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Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) cause major economic losses and affect many domestic animals, mainly cattle and sheep, in tropical and subtropical regions. Tropical theileriosis is a TBD caused by a protozoon called Theileria annulata transmitted by several tick species of the genus Hyalomma. Clinical manifestations of theileriosis are expressed mainly as anorexia, febrile generalized lymphadenitis and anemia followed by lethargy, lacrimation, nasal discharge and exopthalmia. Anemia is a feature point in tropical bovine theileriosis and severity was positively related to parasitaemia rates. Fatality due to infection is greatly dependent on the overproduction of cytokines, such as TNF-α produced by the schizont-infected monocytes/macrophages and uninfected macrophages. Buparvaquone gave 86.66% clinical efficacy against Theileria annulata, but 97.1% and 95.2% efficacy against Theileria parva. In Theileriosis, hemolysis occurs due to isoantibody to RBC. To prevent this isoantibody lysis, immunosuppressive dose of steroid such as Dexamethasone@2.2 mg/kg.b.wt could be used.

The present study was designed to evaluate the variations of trace minerals status in blood at different stages of periparturient periods and colostrum and milk, colostrum immunoglobulin’s and morbidity and mortality were also evaluated in various recognized breeds of goats maintained at organized farms of CIRG in comparison to the non-descript goats maintained at farmers field flock. The results reveal that blood, colostrum and milk levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) were found to be significantly lower at different stages of periparturient period in the Non-descript breed of goats of maintained at farmers field flock. The colostrum immunoglobulin’s (IgG, IgM and IgA) were also found to be lowest in the non-descript breed of goats than recognized breeds of goats. The morbidity and mortality were found to be highest in goat kids born of non-descript breed of goats during pre weaning period in comparison to the recognized breeds. It can be concluded that the lower level of trace minerals during periparturient period in non-descript goats of farmers field flocks might results in lower level of colostral immunoglobulin’s hence poor transfer of passive immunity in goat kids. Therefore, high morbidity and mortality of goat kids during pre weaning period than recognized breed of goats of the organized farms.

An epidemiological and biological rhythm study was conducted in bovines naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi in Braj Bhoomi region of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 2312 blood samples of bo...

Effect of vitamins A, D3, E and H supplementation on oxidative stress/antioxidant indices in buffaloes suffering from trypanosomosis was investigated. Changes in the oxidative stress parameters viz...

Apparently healthy, eight parturient Sahiwal cows were enrolled and blood samples were collected five times: at enrolment −14, −7, 0 (day of parturition), +7, and +14 days of parturition. Another e...

The study was carried out on 36 naturally infected buffaloes with Theileria annulata, to determine the clinical markers, hemato-biochemical and oxidative stress parameters alterations. The clinical markers recorded in infected buffaloes were fever, enlargement of pre-scapular lymph nodes, pale mucosae, anorexia, thin mucoid nasal discharge along with melanic faeces and corneal opacity as clinical signs which might be considered as clinical markers of theleriosis in buffaloes in the semi arid zone of the region. Hemato-bichemical and oxidative stress parameters alterations revealed significant decrease in red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the infected animals, compared to the control ones. Increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decrease in the levels superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in infected animals, compared to the control ones. It can be concluded that theleriosis in buffaloes may lead to anemia which might be attributed due to increased oxidative stress.

An epidemiological study was conducted along with clinicodiagnostic markers and pathological alteration in equines naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi in seven district on semi-arid zones of...

High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been used for normal-phase separation of the components of hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of Rauvolfia serpentina roots. Computerized densitometry was used for two-dimensional spectrographic image analysis of the HPTLC plates. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also used for reversed-phase separation of these extracts. Different chromatograms of R. serpentina root extracts, obtained by use of these techniques, revealed the presence of three marker indole alkaloids, ajmaline, ajmalicine, and reserpine, in all four extracts. Use of chloroform resulted in most efficient extraction of these three alkaloids. The results also showed that defatting with hexane may result in loss of the alkaloids.

The motivation behind this audit is to furnish a depiction of the logical proof of the profits of physical action on health and well-being, centering especially on the aversion of no communicable illnesses (Ncds – likewise regularly alluded to as unending infections), and to present case investigations of 'what works' in distinctive settings and contexts.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of cloven footed animals. It is known to be endemic in India, with periodic outbreaks occurring in different geographical areas of the country. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of FMD virus (FMDV) in reported FMD-suspected cases and the secondary bacteria known to accompany FMD and to find the reason for high mortality rate. Blood samples were collected from affected animals of Shekhupur raura village of district Bulandsahar and examined for presence of antibodies against FMDV. The possible common sources of the outbreak might be the introduction of infected cattle and buffaloes from the cattle market and commingling of animals with those of infected neighbouring villages. As mass vaccination of animals (cattle and buffaloes) against Foot-and-mouth disease in Uttar Pradesh is going on, the occurrence of FMD in this area is a matter of great concern. This report appeals to the national and state authorities to impose strict regulations related to livestock movement and further improve monitoring and surveillance programme.

A simple, precise and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of phyllanthin (1) and hypophyllanthin (2), the important lignans of Phyllanthus species, especially Phyllanthus amarus. Separation of 1 and 2 was carried out on silica gel 60 F254 layers eluted with hexane:acetone:ethyl acetate (74:12:8), and the analytes were visualised through colour development with vanillin in concentrated sulphuric acid and ethanol. Scanning and quantification of spots was performed at 580 nm. Recoveries of 1 and 2 were 98.7 and 97.3%, respectively. The method was validated and the peak purities and limits of detection and quantification were determined. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.