Search

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to train managers with a systemic adaptive ability to operate with technologies, knowledge, and information, the ability to change and adapt to new needs of socio-cultural reality in terms of integration into the global information space. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is to determine the cognitive and stylistic features of the manager's personality, substantiate their role in his professional formation and development in the learning environment. The methodological basis is the principles of scientific knowledge (determinism, system, development), the provisions of activity, system, and personality-oriented approaches. Results. The researchers systematized scientific approaches to the cognitive styles’ definition, substantiated their role in professional development and manager's personality development. Cognitive styles are defined as cognition strategies, cognitive-stylistic dimension of personality, which determines the ways of setting and solving problems, decision-making and goal-setting. The psychological parameters and characteristics of cognitive-stylistic features are singled out, the factors of cognitive-stylistic development of the manager's personality in the training conditions are determined. Conclusions. The scientific novelty consists in concepts’ definition of professional formation cognitive-stylistic component and the manager's personality development and in highlighting the optimal parameters and characteristics of cognitive styles for its successful functioning. The practical significance of the study is to reveal the possibilities of applying knowledge about cognitive and stylistic features in the learning optimization, cognitive activity development of the socio-cultural sphere managers.

The current debate of ecosystem services has focused more on monetary valuation methods and pay-ments for environmental services (PES) then on the classic economic analysis (i.e. assumptions regarding:sustainability, justice and efficiency). This paper examines, taking into consideration ecosystem services,income distribution from different land uses to stakeholders. We study the Portuguese common landecosystem, which is characterized as having a wide range of ecosystem services. Allowing that all thebenefits can be translated into economic value, we estimated the total economic value (TEV) associatedwith these territories on 5 different land use situations: forest, shrubland, water bodies, mountain agri-culture and other uses, and analyzed the current institutional arrangements around these territories.We found that the distribution of the benefits of different land uses is relatively inequality. The resultsshowed that the contemporary institutional arrangements of wealth distribution ensure a relatively fairdistribution insider of system; however this institutional arrangement is unable to ensure equitable dis-tribution of wealth by external stakeholders. We can conclude that different types of land use provide avery asymmetric distribution of income by different groups of humans: land owners; citizens of a country,and residents of Earth. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Study developed under the Rural Natework Project “Observatório de sistemas de produção localizados e valorização de produtos locais; Identificação, análise e divulgação de boas práticas de comercialização e valorização de produtos agro-alimentares tradicionais” (PNRR: PA 0400157-58-59) Although Portugal registers a large number of protected brand names, its economic turnover is very low when compared to the other southern EU-Member States. To identify and analyze the main reasons of this weak economic significance of the Portuguese quality traditional agrifood products are the main goals of this paper. The main conclusions from the data gathered in step one of the research, which main goal was to understand the main reasons why agricultural firms do not adhere to the PDO/PGI food systems, are related with several issues, namely: the economic and transactions costs of certification, the heavy bureaucracy related to the certification process, the small difference in prices between PDO/PGI products and standard products, within the same reference market, and the preferences of Portuguese consumers. According to the respondents, Portuguese consumers do not know nor socially valorize PDO/PGI products, and privilege (i) traditional/local standard products, instead of PDO/ PGI products, and (ii) proximity marketed relationships. These latter findings contribute to highlight, not only why the interviewed firms do not adhere to the PDO/PGI systems, but also why the Portuguese PDO/PGI domestic market is narrow when compared with the ones of southern EU-Member States info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O Centro de Estudos Transdisciplinares para o Desenvolvimento - Vila Real, Portugal (CETRAD) e a Associação Nacional de Oficinas de Projetos (ANOP) desenvolveram, em 2007-2008, para a Associação de Municípios do Baixo Tâmega (AMBT), região do norte de Portugal, um estudo para uma nova abordagem do Diagnóstico de Necessidades de Formação e para uma aproximação a novos perfis profissionais ao nível dessa administração, contribuindo para a criação de sistemas de participação e cooperação em matéria de formação profissional. O estudo decorreu ao longo de um ano, com o envolvimento ativo de um conjunto de técnicos dos municípios, que serviram de “mediadores” entre as suas organizações e a equipa técnica do estudo. Em um processo de “bola de neve”, muitos outros funcionários municipais participaram nas múltiplas atividades propostas, desde o exercício inicial de reflexão sobre os “clientes” das autarquias, aos workshops intermunicipais, a seminários temáticos, focus groups e no encontro outdoors de encerramento. Neste artigo, reflete-se sobre essa experiência e a possibilidade de desenvolver abordagens participadas e coletivas para a construção de Planos Diretores de Formação no quadro do poder local, em uma lógica intermunicipal. Apresentam-se a metodologia e os instrumentos utilizados e analisa-se criticamente o processo e a sua sustentabilidade no quadro do desenvolvimento organizacional e territorial.

Cabo Verde e São Tomé e Príncipe são dois pequenos Estados insulares de colonização portuguesa. Desde a independência, em 1975, que procuram as melhores soluções para superarem os múltiplos problemas económicos e sociais com que se confrontam. Este artigo examina a agenda política e as políticas públicas engendradas nestes dois países africanos, procurando demonstrar que a compreensão das diferenças, sucessos e, sobretudo, fracassos, não pode ser desligada do contexto histórico, dos constrangimentos externos e das dinâmicas sociopolíticas internas. Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe are two small island states of Portuguese colonization. Since their independence, in 1975, they are seeking the best solutions to overcome their economic and social problems. This article examines the political agenda and the public policies engendered in these two African countries, looking for understanding the differences, successes and, especially, the failures, which cannot be divorced from the historical context, external constraints and internal sociopolitical dynamics. Cap-Vert et Sao Tomé-et-Prince sont deux petits Etats insulaires de colonisation portugaise. Depuis l’indépendance, en 1975, ils sont à la recherche de meilleures solutions pour surmonter leurs problèmes économiques et sociaux. Cet article examine l’agenda politique et les politiques publiques engendrées dans ces deux pays, et cherche à comprendre les différences, les réussites et, en particulier, les échecs, qui ne peuvent être dissociés du contexte historique, des contraintes externes et des dynamiques sociopolitiques internes.

Durante siglos, una parte inseparable de la organizacion de la vida rural en Galicia y en el norte de Portugal, los terrenos comunales (Montes Vecinais en Man Comun y Baldios, respectivamente) desempenaron un papel muy importante que se mantiene hoy en dia. Sin embargo, como el mundo rural al que pertenecen, se enfrentan a una serie de amenazas y desafios. El objetivo de este trabajo, es precisamente, establecer una comparacion entre la situacion en Galicia y en el norte de Portugal, analizando los principales factores determinantes de la existencia de estos terrenos, principalmente los factores historicos. Para ello, se han analizado dos casos, uno en Galicia y otro en el norte de Portugal, y se ha llegado a la conclusion de la existencia de diferencias y similitudes notables entre ambos. Tambien, se han identificando sus limitaciones y oportunidades.

For centuries an inseparable part of the organization of rural life in Galicia and in northern Portugal, the commonlands (Montes Vecinais en Man Comun and Baldios, respectively) continue to play a significant role in the present day. However, as the rural world they belong to, they are now facing a number of threats and challenges. Drawing a comparison between the situations in Galicia and in the north of Portugal, this paper looks into the main historical determinants of the existence of the commons and aims to illustrate their present-day significance with reference to the collective action problem. Features related to the commoners' (vecinos and compartes) characteristics and to the way they use their lands are analyzed in two cases (one in Galicia and one in the north of Portugal). It concludes summarizing differences and prevailing remarkable similarities between Galician and Portuguese commonlands and identifying constraints and opportunities to their current performance.

We live today in a "knowledge society", but "knowledge transfer" is no more the dominant extension education paradigm. The andragogical principle of "learning to learn", and the concepts of self-directed, collaborative and action learning are more crucial today then ever, particularly when working in the rural or local development context, with groups of farmers, community leaders, development agents, adult educators or other professionals. The key principles are: to stimulate knowledge discovery and facilitate learning, through group exchanges and active participation, building on peoples' motivations and projects. This conceptual background was keen to the formulation and implementation of the two concrete action-oriented projects which are analysed in this paper: (1) the two "Study Circles" envolving a variety of agents linked to the "Olive Oil" and "Port Wine" Routes of Northern Portugal, created to share experiences, promote initiatives and enhance the performance of these two organisations in terms of rural development; and (2) the analysis of five different "Communities of Practice" in Portugal, in different stages of development and involving educators, trainers and social development animators, functioning as lifelong collaborative learning instruments. Do such projects and experiences show the way to relevant extension education approaches and methods? Which strengths and weaknesses show the "Study Circles" and "Communities of Practice"? How did they evolve? Are there cultural bound constraints to their functioning and outputs? If yes, which strategies to adopt in order to overcome them? What are the major lessons to be learned? In essence, the paper is about "Circles" and "Communities", looking at practice sharing and lifelong learning in the context of development work. One of the major conclusions is that extension and development facilitators can benefit from such approaches in different ways and levels. Multiple and often complex relationships between scientists, extension agents and rural actors, so frequent and critical in our society, require new ways of obtaining and sharing diversified information and knowledge, coming from a variety of sources. More than using personal networks, the challenge these agents face is to help build and maintain social networks like the ones studied, involving different development stakeholders from the institutional, research and practice arenas, serving as learning and action systems.

Recently, Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKISs) have gained considerable attention in scientific and political forums in the European Union (EU). AKIS is considered a key concept in identifying, analysing and assessing the various actors in the agricultural sector as well as their communication and interaction for innovation processes. Using qualitative expert interviews and organizational mapping, the features of national AKISs were investigated in selected EU member states (Belgium, France, Ireland, Germany, Portugal and the UK). The authors present the different national AKISs and compare them qualitatively with regard to their institutional settings, their overall policy frameworks and their coordinating structures. Conclusions are drawn with regard to AKIS appraisal in general and the usefulness of the AKIS concept, particularly for the understanding and evaluation of policy-induced innovation in agriculture.

The use and exploitation of natural resources is generally structured by institutions, especially by property institutions. The main objective of this paper is to present a diachronic analysis of the institutionalization of common land property in Portugal. The several types of ownership may be largely explained by common land history. We intend to draw an outline of the emergence, evolution and transition of common land from the late nineteenth century to the present day, using the matrix proposed by Heller. The economic problem of the optimal level of appropriation is recurrent in studies that analyze the economic implications of property rights. Thus, it is imperative to analyze whether or not the dimension of common land ownership is relevant to its efficient exploitation. In essence, we infer that common land ownership in the 1st period (1850–1926) may be classified as limited-access commons (limited access to commoners) with a relatively small average size of 50 ha. This common land was primarily used for grazing, firewood collecting and shrub extraction. In the second period (1926–1974), the State dictatorship invoked the public interest (forest easements) and took possession of more than 80% of common land, promoting the transition from limited-access commons to state ownership. The units of commons were aggregated in forest perimeters for Silviculture activity, the average size being greater than 3400 ha. Finally, we analyzed the institutionalization of common land ownership in the period after the democratic revolution on April 25th 1974. We concluded that the incipient legal and institutional frameworks revealed an inability to integrate an effective title to these territories to give way to a better classification of limited-exclusion anticommons. The Heller matrix approach revealed to be a useful tool, however insufficient to study holistically Portuguese common land institutionalization. In our preliminary conclusions the Heller matrix appears to be an ill-posed problem (no continuum). It allows for the reversibility between different property regimes that involve great simplifications in the epistemology of property rights.

European journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults 4 (2013) 1, S. 65-80, This article presents the results of research where the main objective was to achieve a better understanding of the uses made by professionals in the adult education sphere of the official knowledge that provides the framework and guidelines for their work. The study was undertaken using Bernstein's theoretical model of the structure of official pedagogical discourse, and employed an essentially ethnographic fieldwork methodology to analyse the work of a team of adult education specialists working in a local development association in the north of Portugal. The results of the study show that the team was able to make both reproductive and recontextualising use of official knowledge, thereby demonstrating that, even in workplaces where external prescription is extremely influential, it is possible to put official knowledge to alternative i.e. more effective, locally-adapted use. (DIPF/Orig.)

In the mid-1990s the farming systems movement had reached Europe. The European Group is related to the associations founded in the USA, Latin America, Africa and Asia some years before. These were partly designed to support research and development in the Global South. The European Group followed a novel approach in that it applied the systems concept to the highly diverse situations found in European farming. Hence, we recall the objectives of the first meeting held in Edinburgh in 1993, and then assess how research themes have shifted over the past 20 years, by reviewing the programs of the nine symposia held during this period. Looking back, it is clear that European Farming Systems Research has revealed many of the major preoccupations of European farming and the increasing importance of human and sociological factors, in addition to technical and economic issues. This development is most encouraging and indicates that a dynamic learning community exists among European farming systems researchers and extensionists.

The field of extension is quite dynamic and new configurations and alternative extension systems and approaches have been emerging. This chapter explores the recent developments and debates critical questions such as: Is extension still relevant? What are the current trends and challenges in the field of agriculture and rural development and how are they affecting the structure, mission and delivery of extension services? How is extension being considered in the frame of the EU Common Agriculture Policy? We stress the growing involvement of multi-stakeholder networks of different sorts in extension work (with emphasis on private-profit or non-profit-organisations) as well as the adoption of participatory approaches. We also analyse the complex relationships between extension agents and rural actors. The major focus is on the changing roles of extension agents, underlining their current roles as learning-innovation-change facilitators and knowledge brokers. Examples drawn from proceedings of the European IFSA Symposia specifically address European cases, and illustrate the analysis.

Nongovernmental organizations, particularly those related to development work (local development-oriented nongovernmental organizations; LDNGO), and their agents have been assuming, in Portugal, an important role in the field of adult education. These organizations develop with the State, at the national level, and with supranational institutions and programs different types of relationships and arrangements, as a result of the activity in such educational arena. This article intends to question, on the basis of an ethnographic study of an adult education team of an LDNGO and using the pedagogical discourse model of Bernstein, the relationship that these agents establish with the official knowledge (pedagogical discourse) emerging from State-dependent intervention bodies. The results of the study shows that, even in strongly prescriptive working contexts, it is possible to develop an active relationship with the official knowledge and make recontextualizing uses of it.

De um modo geral, os territórios rurais em Portugal, sobretudo os do interior, têm vindo a perder população, o que origina uma crescente desvitalização da economia e o declínio social, num processo em espiral com consequências negativas para a coesão do território e o desenvolvimento global do país. O projeto ASAS, de âmbito nacional, focou-se na intervenção em aldeias rurais isoladas, com base numa estratégia integrada de diversificação da economia e de criação de emprego local, através da valorização dos recursos endógenos do território, da participação comunitária e da cooperação interterritorial. A Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro dinamizou este projeto na região Norte de Portugal. Numa primeira fase, foram identificadas e caraterizadas oito aldeias, cujos processos de desenvolvimento registam práticas comunitárias ativas e diferenciadas, potencialmente sustentáveis e transferíveis para outros contextos. Posteriormente, foram selecionadas as aldeias de Provesende (Sabrosa) e Santa Leocádia de Geraz do Lima (Viana do Castelo), para uma análise SWOT, mais aprofundada com as comunidades, que mobilizou a participação ativa dos residentes e agentes institucionais. Dos resultados, destaca-se, como denominador comum, a importância de conhecer experiências exteriores e de envolver a população local para atingir níveis de cumplicidade, adesão e comprometimento. São precisos mais contactos com a população, é preciso animar o território, mas faltam agentes ativos e dinamizadores, que promovam mais consensos, que ajudem a ultrapassar obstáculos, a alargar os horizontes e que liderem os processos em determinados momentos. É fundamental a avaliação das práticas e a promoção da reflexividade, envolvendo as comunidades.