were performed. A total of 53 studies were eligibly identified. Compared to CRF patients without RRT, RTx patients had higher paraoxonase activity (standard mean difference (SMD), 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76–2.75), followed by HD (SMD, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.02–1.45) and PD patients. Likewise, RTx patients had higher arylesterase activity (SMD, 1.84, 95% CI, 0.18–3.50), followed by HD and PD patients. Also, paraoxonase activity was increased after HD (SMD, 0.59, 95% CI, 0.16–1.03). In conclusion, the overall data demonstrated that PON1 activity is higher in CRF patients with RRT, particularly RTx, followed by that of HD and PD. Measuring PON1 activity can also be included to the paraclinical toolbox for the management of RRT, in addition to the understanding of CRF-related pathophysiology. Regarding the selection of RRT types and their potential to prevent CVD, more research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a pro-oxidant state in patients with schizophrenia may account for the increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in this group and supports the potential utility of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress for risk stratification and management. We investigated this issue by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between the circulating concentrations of paraoxonase-1, an antioxidant calcium-dependent high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated esterase, with paraoxonase and arylesterase activity in schizophrenia. We searched electronic databases from inception to 31 May 2023 for studies investigating paraoxonase-1 in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls and assessed the risk of bias and the certainty of evidence (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023435442). Thirteen studies were identified for analysis. There were no significant between-group differences in paraoxonase (standard mean difference, SMD = 0.12, 95% CI −0.23 to 0.48, p = 0.50; extremely low certainty of evidence) or arylesterase activity (SMD = −0.08, 95% CI −0.39 to 0.23, p = 0.61; very low certainty of evidence). However, in meta-regression and subgroup analysis we observed significant associations between the SMD of paraoxonase and age (p = 0.003), HDL–cholesterol (p = 0.029), and study country (p = 0.04), and the SMD of arylesterase and age (p = 0.007), body mass index (p = 0.012), HDL–cholesterol (p = 0.002), and pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia (p < 0.001). In the absence of overall between-group differences, our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that alterations in paraoxonase-1 may reflect a pro-oxidant state in specific subgroups of patients with schizophrenia that require further assessment in appropriately designed studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoproteinassociated enzyme with both aryl esterase and lactonase activity, and it possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites of several organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, including parathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. This widely studied enzyme is recognized for its protective role against organophosphate poisoning and vascular diseases, as well as its potential as a biomarker for conditions related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver disease. However, limited knowledge exists regarding PON1 activity status following acute organophosphate intoxication. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in serum PON1 activity after acute chlorpyrifos poisoning and its relationship with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Method: Rats were orally given a single dose of chlorpyrifos (160 mg/kg), and blood samples were collected before treatment, as well as at 6 and 96 hours post-treatment. We measured serum cholinesterase, paraoxonase, and arylesterase activity of PON1. Results: Signs of OP poisoning, including miosis, salivation, tremors, fasciculation, and paralysis, were observed following intoxication, accompanied by a significant inhibition of AChE activity. All symptoms resolved after 48 hours, and AChE activity returned to baseline levels at 96 hours. In contrast, paraoxonase and arylesterase activities progressively increased after 6h and 96h treatment respectively. Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that serum cholinesterase activity and paraoxonase activity negatively associated in OP poisoning. Based on these findings, monitoring paraoxonase activity after OP intoxication may serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human serum paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a critical antioxidant defense system against lipid oxidation. Decreased PON-1 activity has been associated with systemic oxidative stress in several disease states. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of plasma/serum concentrations of PON-1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activity in psoriasis, a chronic immune-mediated and inflammatory skin disease. The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to November 2021. In total, 14 studies in 691 psoriatic patients and 724 healthy controls were included in the meta-analysis. Serum paraoxonase activity was significantly lower in psoriatic patients (SMD = − 2.30, 95% CI − 3.17 to − 1.42; p < 0.001); however, no significant between-group differences were observed in serum arylesterase activity (SMD = − 0.34, 95% CI − 0.11 to 0.80; p = 0.14). The pooled SMD values were not substantially altered in sensitivity analysis. There was no publication bias. In conclusion, our meta-analysis has shown that serum paraoxonase, but not arylesterase, activity is significantly lower in psoriasis, suggesting an impaired antioxidant defense in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya Tıp Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Tip Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exercise may increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma by stimulating antioxidant enzymes. The study aimed to measure the effect of three repetitions of acute exercise on arylesterase (ARE) activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme. Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) completed three treadmill runs. ARE activity in plasma was evaluated spectrophotometrically and compared with PON1 concentration (PON1c), paraoxonase (PON) activity, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at rest and after exercise. In all repetitions of the exercise, ARE activity remained stable, and ARE activity standardized for PON1c (ARE/PON1c) was lower post- than pre-exercise. The ARE/PON1c ratio changes returned to baseline levels during rest after each exercise session. Pre-exercise ARE activity correlated negatively with post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.049), white blood cell count (WBC) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.048), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.037), and creatine kinase (CK) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.036). ARE activity may be depleted under conditions of oxidative stress, as increases in PON1c during acute exercise did not result in parallel increases in ARE activity. No adaptation of the response of ARE activity to exercise was detected in subsequent exercise sessions. Individuals with lower pre-exercise ARE activity may develop a higher inflammatory response to strenuous exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cataract usually occurs due to age and diabetes, but the mechanisms of cataract formation have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, the relationship between cataract and oxidative stress was evaluated by examining the aqueous humor reflecting lens metabolism. Objective: In this study, the effect of oxidative stress on the etiopathogenesis of cataract was investigated through the total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and arylesterase (ARE) levels in aqueous humor samples of patients with cataract. Design: A prospective cohort study. Methods: This study was conducted on patients who were scheduled for cataract surgery between June 2020 and March 2021. The patients were divided into four groups according to their cataract density as grades 1, 2, 3, and 4. TOS, TAS, and ARE levels of aqueous humor samples were measured spectrophotometrically, and comparisons were made between groups. Results: A total of 100 eyes of 100 patients were included in this study. TAS levels were found significantly higher in the grade 2 group compared with the grade 4 group (p = 0.006). In addition, a significant negative correlation was present between cataract grade and TAS level (r = −0.237; p = 0.018). There was no significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic patients in terms of TAS, TOS, OSI, and ARE levels. Conclusion: The aqueous humor of patients with a high degree of cataract is characterized by low antioxidant capacity. Decreased antioxidant capacity has a role in cataract formation and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oxidative stress is known to be associated with the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that has been proposed as a biomarker for CKD. While several studies have reported an association between serum PON1 activity and CKD, consensus based on systematically analyzed data remains necessary. We set out to conduct a meta-analysis of literature on PON1 in CKD. Electronic databases, such as MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL, were searched for available studies on PON1 activity in patients with CKD (without dialysis) as published before December 2022. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. In total, 24 studies (22 studies on paraoxonase and 11 on arylesterase activity) were eligibly identified. Patients with CKD showed a lower activity of paraoxonase (standard mean difference [SMD], −1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2.15 to −1.29) and arylesterase (SMD, −2.60; 95%CI, −3.96 to −1.24) than healthy controls. In the subgroup analyses, paraoxonase activity was lower in chronic kidney failure (CKF), an advanced stage of CKD, than in non-CKF. In summary, PON1 activity is low in patients with CKD, suggesting that the antioxidant defense by PON1 is impaired in CKD. The decrease in enzyme activity is pronounced in advanced CKD showing some variability depending on the substrate employed to measure PON1 activity. Further studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the α/β hydrolases superfamily, the extra module modulated enzymatic activity, substrate specificity, and stability. The functional role of N-terminal extensional long α-helix (Ala2-Glu29, designated as NEL-helix) acting as the extra module in the arylesterase LggEst from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG had been systemically investigated by deletion mutagenesis, biochemical characterization, and biophysical methods. The deletion of the NEL-helix did not change the overall structure of this arylesterase. The deletion of the NEL-helix led to the shifting of optimal pH into the acidity and the loss of thermophilic activity. The deletion of the NEL-helix produced a 10.6-fold drop in catalytic activity towards the best substrate pNPC10. NEL-Helix was crucial for the thermostability, chemical resistance, and organic solvents tolerance. The deletion of the NEL-helix did not change the overall rigidity of enzyme structure and only reduced the local rigidity of the active site. Sodium deoxycholate might partially replenish the loss of activity caused by the deletion of the NEL-helix. Our research further enriched the functional role of the extra module on catalysis and stability in the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Reduced serum PON1 activity is found in diseases marked by oxidative stress and inflammation, but its role in obesity remains unclear. This study investigated PON1 activities and concentrations in morbidly obese individuals and explored the impacts of the genetic polymorphism PON1 rs662 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on enzymatic properties. We recruited 1349 morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and 823 non-obese volunteers. PON1-related variables, including arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase activities and PON1 concentrations, were examined. Our results showed that morbidly obese individuals exhibited higher PON1 concentrations but lower enzymatic activities than non-obese individuals. We observed inverse associations of arylesterase and paraoxonase activities with waist circumference (rho = −0.24, p < 0.001, and rho = −0.30, p < 0.001, respectively) and body mass index (rho = −0.15, p = 0.001, and rho = −0.23, p < 0.001), as well as direct associations of arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase activities with HDL cholesterol (rho = 0.11, p = 0.005, rho = 0.20, p < 0.001, and rho = 0.20, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed regarding metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, rs662 polymorphism allele frequencies, or the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nevertheless, correlations were found between certain PON1-related variables, steatosis, and ballooning. In conclusion, changes in PON1-related variables in morbidly obese patients are dependent on the disease itself and HDL levels. The relationships between these variables and specific liver histological changes raise intriguing questions for consideration in future studies.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common reason for dementia and is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the aging population. A crucial component of AD is the brain's sensitivity to oxidative stress. We aimed to determine the oxidative load of patients with AD who had just been diagnosed and had not yet begun medical treatment. Methods: To assess oxidative load before drug administration, we compared the levels of serum total antioxidant (TAS), oxidant status (TOS), paraoxonase (PON1), arylesterase (ARES), total thiol (THIOL) levels in patients just diagnosed with AD (n = 41) and control (n = 45) with the totally 86 individuals. AD and control groups oxidative stress index (OSI) ratio was calculated too. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the AD and control groups for mean TAS, TOS, and OSI levels with a 95% confidence level (pTAS = 0.001, pTOS = 0.005, pOSI = 0.001). There was not a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of mean PON1, ARES, and THIOL values. Significantly negative and positive correlations were found for the interested parameters in both groups. Conclusion: The increase in antioxidative capacity in patients with AD may be related to ARES supported by TAS, and THIOL levels suggest, that those protein oxidation mechanisms are effective in the progress of AD disease before medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) binds to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and protects against atherosclerosis. However, the relationship between functional PON1 Q192R polymorphism, which is associated with the hydrolysis of paraoxon (POXase activity) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), remains controversial. As the effect of PON1 Q192R polymorphism on the HDL function is unclear, we investigated the relationship between this polymorphism and the cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), one of the biological functions of HDL, in association with the PON1 activity., Methods: The relationship between PON1 Q192R polymorphisms and CEC was investigated retrospectively in 150 subjects without ASCVD (50 with the PON1 Q/Q genotype, 50 with the Q/R genotype, and 50 with the R/R genotype) who participated in a health screening program. The POXase and arylesterase (AREase: hydrolysis of aromatic esters) activities were used as measures of the PON1 activity., Results: The AREase activity was positively correlated with CEC independent of the HDL cholesterol levels. When stratified by the PON1 Q192R genotype, the POXase activity was also positively correlated with CEC independent of HDL cholesterol. PON1 Q192R R/R genotype carriers had a lower CEC than Q/Q or Q/R genotype carriers, despite having a higher POXase activity. Moreover, in a multiple regression analysis, the PON1 Q192R genotype was associated with the degree of CEC, independent of the HDL cholesterol and POXase activity., Conclusions: The PON1 Q192R R allele is associated with reduced CEC in Japanese people without ASCVD. Further studies on the impact of this association on the severity of atherosclerosis and ASCVD development are thus called for.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, D vitamini eksikliği olan erişkinlerde Paroksonaz (PON) ve Arilesteraz (ARE) enzim aktivitelerini araştırmak, D vitamini eksikliğinin oksidatif stres ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar için risk belirteci olan PON-1, ARE ve Lp (a) üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya D vitamini eksikliği olan 43 hasta ve benzer demografik özelliklere sahip olan 37 sağlıklı birey dahil edildi. 25 (OH) D'nin 20 ng/mL' nin altında olması D vitamini eksikliği olarak kabul edildi. Gruplar arasında PON-1, ARE enzim aktiviteleri, Lp (a) ve serum lipid düzeyleri karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: D vitamini eksikliği olan hastalarda PON aktivitesi sağlıklı kontrol grubuna göre düşük bulundu. Gruplar arasında ARE aktivitesi ve Lp (a) benzer düzeylerdeydi. D vitamini ile PON arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki gözlemlendi. Sonuç: D vitamini eksikliği olan grup daha düşük PON-1 aktivitesine sahipti. D vitamini eksikliğinin neden olduğu oksidatif stres artışına, LDL düzeylerindeki artış ve HDL düzeyindeki azalma ile birlikte PON-1 aktivitesinin düşüklüğünün neden olabileceği düşünüldü.

The presence of a pro-oxidant state in patients with schizophrenia may account for the increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in this group and supports the potential utility of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress for risk stratification and management. We investigated this issue by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between the circulating concentrations of paraoxonase-1, an antioxidant calcium-dependent high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated esterase, with paraoxonase and arylesterase activity in schizophrenia. We searched electronic databases from inception to 31 May 2023 for studies investigating paraoxonase-1 in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls and assessed the risk of bias and the certainty of evidence (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023435442). Thirteen studies were identified for analysis. There were no significant between-group differences in paraoxonase (standard mean difference, SMD = 0.12, 95% CI −0.23 to 0.48, p = 0.50; extremely low certainty of evidence) or arylesterase activity (SMD = −0.08, 95% CI −0.39 to 0.23, p = 0.61; very low certainty of evidence). However, in meta-regression and subgroup analysis we observed significant associations between the SMD of paraoxonase and age (p = 0.003), HDL–cholesterol (p = 0.029), and study country (p = 0.04), and the SMD of arylesterase and age (p = 0.007), body mass index (p = 0.012), HDL–cholesterol (p = 0.002), and pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia (p < 0.001). In the absence of overall between-group differences, our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that alterations in paraoxonase-1 may reflect a pro-oxidant state in specific subgroups of patients with schizophrenia that require further assessment in appropriately designed studies.

Exercise may increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma by stimulating antioxidant enzymes. The study aimed to measure the effect of three repetitions of acute exercise on arylesterase (ARE) activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme. Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) completed three treadmill runs. ARE activity in plasma was evaluated spectrophotometrically and compared with PON1 concentration (PON1c), paraoxonase (PON) activity, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at rest and after exercise. In all repetitions of the exercise, ARE activity remained stable, and ARE activity standardized for PON1c (ARE/PON1c) was lower post- than pre-exercise. The ARE/PON1c ratio changes returned to baseline levels during rest after each exercise session. Pre-exercise ARE activity correlated negatively with post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.049), white blood cell count (WBC) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.048), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.037), and creatine kinase (CK) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.036). ARE activity may be depleted under conditions of oxidative stress, as increases in PON1c during acute exercise did not result in parallel increases in ARE activity. No adaptation of the response of ARE activity to exercise was detected in subsequent exercise sessions. Individuals with lower pre-exercise ARE activity may develop a higher inflammatory response to strenuous exercise.

Background: Decreased concentration of both oestrogen hormone and vitamin D in postmenopausal period may lead to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, dyslipidaemia, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the serum levels of oxidative stress parameters; TOS, TAS, OSI, PON-1, ARYL in postmenopausal and fertile women of Kutahya city, Turkey. Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya University of Health Sciences, Kutahya, Turkey from July, 2020 to September, 2020. Kutahya is a city in western Turkey, with population of 237,804 as per 2011 estimates. Two samples were drawn from this population with consecutive technique. Study group included 40 menopausal women, while control group included 40 healthy fertile women. After overnight fasting, venous blood samples were collected, centrifuged, aliquoted into a polystyrene tube, and aliquots were stored at -80°C until measurement for total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and arylesterase (ARYL) measurements were made. Levels of TOS, TAS, OSI, PON-1, ARYL were five research variables on ratio scale. ‘Normal’ data were described by mean, range and SD and skewed data by median, Q1, Q3 and IQR with 95% confidence intervals. For normal data, independent-samples t-test and for skewed data Mann–Whitney U test was used for hypotheses testing. Results: Serum total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were significantly higher (p-value .015 .003 respectively), and serum paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARYL) levels were significantly lower in postmenopausal than fertile women (p-value .0001 .0005 respectively), with no statistical difference for serum total antioxidant status (TAS) levels between the two groups (p-value .186). Conclusion: Postmenopausal period is associated with oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defence. HDL-c-dependent PON-1 and ARYL activities are also reducing due to a decrease of HDL-c with menopause. Elevated levels of TOS and OSI, decreased levels of PON-1 and ARYL may lead to various life-threatening diseases such as cardiovascular disorders or cancer.

Objectives: There are many mechanisms associated with the onset and development of osteoporosis. The purpose of our study is to investigate the relationship between the fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, bone mineral density (BMD) values, and total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) levels, and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), arylesterase (ARE) enzyme activities in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Our study included 95 patients diagnosed as being postmenopausal. The patients were divided into three study groups, which were the control (T-score>-1; n=33 with normal BMD, osteopenia (-2.50.05). Accordingly; the comparison of the control group with the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups revealed that serum PON1 enzyme activity was significantly increased in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that increased age, duration of menopause, and oxidative stress, as well as decreased PON1 enzyme (an antioxidant enzyme) activity, lead to increased osteoporosis, independently of the lipid profile and serum fasting blood sugar.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent genome- and epigenome-wide studies demonstrate that the DNA methylation is controlled in part by genetics, highlighting the importance of integrating genetic and epigenetic data. To better understand molecular mechanisms affecting gene expression, we used the candidate susceptibility gene paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a model to assess associations of PON1 genetic polymorphisms with DNA methylation and arylesterase activity, a marker of PON1 expression. PON1 has been associated with susceptibility to obesity, cardiovascular disease, and pesticide exposure. In this study, we assessed DNA methylation in 18 CpG sites located along PON1 shores, shelves, and its CpG island in blood specimens collected from newborns and 9-year-old children participating (n = 449) in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study. The promoter polymorphism, PON1-108 , was strongly associated with methylation, particularly for CpG sites located near the CpG island (P << 0.0005). Among newborns, these relationships were even more pronounced after adjusting for blood cell composition. We also observed significant decreases in arylesterase activity with increased methylation at the same nine CpG sites at both ages. Using causal mediation analysis, we found statistically significant indirect effects of methylation (β(95% confidence interval): 6.9(1.5, 12.4)) providing evidence that DNA methylation mediates the relationship between PON1-108 genotype and PON1 expression. Our findings show that integration of genetic, epigenetic, and expression data can shed light on the functional mechanisms involving genetic and epigenetic regulation of candidate susceptibility genes like PON1.

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ABSTRACT Objective Our objective in this study was to evaluate the factors predicting female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Subjects and methods The study included 149 women with DM. Sexual function was evaluated with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire, in which total scores under 26.55 characterized the occurrence of FSD (Group 1 > 26.55, Group 2 < 26.55). We recorded the patients’ demographic, metabolic, and hormonal data. Ophthalmologic, neurologic, and renal complications were also evaluated. The antioxidant status of the patients in both groups was determined by measuring the activity of the enzymes paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARE). Results Based on the FSFI scores, 60 patients were allocated to Group 1 (26.6 ± 12.3) and 89 to Group 2 (22.6 ± 9.5). Group 2 compared with Group 1 had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean concentrations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose, triglycerides, and insulin, along with higher rates of metformin use, smoking, retinopathy, and nephropathy. The mean serum ARE concentrations were significantly lower in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (p = 0.000), but the mean serum PON-1 concentrations were similar between both groups (p = 0.218). On multivariable regression analysis, age, ARE activity, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score, and menopause were significant independent predictors of FSD (p < 0.05). Conclusions In this study, we evaluated the predictive factors determining FSD caused by DM. Despite the significant results found in our study, future randomized controlled studies with a long follow-up and a larger number of patients are required to determine how DM affects FSD.

In the α/β hydrolases superfamily, the extra module modulated enzymatic activity, substrate specificity, and stability. The functional role of N-terminal extensional long α-helix (Ala2-Glu29, designated as NEL-helix) acting as the extra module in the arylesterase LggEst from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG had been systemically investigated by deletion mutagenesis, biochemical characterization, and biophysical methods. The deletion of the NEL-helix did not change the overall structure of this arylesterase. The deletion of the NEL-helix led to the shifting of optimal pH into the acidity and the loss of thermophilic activity. The deletion of the NEL-helix produced a 10.6-fold drop in catalytic activity towards the best substrate pNPC10. NEL-Helix was crucial for the thermostability, chemical resistance, and organic solvents tolerance. The deletion of the NEL-helix did not change the overall rigidity of enzyme structure and only reduced the local rigidity of the active site. Sodium deoxycholate might partially replenish the loss of activity caused by the deletion of the NEL-helix. Our research further enriched the functional role of the extra module on catalysis and stability in the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily.

Background: Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is considered as a harmful event for couples, and can lead to serious problems such as anxiety and depression in couples. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is involved in a variety of disorders including spontaneous abortion (RSA). Paraoxonase and Ariel Esterase are antioxidant enzymes with various protective effects. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum MDA level and enzymatic activity of paraoxonase and arile esterase enzymes with RSA risk. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 53 RSA patients and 47 healthy age- and sex-matched subjects as the control group were enrolled in the study. Level of MDA were determined in serum sample by using a calorimetrically method with thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The activity of enzymes Paraoxonase and arylesterase were measured by spectrophotometry. Result: The mean serum level of MDA was significantly increased in RSA patients compared to a healthy control group (5.85±1.00 vs. 5.47±0.77, P

We prospected a novel arylesterase LggEst from the probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG by genome mining strategy, and characterized the enzymatic properties in detail. Biochemical characterization revealed that arylesterase LggEst presented high activity at a wide range of temperatures from 25 to 65 °C with maximum activity at 50 °C. LggEst maintained high activity in the pH range from 5.5 to 7.5 with optimum pH of 6.5. LggEst might efficiently hydrolyze a series of aryl substrates p-nitrophenyl esters with different acyl chain lengths. LggEst displayed the Vmax from 2.8 to 77.3 μmol min−1 mg−1 protein and the kcat from 1.8 to 48.8 s−1 with the highest catalytic activity on pNPC6. The KM of LggEst on different substrates varied significantly from 4.9 μM to 5.6 mM with the highest affinity on pNPC10. LggEst exhibited the preference for medium- and long-chain p-nitrophenyl esters. LggEst showed remarkable thermostability at 45 °C. LggEst could be tolerant of several organic solvents at the concentration of 10% and DMSO and methanol at the concentration of 20%. Catalytic activity of LggEst was improved by 12% in the presence of 20% ethylene glycol. LggEst was resistant to high concentrations of sodium citrate and sodium chloride. Notably, enzymatic activity of LggEst was significantly enhanced in the presence of 0.1% sodium deoxycholate at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) is the cumulative total of all antioxidant compounds contained in food and is associated with dietary food consumption. Therefore, it can be used as an indicator of dietary quality. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between dTAC values with serum antioxidant (total antioxidant capacity (TAC); paraoxonase1 (PON1), and arylesterase (ARES)) and oxidant (total oxidant status (TOS); Oxidative Stress Index (OSI), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) parameters in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This experimental randomized controlled human study was conducted in 2 dialysis centers in Bingol, Turkey. In this study, 46 participants were included in each of the 2 groups of hemodialysis and control. The dietary intake was assessed with a 7-day food diary, and the dTAC values were calculated from databases of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the equation of vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC). Results: The values of dTAC were lower in the hemodialysis patients than in the control group (P < .01). There was a positive correlation between the values of TEAC, TRAP, FRAP, and serum PON1, whereas there was a significant negative correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) values (P < .05). Conclusion: The dietary TAC values were lower in the hemodialysis patients, and they were related with serum PON1 and CRP. Increasing the dTAC content is thought to have positive effects on patients, and it should be increased by providing healthy nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overproduction of oxygen-related free radicals and inadequate antioxidant defense are critical in hypothyroidism, as they might lead to future life-threatening diseases. The objectives of this study were to compare serum levels of oxidative stress markers; total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and arylesterase (ARYL) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and overt hypothyroidism (OH) versus healthy controls in population of Kutahya city, Turkey. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya University of Health Sciences, Kutahya, Turkey, from July to December, 2016. Three study groups of 45 each were formed as healthy controls, patients with SH and OH. Serum levels of TOS, TAS, OSI, PON-1, and ARYL were five research variables with ratio scale, but skewed, so described by median and IQR with 95% Cl. Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests were used for hypotheses testing. Results: Serum levels of TOS and OSI were higher in SH group (p-values 0.032; <.0001; respectively) and OH group (p-values <.0001; <.0001, respectively) than healthy controls, while serum levels of TAS, PON-1 and ARYL were lower in SH group (p-values <.0001; <.0001; <.0001, respectively) and OH group (p-values <.0001; <.0001; <.0001, respectively) than control group. Conclusion: Our study showed that serum levels of TOS and OSI were higher in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism than in healthy controls; while serum levels of TAS, PON-1, and ARYL were lower in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism than in healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is no consensus on an ideal marker of oxidative stress (OS). Disruption of the balance between free radical and antioxidant activity production by increasing oxidative markers results in OS. In this study, we aimed to investigate how OS, which increases mortality and morbidity due to various reasons, is affected by keto/amino therapy in patients with hypoalbuminemia undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Materials and Method: Twenty patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis were included in the study. Before starting keto/amino acid therapy, primary kidney diseases were determined, body mass indexes, serum total protein, albumin, C‐reactive protein, ferritin, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, paraoxonase‐1 (PON‐1), sialic acid levels, arylesterase (ARE) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured, and Kt/V values were calculated. Keto/amino acid treatment was initiated for those with an albumin level of <3.5 g/dL. The same parameters of the patients, followed up for 3 months, were checked again at the end of the third month. Results: Paraoxonase‐1 and ARE activities, which are antioxidant enzyme activities, were found to be statistically significantly increased compared to the initial period (59 ± 59, 135 ± 69, 15.8 ± 19.7, and 44.7 ± 16.4, respectively; p < 0.00). MDA and sialic acid levels were significantly lower than the initial values (109 ± 99, 23 ± 9, 2.26 ± 0.44, and 2.04 ± 0.39, respectively; p < 0.01). Conclusion: In our study, after the initiation of keto/amino acid treatment, PON‐1, which is a significant antioxidant marker, and ARE plasma activities increased and tissue destruction product MDA and sialic acid significantly decreased. In the light of all these data, we think that this treatment can reduce OS, improve hypoalbuminemia, which causes both mortality and morbidity in patients, improve survival in PD patients, and may be an antioxidant treatment in suitable patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral nerve injuries are among those complicated medical conditions, which are still waiting for their highly effective first‐line therapies. In this study, the role of Calotropis procera crude leaves was evaluated at different doses for their effectiveness in improving functional recovery following sciatic nerve injury‐induced in the mouse model. Thirty‐two healthy albino mice were divided into four groups as Normal chow group (control, n = 8) and C. procera chow groups (50 mg/kg (n = 8), 100 mg/kg (n = 8) and 200 mg/kg (n = 8)). Behavioral analyses were performed to assess and compare improved functional recovery along with skeletal muscle mass measurement in all groups. Serum samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers. Results showed that C. procera leaves at dose‐dependent manner showed statistically prominent (p <.05) increase in sensorimotor functions reclamation as confirmed by behavioral analyses along with muscle mass restoration and prominent decline in TOS and momentous increase in TAC along with the augmented activity of antioxidative enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human serum paraoxonase 1(PON1) is an enzyme synthesised mainly by the liver. Paraoxonase 1 Q192R polymorphism involves amino acid substitution of glutamine (Q isoform) to arginine (R isoform) at position 192. Paraoxonase 1 activity and polymorphism is associated with many disease conditions. In the Sri Lankan context, data is lacking on the distribution of Paraoxonase 1 phenotypes. The aim of this study was to assess the phenotypic distribution of Paraoxonase 1 in a cohort of healthy Sri Lankan individuals, using the dual substrate method. Serum samples of 77 apparently healthy individuals were used for the study. Paraoxonase activity was measured by a kinetic method using paraoxon as the substrate at 412 nm and 25° C. Salt stimulated paraoxonase 1 activity was measured in the presence of 1M NaCl. Arylesterase activity was measured by a kinetic method using phenylacetate as the substrate at 270 nm and 25° C. The ratio of salt stimulated paraoxonase activity to arylesterase activity was used to assign phenotypes. Basal and salt stimulated paraoxonase activities were bimodally distributed. Arylesterase activity was unimodally distributed. Salt stimulated paraoxonase activity/arylesterase activity ratio was trimodally distributed. The three modes corresponded to QQ (lower activity), QR (intermediate activity) and RR (higher activity) phenotypes. The percentage distribution of QQ, QR and RR phenotypes were 36 %, 51 % and 13 %, respectively. This study has set the baseline data on phenotypic distribution of paraoxonase1 in a cohort of healthy Sri Lankan individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: The negative impact of oxidative stress on oocytes obtained from in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients is a challenge for the optimization of live birth rates. In this study, it is aimed to investigate whether oxidant/antioxidant parameters have a predictive value in terms of determining the count and quality of oocytes. Materials and methods: Catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), arylesterase (ARE) enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were analysed in cumulus cells of poor responder (n = 28, oocyte count ≤ 4), normo responder (n = 48, 5 ≤ oocyte count ≤ 14), and high responder (n = 26, oocyte count ≥ 15) patient groups continuing IVF treatment. Results: The cumulus cell GST enzyme activity were statistically significantly increased in the high responders group compared to the poor responder and the normo responder’s groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The cumulus cell MDA levels were significantly decreased in the high responder group compared to the poor responder group (p = 0.008). The cumulus cell CAT (p = 0.175) and ARE (p = 0.124) enzyme activities were examined but no statistically significant difference found between the groups. Conclusion: The significant increase in GST enzyme activity and significant decrease in MDA levels in the high responder group indicate that oxidative stress has an effect oocyte status and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a multifactorial disease. Arylesterase (ARE) activities have been considered as an anti-atherosclerosis factor. Increased pulse pressure (PP) may lead to a high risk of coronary artery disease and neurovascular morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, there are limitations for PP as an evaluation index. In order to overcome the defects of PP, there is a novel parameter, "pulse pressure/systolic pressure" named "pulse pressure index (PPI)" for evaluation of cardiovascular effect. We researched the relationship between ARE activities and pulse pressure index (PPI) in acute ischemic stroke patients. We evaluated and compared the ARE activity and PPI in 87 ischemic stroke patients and 48 control patients. ARE activity was measured with the ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method by using "Rel Assay Diagnostic" kits. Pulse pressure was measured by subtraction of diastolic blood pressure from systolic blood pressure. PPI was calculated as "pulse pressure / systolic pressure". Hypertension, age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia importantly higher in ischemic stroke patients than the control group (p<0.05). PPI was significantly higher in ischemic stroke patients than the control group (0.486±0.075 and 0.417±0.051, p<0.05). ARE activity was significantly lower in ischemic stroke patients than in the control group (511.59 ± 68.51 and 584.16 ± 81.74 p=0.019). This study demonstrated that ARE activity is lower and PPI is higher in acute ischemic stroke patients than control subjects. Our results suggested that, ARE activity and PPI are important risk factors in acute ischemic stroke patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) enzyme and PON Q192R gene polymorphism are associated with atherosclerosis in many middle-aged individuals and high populations at risk of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine serum PON-1 and arylesterase (ARE) activities, PON Q192R polymorphism, and their association with gender, lipoprotein levels, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) among young healthy individuals. Material and Methods: Four hundred fifteen healthy volunteers (F/M: 213/202, 19-25 years) were included in the study. Serum lipoprotein levels and PON1, ARE activities were measured using spectrophotometric methods. PON 192Q polymorphism was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, and CIMT was measured using Doppler ultrasonography. Results: Serum PON1 activity and PON Q192R polymorphism frequencies were similar between men and women, while ARE activity was significantly higher in women. PON1 activity was considerably higher in RR carriers than in QQ and QR carriers among both men and women. Serum high-density lipoprotein level was lower, and CIMT was higher in men compared to women. Conclusion: PON1 enzyme activities did not differ according to gender, and ARE activity was higher in women. High PON1 activity is associated with PONQ192 RR polymorphism carriers. PON Q192 gene polymorphism could be a determinant of PON activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship among the changes in activities of paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE) and homocysteine thiolactonase (HTLase) enzyme having antioxidant properties and the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of the most common complications of diabetes. Methods: Normoalbuminuric type-2 diabetic patients (Group II, n = 100), microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients (Group III, n = 100) and the control group (Group I, n = 100) were included in the study. The age and gender of the patient groups matched with the age and gender of the control group. HTLase, PON and ARE enzyme activities were measured by the spectrophotometric method using a g-thiobutyrinolactone, paraoxon, and phenylacetate substrates respectively. In this study, an autoanalyzer application was developed in order to measure HTLase enzyme activity for the first time. Results: Serum HTLase, ARE and PON activities of Group III and Group II were significantly low compared to HTLase, ARE and PON results of Group I (p

Stress caused due to examinations during any degree program and at any educational level has been observed at all levels so the present study was conducted to investigate the stress related to final examination in undergraduate students with reference to their academic performance. Fifty-four volunteers were divided into three groups, (n = 18), according to their academic performance, that is, Group A with low CGPA (⩽2.99), Group B with average CGPA (⩾3.00–3.59) and Group C with high CGPA (⩾3.60) and blood samples (3 ml) were taken at three-time intervals, that is, pre-examination, during examination and post examination time interval, at the Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad. Anthropometric parameters like height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate and body mass index (BMI) were also determined. Blood cortisol and thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine, T3; thyroxine, T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)) were measured using ELISA based technique. Arylesterase activity (ARE) and paraoxonase activity (PON-1) were also measured using colorimetric method. The results showed that overall cortisol level was increased at pre-examination and during examination time intervals as compared to the post examination time interval while PON-1 and ARE were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. With regards to T4 and TSH, a non-significant (p < 0.05) difference was observed in pre and post examination time interval. It could be concluded from the current study that semester system examinations significantly (p < 0.05) imposed stress in all students group at pre-examination interval as compare to post examination interval and this examination related stress was find more in the students already obtained low CGPA as compared to the other studied groups. Although, a correlation between academic performance and examinations stress in semester system was found but a large scale trial in multiple institutions throughout the Pakistan is required to exclude any socioeconomic factors because Pakistan belongs to developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many types of cancer, reactive oxygen and nitrogen products have been detected at high levels. Arylesterase, and paraoxonase1 are esterase enzymes that have strong antioxidant characteristics. The prolidase enzyme is a rate -limiting metalloenzyme which also plays a role in collagen turnover, and is dependent on its NO-activity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible relationship between serum paraoxonase1, arilesterase and prolidase enzyme activity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and to investigate the etiology and mechanism of oral cavity cancer. The study included 24 patients with oral cavity cancer, and 22 healthy age - and sex-matched individuals. Arylesterase, paraoxonase1 and prolidase activities were measured using spectrophotometry. Paraoxonase1 activity was 11.6±2.32 nmol/l in the patient group and 29.46±6.18 nmol/l in the controls. Arylesterase activity was 32.2±14.57 nmol/l in the patient group and 80.71±7.23 nmol/l in the controls. Prolidase activity was 39.51±3.02 nmol/l in the patient group and 19.53±1.13 nmol/l in the controls. The mean paraoxonase1 and arylesterase levels in the patient group were statistically lower than the control group and the mean prolidase levels were high (p = 0.0001). In our study, arylesterase and paraoxonase1 enzyme activity was low in patients with oral cav ity cancer. The prolidase activity was higher in the same group. As a result, paraoxonase1, arylesterase and prolidase enzyme activities play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of oral cavity cancers. In addition, more research should be done on bot h clinical and molecular levels of oral cavity cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decreased concentration of both oestrogen hormone and vitamin D in postmenopausal period may lead to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, dyslipidaemia, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the serum levels of oxidative stress parameters; TOS, TAS, OSI, PON-1, ARYL in postmenopausal and fertile women of Kutahya city, Turkey. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya University of Health Sciences, Kutahya, Turkey from July, 2016 to December, 2016. Kutahya is a city in western Turkey, with population of 237,804 as per 2011 estimates. Two samples were drawn from this population with consecutive technique. Study group included 40 menopausal women, while control group included 40 healthy fertile women. After overnight fasting, venous blood samples were collected, centrifuged, aliquoted into a polystyrene tube, and aliquots were stored at -80°C until measurement for total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and arylesterase (ARYL) measurements were made. Levels of TOS, TAS, OSI, PON-1, ARYL were five research variables on ratio scale. 'Normal' data were described by mean, range and SD and skewed data by median, Q1, Q3 and IQR with 95% confidence intervals. For normal data, independent-samples t-test and for skewed data Mann-Whitney U test was used for hypotheses testing. Results: Serum total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were significantly higher (p-value .015 & .003 respectively), and serum paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARYL) levels were significantly lower in postmenopausal than fertile women (p-value <.0001 & .0005 respectively), with no statistical difference for serum total antioxidant status (TAS) levels between the two groups (p-value .186). Conclusion: Postmenopausal period is associated with oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defence. HDLc-dependent PON-1 and ARYL activities are also reducing due to a decrease of HDL-c with menopause. Elevated levels of TOS and OSI, decreased levels of PON-1 and ARYL may lead to various life-threatening diseases such as cardiovascular disorders or cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]