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Oral Leukoplakia is one of the most common oral premalignant lesions and dened as white patch or plaque that does not rub off clinically identied as another entity. Etiological factors are smoking, viral and fungal agent and specic nutrients and deciency may have role in the development and progression. Clinically it can be classied as homogenous and non-homogenous. It most seen on buccal mucosa and lateral border of tongue. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia is about 5-18%. A higher chance of it transformation has been seen in non-homogeneous, high risk anatomic structures such as the oor of the mouth or the tongue, as well as a history of non-smoking. It can be diagnosed by biopsy, toluidine blue staining or lugol s iodine and exfoliative cytology. Management is surgical excision, cryosurgery, CO2 laser, retinoids, photodynamic therapy

Inhalational therapy, today, happens to be the mainstay of treatment in obstructive airway diseases (OADs), such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is also in the present, used in a variety of other pulmonary and even non-pulmonary disorders. Hand-held inhalation devices may often be difficult to use, particularly for children, elderly, debilitated or distressed patients. Nebulization therapy emerges as a good option in these cases besides being useful in the home care, emergency room and critical care settings. With so many advancements taking place in nebulizer technology; availability of a plethora of drug formulations for its use, and the widening scope of this therapy; medical practitioners, respiratory therapists, and other health care personnel face the challenge of choosing appropriate inhalation devices and drug formulations, besides their rational application and use in different clinical situations. Adequate maintenance of nebulizer equipment including their disinfection and storage are the other relevant issues requiring guidance. Injudicious and improper use of nebulizers and their poor maintenance can sometimes lead to serious health hazards, nosocomial infections, transmission of infection, and other adverse outcomes. Thus, it is imperative to have a proper national guideline on nebulization practices to bridge the knowledge gaps amongst various health care personnel involved in this practice. It will also serve as an educational and scientific resource for healthcare professionals, as well as promote future research by identifying neglected and ignored areas in this field. Such comprehensive guidelines on this subject have not been available in the country and the only available proper international guidelines were released in 1997 which have not been updated for a noticeably long period of over two decades, though many changes and advancements have taken place in this technology in the recent past. Much of nebulization practices in the present may not be evidence-based and even some of these, the way they are currently used, may be ineffective or even harmful. Recognizing the knowledge deficit and paucity of guidelines on the usage of nebulizers in various settings such as inpatient, out-patient, emergency room, critical care, and domiciliary use in India in a wide variety of indications to standardize nebulization practices and to address many other related issues; National College of Chest Physicians (India), commissioned a National task force consisting of eminent experts in the field of Pulmonary Medicine from different backgrounds and different parts of the country to review the available evidence from the medical literature on the scientific principles and clinical practices of nebulization therapy and to formulate evidence-based guidelines on it. The guideline is based on all possible literature that could be explored with the best available evidence and incorporating expert opinions. To support the guideline with high-quality evidence, a systematic search of the electronic databases was performed to identify the relevant studies, position papers, consensus reports, and recommendations published. Rating of the level of the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendation was done using the GRADE system. Six topics were identified, each given to one group of experts comprising of advisors, chairpersons, convenor and members, and such six groups (A-F) were formed and the consensus recommendations of each group was included as a section in the guidelines (Sections I to VI). The topics included were: A. Introduction, basic principles and technical aspects of nebulization, types of equipment, their choice, use, and maintenance B. Nebulization therapy in obstructive airway diseases C. Nebulization therapy in the intensive care unit D. Use of various drugs (other than bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids) by nebulized route and miscellaneous uses of nebulization therapy E. Domiciliary/Home/Maintenance nebulization therapy; publichealth care workers education, and F. Nebulization therapy in COVID-19 pandemic and in patients of other contagious viral respiratory infections (included later considering the crisis created due to COVID-19 pandemic). Various issues in different sections have been discussed in the form of questions, followed by point-wise evidence statements based on the existing knowledge, and recommendations have been formulated.

Vehicles have always been heavy and requiring regular repairs. That was the necessity behind car lifts invention. These days, car lifts are an integral part of many garages and repair shops but its applications are not limited to that, theyre also used to raise vehicles for storage in places where ramps are inconvenient or if there are space restrictions. The car lift we are working on is used for raising loaded mini-trucks.

An automatic image processing system is vital for detecting life-threatening diseases like tumor diagnosis. Machine learning is significant in processing medical images to detect the diseases' signs and symptoms. The essential need for image processing is the earlier detection of diseases. But due to the image complexities, the inefficiency of the conventional methods delivers poor performance in detecting the damaged cell's shape, extraction, exact size, and location. The primary goal of achieving an enhanced automatic system for preprocessing, classifying, segmenting, detecting, and sample recognition remains a challenging task. To overcome this, we proposed an improved SPRINT algorithm with NLM (Non-Local Mean filtering) algorithm. The proposed mechanism computes the original images to remove the noises, and the non-local filtering algorithm considers the high-extent redundancy of the normal images. As a result, the input images are processed using the weighted average value of the entire pixel to obtain noise-free or noise-less pixel images. Additionally, the SPRINT algorithm applies the minimum description length principle for achieving accuracy in the expected details. It contains an attribute table and histogram for holding the indexing of data records, class identification, and attribute values. Finally, our enhanced SPRINT can solve this trouble by preserving the fine details of an image while denoising. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, a comparison work is carried out between the enhanced SPRINT algorithm with a conventional neural network (CNN) [12] and deep learning-based patch label denoising methods (LossDiff) [13]. The proposed SPRINT algorithm achieves 97% accuracy, which is far better than the CNN with 91% and LossDiff with 85% accuracy.

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a communication system that does not depend upon the brain's normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. Wireless brain-computer interface (WBCI) systems are a branch of BCI systems with an exclusive method to acquire the electrical activities of the brain, that is, electroencephalogram (EEG) using an effective non-invasive, implantable electrode scheme and employment of wireless communication schemes to transfer the acquired EEG for further processing. The five paramount security and privacy issues are authentication, access control, malicious behavior, encryption, and communication. With the appropriate implementation of the wireless BCI in the context of 6G technology, this chapter presents a comprehensive overview of WBCI and 6G technology and outlines artificial intelligence-based schemes' utility to address security and privacy issues arising out of 6G network deployment to the contexts revolving around WBCIs.