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Abstract: Exposure to environmental toxicants such as Arsenic (As) can result in As-induced alterations in immune regulators. Consequently, people who are more prone to viral infections like influenza A or B, H1N1, SARS CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), and SARS CoV2 may devel-op a susceptibility to immune responses in their lungs. Our previous reports delineated the ability of QIAPI 1®, a melanin precursor, to dissociate water molecules with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy against central nervous system (CNS) diseases, retinopathy, and As-induced renal toxicity. Considering the commonalities of lung pathology of SARS CoV and As-induced toxicity, the aim of this study is to decipher the efficacy of QIAPI 1® against pentavalent As-induced lung toxicity by examining the pul-monary pathology. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining was used for ascertaining the lung pathology in Wistar rat models. Animals were divided into 3 groups: control group, group treated with pentavalent As, and a group treated with pentavalent As and QIAPI 1®. There were no significant changes in lung histopathology in the control group as indicated by intact morphology. The As-treated group revealed damage to the histoarchitecture with pulmonary edema, interstitial fibrosis, diffuse alveolar damage, Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)-lesions, formation of hyaline membrane, multi-nucleated giant pneumocytes, atypical pneumocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial ede-ma. The group treated with As and QIAPI 1® significantly associated with mitigated histological signs of lung inflammation induced by Arsenic. Therefore, QIAPI 1® can be recommended as antagonistic to As-induced lung toxicity. In conclusion, this model could be preferred as a hypothetical model to examine the efficacy of QIAPI 1® in SARS CoV2-induced pulmonary damage. Future studies are warranted to delineate the efficacy of QIAPI 1® against SARS CoV and SARS CoV2 lung pathology.

The teaching of the medical career is based on dogmas, as in religions. It is a dogma very rooted the wrong belief that our body obtains the oxygen it contains from the air we breathe. Plants, which do not absorb atmospheric oxygen, expel it but they obtain it from the dissociation of the water molecule through chlorophyll. It is another false belief that the oxygen that plants expel, they do it for the benefit of the animal kingdom, because supposedly said oxygen is absorbed through the pulmonary alveoli into the bloodstream, to distribute it to the cells of the organism, which use it to generate energy by combining it with glucose, something like controlled combustion. However, 95% of biochemical reactions that try to concatenate the combination of this atmospheric oxygen with glucose and the energy our body requires are theoretical. It is not possible to consistently explain that the human body consumes and recycles about 150 kg of ATP daily.

Medical abzymology has made a great contribution to the development of general autoimmunity theory: it has put the autoantibodies (Ab) as the key brick of the theory to the level of physiological functionality by providing such Ab with the ability to catalyze and mediate direct and independent cytotoxic effect on cellular and molecular targets. Natural catalytic autoantibodies (abzymes) while being a pool of canonical Abs and possessing catalytic activity belong to the new group of physiologically active substances whose features and properties are evolutionary consolidated in one functionally active biomolecule. Therefore, further studies on Ab-mediated autoAg degradation and other targeted Ab-mediated proteolysis may provide biomarkers of newer generations and thus a supplementary tool for assessing the disease progression and predicting disability of the patients and persons at risks. This chapter is a summary of current knowledge and prognostic perspectives toward catalytic Abs in autoimmunity and thus some autoimmune clinical cases, their role in pathogenesis, and the exploitation of both whole molecules and their constituent parts in developing highly effective targeted drugs of the future to come, and thus the therapeutic protocols being individualized.

Despite the advance in biochemistry, there are two substantial errors that have remained for at least two centuries. One is that oxygen from the atmosphere passes through the lungs and reaches the bloodstream, which distributes it throughout the body. Another major mistake is the belief that such oxygen is used by the cell to obtain energy, by combining it with glucose. Since the late nineteenth century, it began to be published that the gas exchange in the lungs cannot be explained by diffusion. Even Christian Bohr suggested that it looked like a cellular secretion. But despite experimental evidence to the contrary and based only on theoretical models, the dogma that our body takes the oxygen it contains inside from the air around it has been perpetuated to this day. The oxygen levels contained in the human body are high, close to 99%, and the atmosphere only contains between 19 and 21%. The hypothesis that there is a supposed oxygen concentrating mechanism has not been experimentally proven to date, after almost two centuries. The mistaken belief, even among neurologists, that our body takes oxygen from the atmosphere is widespread, even though there is no experimental basis to support it, just theoretical models. Our finding that the human body can take oxygen from the water it contains, not from the air around it, like plants, comes to mark a before and after in biology in general, and the CNS is no exception. Therefore, establishing the true origin of the oxygen present within our body and brain will allow us to better understand the physio pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.

Despite significant therapeutic progress, gastric cancer remains among the deadliest forms of cancer encountered in clinical practice, and this remains true even in the context of declining incidence. Outcomes in advanced disease remain poor and therapy is rarely curative in this setting. Different therapies have developed in the hopes of altering nearly uniformly poor outcomes.

Background: AMD is becoming one of the leading causes of blindness in older adults. The prevalence rate of the wet form of AMD has been increasing due to the lack of selective therapeutic modalities. Current therapeutic interventions such as drugs targeting VEGF, and VEGF receptors, laser coagulants delivered unsuccessful clinical outcomes in AMD patients. Hence, the cost-effective anti-oxidant therapeutic interventions like molecular hydrogen to protect retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by mitigating oxidative stress may deliver effective clinical outcomes in AMD patients. Methods: Female patients with late-stage AMD of age above 70 years were chosen for this case report. The patients were administered QIAPI1©, a melanin precursor via sublingual route and the photographs were obtained for left and right eye to depict the efficacy of QIAPI1© against the wet form of AMD. Results: The administration of QIAPI1© extensively mitigated yellow-colored drusen accumulations in the retina, retinal edema, exudates, and hemorrhages in the right eye, but the effect was minimal in the case of left eye; the overall drusen accumulation was lesser than the first consultation. Conclusion: Current case report has concluded the intrinsic effect of melanin in producing the molecular hydrogen and chemical energy across the retinal tissues by dissociating water molecules and dissipating the drusen accumulations, retinal edema, and hemorrhages in AMD patients. Our preliminary study reported the usage of QIAPI1© as a prospective therapeutic modality to mitigate the oxidative stress-mediated pathophysiology of the wet form of AMD.

Background: The ability of the human body to produce metabolic energy from light modifies fundamental concepts of biochemistry. Objective: This review discusses the relationships between the long-accepted concept is that glucose has a unique dual role as an energy source and as the main source of carbon chains that are precursors of all organic matter. The capability of melanin to produce energy challenges this premise. Methods: The prevalent biochemical concept, therefore, needs to be adjusted to incorporate a newly discovered state of Nature based on melanin’s ability to dissociate water to produce energy and to reform water from molecular hydrogen and oxygen. Results and Discussion: Our findings regarding the potential implication of QIAPI-1 as a melanin precursor that has bioenergetics capabilities. Conclusion: Specifically, we reported its promising application as a means for treating retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The instant report focuses on the long-term treatment medical effects of melanin in treating ROP.

Age-related macular degeneration is the first cause of blindness in cold countries in the last 70 years ago or more. Macular Degeneration is caused by the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, the inside back layer of the eye that records the images we see and sends them via the optic nerve from the eye to the brain. In spite expensive therapeutics strategies like intraocular injections, so far, the incidence and prevalence of ARMD cannot be improved significantly. In this case report, we demonstrate that melanin is a fundamental part of macular biology and once is attended the recovery both anatomical and functional is significant.

We began a study of the three major causes of blindness in 1990 because their incidence and prevalence had not changed in the previous forty years. Twelve years later, we discovered that water, not ATP, is the primary source of energy for the human retina. This is also valid for the human body as a whole. The main source of energy is water. The amazing capability of eukaryotic cells to break or dissociate the water molecule was unsuspected to us because it takes 2000°C degrees to dissociate water in a laboratory environment, and until today, it was believed that only plants could accomplish this. The water we drink on a regular basis isn't just for washing away dirt and toxins; it's also not just a cleaner or a basic solvent. Hydrogen may provide energy to cells as our bodies dissociate the water molecule (Hydrogen is the energy carrier that Nature uses the most). Our primary source of energy is water. If our body could not acquire energy from water, we would need to eat between 50 - 170 kg (110 - 374 lbs.) daily. In any system, when a generalized failure occurs, we must suspect energy first. Parkinson and Alzheimer’s Disease are examples of a generalized failure. That explains why it is not uncommon that patients improve dramatically with pharmacological stimulation of the human photosynthesis process. Remember that the brain requires energy not only to expand and perform functions, but also to maintain its shape and form. Hydrogen is the greatest source of energy for human cells. Chronically low levels of water dissociation in AD suggest a persistent energy deficit, which can manifest itself in a number of ways as the disease progresses.

The human retina's photoreceptor layer has some unique features. Their energy requirements are the highest in the organism; in proportion, rods and cones require 10-fold the energy consumed by the cerebral cortex, 6-fold more than the cardiac muscle, and 3-fold more than the renal cortex. Surprisingly, there are no blood vessels in the photoreceptor layer. So, where is the energy to this tissue coming from? In this article we will describe the hitherto unknown explanation. Human photosynthesis is the origin of life and it’s placed at first in the sequence of all biochemical processes of life; any other function or reaction it’s secondary to water dissociation and directly or indirectly are depending on the energy released by our hitherto unknown human photo-system.

We began a study of the three major causes of blindness in 1990 because their incidence and prevalence had not changed in the previous forty years. Twelve years later, we discovered that water, not ATP, is the primary source of energy for the human retina. This is also valid for the human body as a whole. The main source of energy is water. The amazing capability of eukaryotic cells to break or dissociate the water molecule was unsuspected to us because it takes 2000°C degrees to dissociate water in a laboratory environment, and until today, it was believed that only plants could accomplish this. The water we drink on a regular basis isn't just for washing away dirt and toxins; it's also not just a cleaner or a basic solvent. Hydrogen may provide energy to cells as our bodies dissociate the water molecule (Hydrogen is the energy carrier that Nature uses the most). Our primary source of energy is water. If our body could not acquire energy from water, we would need to eat between 50 - 170 kg (110 - 374 lbs.) daily. In any system, when a generalized failure occurs, we must suspect energy first. Parkinson and Alzheimer’s Disease are examples of a generalized failure. That explains why it is not uncommon that patients improve dramatically with pharmacological stimulation of the human photosynthesis process. Remember that the brain requires energy not only to expand and perform functions, but also to maintain its shape and form. Hydrogen is the greatest source of energy for human cells. Chronically low levels of water dissociation in AD suggest a persistent energy deficit, which can manifest itself in a number of ways as the disease progresses.

Progressive Recent Memory loss is the main complaint in Alzheimer’s disease patients. There is not a simple or congruous explanation yet due to highly complex mechanisms by which the Central Nervous System store and organize experiences every day, developed along 4 billion years of evolution; thereby learning and memory are poorly understood bio-logical processes. The finding of the unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to transforms light into chemical energy through water dissociation, as chlorophyll in plants; opens a new and wider horizon in the form in which the CNS generate and distribute chemical energy transporting it through molecular hydrogen produced by substantia nigra of mesencephalon and other pigmented structures. The mechanisms by which human modifies their behavior through learning and memory remain a mystery despite several decades of research. However, the unexpected role of melanin molecule bioenergetics of first order, very above the chlorophyll and glucose, indicates that the study of the fascinating processes involved in learning and memory several levels, needs to be started with the study of the generation and distribution of energy neuro-melanin -releasing to all the brain. Glucose is the universal precursor of any organic matter in our body, but cannot provide the energy that its own metabolism requires. In this article, we explain succinctly, the way hydrogen molecular (H2) -gas-, from the dissociation of water by the neuro melanin, moves from its source and permeates easily through the different structures of the Central Nervous System, as well as be the smaller atom, does not combine with water, moving through it in accordance with the laws of the simple diffusion. Molecular hydrogen is the main carrier of energy that nature uses in the entire universe, so that, once the neuro melanin separates it from the water, this displaces transporting its precious cargo of energy and its remarkable antioxidant capacity capable of reduce oxygen and form water.

Life originated in anoxia, but paradoxically many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for expel CO2 and acquiring oxygen to and from the environment, respectively. Thereby, Oxygen, a vital gas, and a lethal toxin, represents a trade-off with which all organisms have had a conflicted relationship. Oxygen is Essential to sustain life. Inhaled oxygen is absorbed by blood; dissolved oxygen reacts with food (present in the body as sugars) to produce energy and heat - metabolism. The study of oxygen movements in the tissues of the human body has been a matter of great interest ever since centuries. In the beginning of the past century, Dr. Christian Bohr and August Krogh’s work on respiratory physiology and capillary modelling using mathematical models to calculate molecular transport in microcirculation, trying to determine the negative impact of lack of oxygen transport to tissues. Supposedly, computer simulation allowed investigation of the dynamic and non-linear characteristics of the systems. But the results have been and are contradictory. In Germany, Dietrich Werner Lubbers (1917-2005) obtained several patents related to designs for the study of gases in tissues. The aim of Dietrich Lübbers’ research was to understand the entire pathway and regulation of oxygen transport from the blood into the mitochondria. Assessment of pO2 histograms on most organs, revealed a remarkable similarity under physiological conditions: a Gaussian distribution always with less than 5% of values less than 5mmHg. Other studies detected changes in the concentrations of oxy- ([HbO2]) deoxy- ([HHb]) and total haemoglobin ([HbT]=[HbO2]þ [HHb]) measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) [1]. It has been shown that diabetic rats have markedly decreased oxygen availability in the kidney, supposedly resulting from increased oxygen consumption [2].

Bioenergetics, in biochemistry, is defined as the study of the continuously energy transformation in biological systems. It is considered a branch of cell biology, biochemistry, and biophysics. Bioenergetics can be defined as field in biochemistry that concerns energy flow through living organisms and systems. So far, respiration, that is considered necessary for the survival of plants and animals, supposedly, cell uses oxygen to break down molecules, and during that process, complex organics molecules are broken down into simpler inorganic compounds and thus energy is released. The complex organic molecules and oxygen, needed for respiration and therefore for life, are replenished through the process of photosynthesis. In nature, the only continuously available source of radiant energy is sunlight. Thereby, in photosynthesis, this radiant energy is converted into chemical energy, with oxygen produced as by-product. Theoretically, only chlorophyll- containing plants and relative pigments, are able to convert solar energy into photochemical energy. However, our finding about the intrinsic property of melanin to transform visible and invisible light into chemical energy through the dissociation of the water molecule, breaks old paradigms creating new ones.

Ocular-involving paraneoplastic syndromes present a wide variety of clinical symptoms. Understanding the background pathophysiological and immunopathological factors can help make a more refined differential diagnosis consistent with the signs and symptoms presented by patients. There are two main pathophysiology arms: (1) autoimmune pathomechanism, which is presented with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), cancer-associated cone dysfunction (CACD), paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy (PVM), and paraneoplastic optic neuritis (PON), and (2) ectopic peptides, which is often caused by tumor-expressed growth factors (T-exGF) and presented with bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP). Meticulous systematic analysis of patient symptoms is a critical diagnostic step, complemented by multimodal imaging, which includes fundus photography, optical coherent tomography, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, electrophysiological examination, and sometimes fundus indocyjanin green angiography if prescribed by the clinician. Assessment of the presence of circulating antibodies is required for diagnosis. Antiretinal autoantibodies are highly associated with visual paraneoplastic syndromes and may guide diagnosis by classifying clinical manifestations in addition to monitoring treatment.

Melanin is one of the most stable substances known. The study of the ink bags of fossilized squid that died 160 million years ago has found it in good condition. Its extraordinary stability is what had prevented, to date; assign a relevant role in biology. Sir Everard Holmes’ proposal in London; in the eighteenth century, about the role of melanin as a simple sunscreen, it has permeated to this day, especially among dermatologists. Despite the unique physical–chemical qualities of melanin, its biological role as a simple sunscreen that protects us from the dangerous UV rays remained immutable. Our circumstantial discovery during an observational study that lasted 12 years (1990–2002) and which included the ophthalmologic studies of 6000 patients, about the relationship between the vessels of the optic nerve and the three main causes of blindness (Macular degeneration, diabetes, and glaucoma) allowed us to discern the unexpected and surprising true role of melanin in Biology as an energy transducer. The unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to transform light into chemical energy through water dissociation, like chlorophyll in plants; opens a new era in Biology and therefore in Medicine. And Acute Leukemias are no exception.

Exposure to environmental toxicants such as Arsenic (As) can result in As-induced alterations in immune regulators. Consequently, people who are more prone to viral infections like influenza A or B, H1N1, SARS CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), and SARS CoV2 may develop a susceptibility to immune responses in their lungs because our previous reports delineated the ability of QIAPI 1

In this review, we propose a holistic approach to understanding cancer as a metabolic disease. Our search for relevant studies in medical databases concludes that cancer cells do not evolve directly from normal healthy cells. We hypothesize that aberrant DNA damage accumulates over time—avoiding the natural DNA controls that otherwise repair or replace the rapidly replicating cells. DNA damage starts to accumulate in non-replicating cells, leading to senescence and aging. DNA damage is linked with genetic and epigenetic factors, but the development of cancer is favored by telomerase activity. Evidence indicates that telomere length is affected by chronic inflammations, alterations of mitochondrial DNA, and various environmental factors. Emotional stress also influences telomere length. Chronic inflammation can cause oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative stress, in turn, can trigger mitochondrial changes, which ultimately alter nuclear gene expression. This vicious cycle has led several scientists to view cancer as a metabolic disease. We have proposed complex personalized treatments that seek to correct multiple changes simultaneously using a psychological approach to reduce chronic stress, immune checkpoint therapy with reduced doses of chemo and radiotherapy, minimal surgical intervention, if any, and mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming protocols supplemented by intermittent fasting and personalized dietary plans without interfering with the other therapies.

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Clinical manifestations of stroke are long-lasting and causing economic burden on the patients and society. Current therapeutic modalities to treat ischemic stroke (IS) are unsatisfactory due to the intricate pathophysiology and poor functional recovery of brain cellular compartment. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNA molecules, which can act as translation inhibitors and play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology associated with IS. Moreover, miRNAs may be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in clinical practice; yet, the complete role of miRNAs is enigmatic during IS. In this review, we explored the role of miRNAs in the regulation of stroke risk factors viz., arterial hypertension, metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the role of miRNAs were reviewed during IS pathogenesis accompanied by excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The functional role of miRNAs is a double-edged sword effect in cerebral ischemia as they could modulate pathological mechanisms associated with risk factors of IS. miRNAs pertaining to IS pathogenesis could be potential biomarkers for stroke; they could help researchers to identify a particular stroke type and enable medical professionals to evaluate the severity of brain injury. Thus, ascertaining the role of miRNAs may be useful in deciphering their diagnostic role consequently it is plausible to envisage a suitable therapeutic modality against IS.

Background: Alopecia areata is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. The pathobiology of this chronic, relapsing hair-loss disorder is not fully understood, and the available therapies are disappointing. Objective: Currently considered a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease, in which the gradual loss of protection provided by immune privilege of the normal hair follicle plays an important role. It is associated with an increased overall risk of other autoimmune disease in approximately 16% patients, being the most frequent autoimmune thyroid disease in 8 to 28 % patients, followed by vitiligo in 4 % patients, and lupus erythematosus in 0.6 % patients. Methods: In this case report, we show a female patient treated with QIAPI 1 (120698). Results: We have found that an enhancer of the process of generation and distribution of energy that comes from melanin, with encouraging results. Conclusions: This is first report indicates that the Melanin in its role as a generator of energy opens a new landscape in relation to the study and treatment of autoimmune disorders like alopecia areata.

Progressive Recent Memory loss is the main complaint in Alzheimer’s disease patients. There is not a simple or congruous explanation yet due to highly complex mechanisms by which the Central Nervous System store and organize experiences every day, developed along 4 billion years of evolution; thereby learning and memory are poorly understood biological processes. The finding of the unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to transforms light into chemical energy through water dissociation, as chlorophyll in plants; opens a new and wider horizon in the form in which the CNS generate and distribute chemical energy transporting it through molecular hydrogen produced by substantia nigra of mesencephalon and other pigmented structures. The mechanisms by which human modifies their behavior through learning and memory remain a mystery despite several decades of research. However, the unexpected role of melanin molecule bioenergetics of first order, very above the chlorophyll and glucose, indicates that the study of the fascinating processes involved in learning and memory several levels, needs to be started with the study of the generation and distribution of energy neuro-melanin-releasing to all the brain. In this article, we explain succinctly, the way hydrogen molecular (H2)-gas-, from the dissociation of water by the neuro melanin, moves from its source and permeates easily through the different structures of the Central Nervous System, as well as be the smaller atom, does not combine with water, moving through it in accordance with the laws of the simple diffusion. Molecular hydrogen is the main carrier of energy that nature uses in the entire universe, so that, once the neuro melanin separates it from the water, this displaces transporting its precious cargo of energy and its remarkable antioxidant capacity capable of reduce oxygen and form water.

Retinal adhesion mechanisms in mammals are quite complex and multifactorial in nature. To date, these mechanisms are incompletely understood due to a variety of chemical, physical, and physiological forces impinging upon retinal tissue: retinal pigment epithelium, nearby tissues as sclera and vitreous, the subretinal space, and the highly complex interphotoreceptor matrix that fills subretinal space. The adhesion of the retina to the choroid, rather than anatomical, is a dynamic process, as the retina detaches a few minutes after life ceases. The adhesion mechanisms described in the literature, such as intraocular pressure and the oncotic pressure of the choroid that seems to push the retina towards the choroid, the delicate anatomical relationships between the rod and cone photoreceptors, the retinal pigment epithelium, the existence of a complex material called interphotoreceptor matrix, as well as other metabolic and structural factors, still cannot explain the remarkable features observed in the adhesion mechanisms between the photoreceptor layer and retinal pigment epithelium cells. The unexpected intrinsic property of melanin to absorb light energy and transform it into chemically based free energy can explain normal adhesion of the sensory retina to the pigment epithelium. In this article, we explore and highlight this explanation, which states that it is definitely able to provide a new treatment avenue against devastating neurodegenerative properties.

Exosomes, considered as cell debris or garbage bags, have been later characterized as nanometer-sized extracellular double-membrane lipid bilayer bio-vesicles secreted by the fusion of vesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. The constituents and the rate of exosomes formation differ in different pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes are also observed and studied in different parts of the eye, like the retina, cornea, aqueous, and vitreous humor. Tear fluid consists of exosomes that are shown to regulate various cellular processes. The role of exosomes in eye cancers, especially retinoblastoma (RB), is not well explored, although few studies point towards their presence. Retinoblastoma is an intraocular tumor that constitutes 3% of cases of cancer in children. Diagnosis of RB may require invasive procedures, which might lead to the spread of the disease to other parts. Due to this reason, better ways of diagnosis are being explored. Studies on the exosomes in RB tumors and serum might help designing better diagnostic approaches for RB. In this article, we reviewed studies on exosomes in the eye, with a special emphasis on RB. We also reviewed miRNAs expressed in RB tumor, serum, and cell lines and analyzed the targets of these miRNAs from the proteins identified in the RB tumor exosomes. hsa-miR-494 and hsa-miR-9, upregulated and downregulated, respectively in RB, have the maximum number of targets. Although oppositely regulated, they share the same targets in the proteins identified in RB tumor exosomes. Overall this review provides the up-to-date progress in the area of eye exosome research, with an emphasis on RB.

Alzheimer ´s diseases becomes the most common type of dementia in the world. There is more of 5.4 million AD patients in America, more than 6 million patients in China, and 35.6 million patients worldwide. AD and other dementias worldwide will increase to 67.5 million by 2030 and 115.4 million by 2050. In the aging population, two of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, AD and AMD, could simultaneously treated or prevented with single therapeutic intervention.

Background & Objective: Regulation of composition, volume and turnover of fluids surrounding the brain and damp cells is vital. These fluids transport all substances required for cells and remove the unwanted materials. This regulation tends to act as barrier to prevent free exchange of materials between the brain and blood. There are specific mechanisms concerned with fluid secretion of the controlled composition of the brain, and others responsible for reabsorption eventually to blood and the extracellular fluid whatever their composition is. The current view assumes that choroidal plexuses secrete the major part of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), while the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) has a much less contribution to fluid production, generating Interstitial Fluid (ISF) that drains to CSF. The skull is a rigid box; thereby the sum of volumes occupied by the parenchyma with its ISF, related connective tissue, the vasculature, the meninges and the CSF must be relatively constant according to the Monroe-Kellie dogma. This constitutes a formidable challenge that normal organisms surpass daily. The ISF and CSF provide water and solutes influx and efflux from cells to these targeted fluids in a quite precise way. Microvessels within the parenchyma are sufficiently close to every cell where diffusion areas for solutes are tiny. Despite this, CSF and ISF exhibit very similar compositions, but differ significantly from blood plasma. Many hydrophilic substances are effectively prevented from the entry into the brain via blood, while others like neurotransmitters are extremely hindered from getting out of the brain. Anatomical principle of the barrier and routes of fluid transfer cannot explain the extraordinary accuracy of fluids and substances needed to enter or leave the brain firmly. There is one aspect that has not been deeply analyzed, despite being prevalent in all the above processes, it is considered a part of the CSF and ISF dynamics. This aspect is the energy necessary to propel them properly in time, form, space, quantity and temporality. Conclusion: The recent hypothesis based on glucose and ATP as sources of energy presents numerous contradictions and controversies. The discovery of the unsuspected intrinsic ability of melanin to dissociate and reform water molecules, similar to the role of chlorophyll in plants, was confirmed in the study of ISF and CSF biology.