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Online gambling disorder has recently emerged as a significant public health issue. Family dynamics play an important role in the development of online gambling disorder. In this research, the aimed to compare the parental acceptance/rejection and attachment styles of individuals with online gambling disorder with a healthy control group. Also, the relationship between parental acceptance/rejection and attachment styles was examined in individuals with online gambling disorder. The study group consisted of 53 male patients with online gambling disorder and 57 healthy controls. The individuals with online gambling disorder perceived more rejection from mothers but especially from fathers than the individuals in the control group. Paternal hostility/aggression and indifference/neglect are determinants of online gambling behavior. The individuals with online gambling disorder had lower levels of secure attachment and higher levels of dismissive and fearful attachment than the individuals in the control group. Both secure attachment style and dismissive attachment style are thought to be determinants of gambling behavior. Mother-father rejection and insecure attachment are important in terms of creating risk for online gambling. Assessment of the effects of maternal and especially paternal rejection in online gambling disorder will be beneficial within the scope of preventive mental health.

Amaç: Çalışmada, Sağlık Personelinin Bağımlı Bireylere Yönelik Bilgi ve Farkındalık Durumlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu araştırma nicel bir çalışma olup, basit rastlantısal örnekleme yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklemi, Aralık 2019- Şubat 2020 tarihleri arasında bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan 217 profesyonel sağlık çalışanı oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak, literatür doğrultusunda hazırlanan soru formu, Web-tabanlı uygulamada google forms üzerinden tasarlanan forma kodlanmıştır ve online ortamda katılımcılara uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 217 sağlık profesyonelinin %27,2’si erkek ve %72,8’i kadındır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 36.78±10,2’dir. Eğitim durumları %47,0’sinin Üniversite mezunu olduğu, %88’inin her hangi bir bağımlılık merkezinde çalışmamış, olduğu %58,1’inin madde bağımlılığı ile ilgili herhangi bir eğitim programına (etkinlik, seminer vb. ) katılmadığı ve ortalama meslekte çalışma sürelerinin 14.11±10.50’yıl olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Sağlık profesyonellerinin büyük bir çoğunluğu, madde bağımlığını bir beyin hastalığı olarak kabul ederken, bu yöndeki hastalarla sosyal ortamı paylaşmaya dönük tutumlarının düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu durum bağımlılıkla ilgili eğitim alan sağlık profesyonellerinde farklılaşmaktadır. Eğitim önemli bir değişken olarak tutumu belirlemektedir. Bu nedenle konuya dair eğitim programlarının düzenli bir şekilde yapılmasının sağlık hizmetinin sunum kalitesini etkileyeceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sağlık çalışanları, madde bağlılığı, bilgi, farkındalık

BACKGROUND: Repeated cigarette use in individuals generally occurs due to the craving for smoking. Orexin-leptin hormones and temperament character traits are thought to be important factors affecting nicotine craving. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine orexin-leptin blood levels, which appear in nicotine deprivation, in health professionals who were diagnosed as having tobacco use disorder in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) and to assess the temperament-character traits of the same group and to provide biologic and psychotherapeutic data for the treatment of tobacco abuse. METHODS: The study sample consisted of faculty of medicine students and resident physicians who were smokers (n = 40). The control group comprised medical students and resident physicians who were non-smokers (n = 40). The Sociodemographic and Clinical Information Form, DSM-IV SCID-I Clinical Version, and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were applied to both groups. Substance Craving Scale (SCS) and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence were applied only smoking group. Blood samples were taken for plasma orexin and serum leptin levels for both groups. RESULTS: The plasma orexin levels were lower in the smokers group (p

Background: To evaluate parameters on the state and trait anxiety scores of patients receiving intravitreal injections. Methods: One hundred thirteen patients were included in the study. All subjects received intravitreal ranibizumab or bevacizumab injections. To measure the level of anxiety, Spielberg's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire was used. Results: The mean state anxiety scores were 45.19 ± 5.62 in experienced patients and 43.10 ± 6.62 in inexperienced patients (p = 0.078). The mean trait anxiety scores were 50.14 ± 6.62 in experienced patients and 49.17 ± 10.79 in inexperienced patients (p = 0.810). Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in the state and trait anxiety scores between the male and female, employed, and retired patients (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Anxiety may not show significant differences according to sociodemographic status. High anxiety scores found in this study also emphasize that health care providers should try to decrease anxiety levels during the course of treatment.

Kuzu, Duygu (Arel Author), Şizofreni ile kavum septum pellusidum arasındaki ilişki: Bir olgu sunumu Lateral ventriküllerin medial duvarını oluşturan septum pellucidum iki laminadan oluşan ince bir tabakadır. Kavum septum pellucidum (KSP), septum pellucidumun iki yaprağı arasındaki bir boşluktur. KSP'un şizofreni ile ilişkili nörogelişimsel bir anomali olduğu düşünülmektedir. Normal fetal gelişimde septum pellucidumun oluşumu hipokampus, amigdala, korpus kallosum, septal nükleus gibi komşu limbik yapılarla eş zamanlı olmaktadır. Bu yüzden septum pellucidumda saptanan anatomik farklılıklar, komşu anatomik yapıların embriyonal gelişim bozukluklarını yansıtabilir. Birkaç manyetik rezonans görüntüleme çalışmasında, şizofreni hastalarında normal kişilere göre daha yüksek prevalansta geniş KSP saptanmıştır. Psikiyatrik bozukluklarla ilgili literatüre baktığımızda KSP'nin en çok şizofreni ile bağlantılı olduğunu görebiliriz. Geniş KSP şizofreninin etyolojik nedenlerinden biri olarak gösterilen nörogelişimsel modeli desteklemektedir. Biz bu olgu sunumunda, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme yöntemi ve nörobilişsel yeti yitimini tartıştık, The relationship between schizophrenia and cavum septum pellucidum: a case studySeptum pellucidum that forming the medial wall of the lateral ventricles, a thin layer is formed by two laminae. Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), a space between the two leaflets of the septi pellucidi, is thought to be a neurodevelopmental anomaly associated with schizophrenia. In normal fetal development, the formation of septum pellucidum occurs at the same time with the development of the neighboring limbic system structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, septal nucleus. Therefore, the anatomical differences that are detected in the septum pellucidum may reflect the embryonal development disorders of the adjacent anatomical structures. Several magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported a higher prevalence of enlarged CSP in patients with schizophrenia than in normal subjects. In the literature of psychiatric disorders, CSP is most associated with schizophrenia. Wide CSP may support the neurodevelopmental etiology of schizophrenia. In this report we present a schizophrenia case. And we tried to discuss the patient’s clinical appearance and neurocognitive disability

Yeme bagimliligi kavrami bilimsel literaturde son yillarda gundemde olan bir kavramdir. Ozellikle obez ve asiri yemek yiyen kisilerde yemenin bir tur bagimliliga donusebildigi ileri surulmekte ve bu kisilerde gozlenen davranislarin bagimlilikta siklikla gozlenen temel belirtilerle ortusebildigi belirtilmektedir. Yapilan laboratuvar, epidemiyolojik, klinik ve genetik arastirmalarin sonuclari yeme bagimliligi modelinin klinik gecerliligini kismen gosterse de norobiyolojik arastirmalar daha cok obezite ve madde bagimliliginda odul sisteminde ortaya cikan benzerlikleri ortaya koymaktadir. Arastirmalarin bir bolumu ise halen belirgin farkliliklarin olduguna vurgu yapmaktadir. Bu derleme yazisinda yeme bagimliligi kavraminin klinik ve biyolojik ozellikleri etyolojik acidan ele alinmis ve bu konuda yapilan agirlikli olarak preklinik, klinik ve genetik arastirmalarin gozden gecirilmesi amaclanmistir.

Background Despite the multiple alternatives of treatment, it is well known that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) delay seeking treatment. In this study, the aim was to determine the risk factors for delaying treatment seeking in OCD patients. Methods The sample consisted of 132 OCD who completed the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist, and Beck Depression Inventory. Results In univariate analyses with risk evaluation, income level, being single or divorced, having a history of psychiatric treatment, poor insight for the symptoms, and obsessions of hoarding were the variables that were found to be significant. In the regression model, history of psychiatric treatment and duration of OCD were the 2 variables that remained statistically significant. Conclusion This was the first study wherein the sample included patients who were recruited from a nonpsychiatric department: the dermatology clinic. Application to dermatology has not been determined as a risk factor for delaying treatment seeking in OCD patients.

Introduction Hand eczema can cause considerable psychosocial disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and difficulties at work, and it may also cause sexual dysfunction. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate sexual function in patients with hand eczema and to find out whether concomitant depression has an additional negative effect on sexual function in these patients. Main Outcome Measures Sexual functions were evaluated in hand eczema patients. Methods Ninety-one female (43 patients vs. 48 controls) and 79 male (45 patients vs. 34 controls) subjects were enrolled in the study. Hand eczema severity index was used to determine severity of hand eczema. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were used to assess sexual function. Quality of life was assessed with the Dermatology Life Quality Index. Diagnosis of depression was made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, while the Hamilton Depression Rate Scale was used for grading depression. Results Among 43 female subjects with hand eczema, 26 had depression (60.46%); of the 45 male patients, 11 had depression (24.44%). FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female patients with both eczema and depression compared with controls (20.84±9.19 vs. 24.04±3.40, P P P Conclusions The results of the study demonstrated that patients with hand eczema had sexual dysfunction, and concomitant depression had an additional negative effect on sexual dysfunction. Patients with hand eczema should be evaluated with regard to sexual function and depression to provide a better quality of life. Ergun M, Turel Ermertcan A, Ozturkcan S, Temeltas G, Deveci A, and Dinc G. Sexual dysfunction in patients with chronic hand eczema in the Turkish population.

In this present work, it is aimed to demonstrate BDNF serum concentrations in patients with dysthymia and to compare them with BDNF serum concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy subjects. The study was carried out in Celal Bayar University Hospital, Manisa, Turkey. Seventeen patients with dysthymia, 24 patients with major depressive disorder and 26 subjects without any psychiatric diagnosis and any psychiatric treatment were included in the study. The severity of depression was assessed with 17-item HAM-D. All subjects were asked to give their written consent. Blood samples were collected at baseline. Serum BDNF was kept at − 70 °C before testing, and assayed with an ELISA Kit (Promega; Madison, WI, USA), after dilution with the Block and Sample solution provided with the kit. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance. The BDNF serum concentrations of the dysthymia group (mean = 28.9 ± 9.2 ng/ml) were significantly higher than that of the major depressive disorder group (21.2 ± 11.3 ng/ml) ( p = 0.002), and it was not different from the level of the control group (31.4 ± 8.8 ng/ml). BDNF serum concentrations and HAM-D score did not have any significant correlation in the dysthymia and major depression groups ( r = − 0.276, p = 0.086). The low level of BDNF in patients with dysthymic disorder seems to point out that BDNF changes in mood disorders are state-dependent and vary according to the severity of depressive episodes.

Although many studies have examined the neurobiological aspects of suicide, the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with suicide remain unclear. In this study, it is aimed to investigate whether there is a difference in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels among suicide attempters without a major psychiatric disorder, compared to major depressive disorder patients and healthy subjects. It was undertaken with the hypothesis that suicide per se lowers serum BDNF levels, since it is a source of stress. The study was carried out in Celal Bayar University Hospital, Manisa, Turkey. Ten suicide attempters, 24 patients with major depressive disorder and 26 subjects without any psychiatric diagnosis and any psychiatric treatment were included in the study. All subjects were asked to give their written consent. Blood samples were collected at the baseline. Serum BDNF was kept at –70°C before testing, and assayed with an ELISA kit (Promega; Madison, Wisc., USA) after dilution with the block and sample solution provided with the kit. The data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric analysis of variance. Mean serum BDNF levels were significantly lower in the suicide group (21.2 ± 12.4 ng/ml) and the major depressive disorder group (21.2 ± 11.3 ng/ml) than the control group (31.4 ± 8.8 ng/ml; p = 0.004). These results suggest that BDNF may play an important role in the neurobiology of suicidal behavior. BDNF levels may be a biological marker for suicidal behavior. To investigate the role of BDNF in suicide, further studies with a wider sample size and a variety of psychiatric diagnoses accompanying suicide attempt are needed.

INTRODUCTION Treatment motivation in alcohol dependents is usually viewed as a strong predictor of seeking treatment and treatment success. The conditions affecting motivation in alcohol dependence, however, has not been clarified. In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of depression on treatment motivation in male alcohol dependence. METHODS The present study included 34 male alcohol dependents presenting to outpatient clinics in Manisa Hospital of Mental Disorders and Hospital of Celal Bayar University. The patients underwent evaluation using the socio-demographic and clinical information form, DSM-IV SCID-I Clinical Version, Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RESULTS A significant relationship was found between the total score of TMQ and HDRS (p=.039). CONCLUSION We believe that the present study, in which we examined the relationship between treatment motivation in male alcohol dependence and depression, would provide a significant contribution to literature. It is also important to investigate other factors that may affect treatment motivation in male alcohol dependence. Studies with larger samples are needed on this topic.

Psoriasis can have a significant impact upon sexual function. The aim of this study was to investigate sexual function in females and males with psoriasis and to evaluate whether coexistent depression has an additional negative effect on sexual function in these patients. A total of 66 female subjects (39 with psoriasis and 27 healthy volunteers as a control group) and 70 male subjects (39 with psoriasis and 31 healthy volunteers as a control group) were enrolled in the study. A Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was used to determine the severity of psoriasis for the patient groups. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used to assess female sexual function and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was used to evaluate male sexual function. Quality of life was assessed with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The diagnosis of depression was made according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) interview and Hamilton Depression Rate Scale (HDRS) was used for grading depression. FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female psoriatic patients without depression and psoriatic patients plus depression compared with healthy controls (24.09 +/- 5.33 vs. 24.25 +/- 4.52 vs. 28.12 +/- 3.48, respectively, p = 0.004). However, FSFI score was not significantly different between patients with psoriasis without depression and those with psoriasis plus depression (p > 0.05). IIEF total score was also found to be significantly decreased in male psoriasis without depression and psoriasis plus depression patients compared with healthy controls (54.21 +/- 13.07 vs. 52.0 +/- 14.73 vs. 61.69 +/- 9.49, respectively, p = 0.023). The difference in IIEF scores between patients with psoriasis without depression and in those with psoriasis plus depression were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The results of the study demonstrated that patients with psoriasis, especially females have distinct sexual dysfunction compared with healthy controls, and coexistent depression has no additional negative effect on sexual dysfunction in our patients. Patients with psoriasis should be evaluated in terms of sexual function in order to provide a better quality of life.

Objective The aims of present study were to (a) to determine the prevalence of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in dermatological patients, (b) to determine the possible relationship between dermatological lesions and OCD and (c) to determine the clinical and phenomenological features of the OCD subgroup. Method The sample consisted of 166 out of 250 consecutively presenting dermatological patients who agreed to participate in the study. The subjects were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Turkish Version (SCID-I) and also completed the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Results Of the whole sample, 41 (24.7%) met DSM-IV criteria for OCD. Only 14.6% of them had previously been diagnosed as OCD. The mean score of Y-BOCS in the OCD group was 17.05±9.75. The most common obsessions were contamination (61%) and pathologic doubt (53.7%), while washing (61%) and checking (51.2%) were the most frequent compulsions. Those suffering from diseases of sebaceous glands were the only group that showed a significant difference between the OCD and non-OCD group. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of OCD in dermatological patients, although the nature of the relationship between OCD and dermatology has not previously been ascertained. Genetic-based studies and future researches focused on individual anxiety, and sensitivity may provide information that better explains this relationship.

Recent studies suggested a role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depression. While BDNF levels are lower in depressed patients, antidepressant treatment increases serum BDNF levels of depressed patients. Our study aims to test the effect of chronic venlafaxine treatment on serum BDNF levels in patients with a major depressive disorder. Ten patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV are included in the study. Two of the patients had their first episode and were drug-naive, the other eight patients were drug-free for at least 4 weeks. The severity of depression was assessed with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The control group consisted of ten age- and sex-matched subjects without any psychiatric disorder. Blood samples were collected at the baseline and after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment (during remission). At the baseline the mean serum BDNF level was 17.9+/-9.1 ng/ml and the mean HDRS score was 23.2+/-4.6. Serum BDNF levels of the study group were significantly lower than in the control group (31.6+/-8.6 ng/ml). At the end of the study, the mean serum BDNF level was 34.6+/-7.1 ng/ml whereas the mean HDRS score was 8.2+/-3.9. From the baseline to the remission after 12 weeks of treatment, the increase in serum BDNF level and the decrease in HDRS score were statistically significant, respectively. When we compared the serum BDNF level of depressed patients at remission to that of the controls, there was no statistically significant difference. This study shows that venlafaxine treatment of depression improves serum BDNF level which may be considered as a nonspecific peripheral marker of depression.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada opiyat yoksunluk şiddetini belirlemek için kullanılan Klinik Opiyat Yoksunluk Ölçeği (KOYÖ) Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: KOYÖ, önce Türkçe'ye ardından yeniden İngilizce'ye geri çevrildi. İngilizce'ye çevirisi yapılan sürümün özgünlüğü, ölçeği geliştiren çalışmacı-lar tarafından onaylandı. Çeviri işleminin tamamlanmasının ardından ölçek opiyat yoksunluğunda olan 100 hasta ile alkol yoksunluğunda olan 41 has-tanın yoksunluk bulgularını değerlendirmek üzere kullanıldı. Güvenilirlik değerlendirmesinde Cronbach alfa; yapısal geçerlilik değerlendirmesinde açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi; ölçüt geçerliliğinde ise tanı grupları arasında ROC analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Güvenilirlik çözümlemelerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsa-yısı 0,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Görüşmeciler arası bağıntı katsayısı 0,975 (p

WOS: 000363521400005 PubMed ID: 26245463 The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among Turkish primary health care workers' socio-demographic characteristics, working conditions, and anxiety. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 88 of 103 (85.4%) eligible health care workers from the city of Mugla participating. The participants' average age was 31 years, 85.2% were university graduates, 30.7% were nurses, and 64.8% had been working between 11 and 20 years at the time of the study; 93.6% worked 8 hours each day or less. State anxiety scores for males (p = .016), health care workers age 31 or older (p = .035), nurse participants (p = .043), and individuals who had worked 11 or more years (p = .044) were significantly higher than the rest of the sample; however, trait anxiety scores for participants who did not work overtime and were not scheduled for shift work were significantly higher (p = .033 and p = .004, respectively) than the rest of the sample. According to the logistic regression analysis, risk factors for anxiety included being male and older than 31 years.

Our objective was to determine symptomatology of depression and anxiety in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism and compare with euthyroid patients.Thirty-two patients with hyperthyroidism (high free T3 and free T4, and suppressed TSH) and 30 euthyroid (normal free T3, free T4, and TSH) controls attending the Endocrinology Out-Patient Department at Celal Bayar University Hospital in Manisa, Turkey were included in the study. Hormonal screening was performed by immunoassay and hemagglutination method. For psychiatric assessment, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HAD], Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D], and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A] were used. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of demographic features.Total scores obtained both from HAM-D and HAM-A were significantly greater in the hyperthyroidism group than that of the euthyroid group (p0.05); there was no difference in terms of HAD. When compared in terms of symptomatology, early insomnia (HAM-D#6), work and activities (HAM-D#7), psychic anxiety (HAM-D#10), weight loss (HAM-D#16), insomnia (HAM-A#4), and cardiovascular symptoms (HAM-A#8) were significantly more frequent in the hyperthyroidism group. By Wilks lambda discriminant analysis, psychomotor agitation (HAM-D#9), weight loss (HAM-D#16), and insomnia (HAM-A#4) were found as the discriminating symptoms for the hyperthyroidism group, whereas somatic anxiety (HAM-A#11) and loss of interest (HAD#14) were distinguishing symptoms of the euthyroidism group.Hyperthyroidism and syndromal depression-anxiety have overlapping features that can cause misdiagnosis during acute phase. For differential diagnosis, one should follow-up patients with hyperthyroidism with specific hormonal treatment and evaluate persisting symptoms thereafter. In addition to specific symptoms of hyperthyroidism, psychomotor retardation, guilt, muscle pain, energy loss, and fatigue seem to appear more frequently in patients with comorbid depression and hyperthyroidism; thus, presence of these symptoms should be a warning sign to nonpsychiatric professionals for the need for psychiatric consultation.

Background In some periods of a woman's life the risk of depression increases and the postnatal period is one of these. The prevalence and the risk factors of postnatal depression are not systematically studied in Turkey. The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiological aspects and the cultural factors that may affect postnatal depression in our country. Method According to the records of ten primary health care centres in Manisa, a city in western Turkey, there were 1,337 women who had given birth in the previous 6 months. A sample group of 317 mothers were randomised among these women and 257 (81.7 %) of the sample group could be reached. Data were collected by use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables designed for this study. Results The mean depression score was found to be 7.54 ± 4.66. When the cut-off point was taken into consideration, 14 % of mothers had a syndromal depression. The factors which affected the prevalence of depression were the number of living children, living in a shanty, being an immigrant, serious health problems in the baby, previous psychiatric history, psychiatric disorder in the spouse, and having bad relations with the spouse and his parents. Conclusion These findings revealed that the prevalence of postnatal depression in the Manisa province and the factors affecting it were very similar to other studies; but the negative impact of bad relations of the mother with her family-in-law on postnatal depression seems to be a distinguishing aspect of Turkish culture.

Object : The 20-item Attitudes toward Obese Persons Scale (ATOP) and the 8-item Beliefs about Obese Persons Scale (BAOP) are used in English speaking countries to measure attitudes and beliefs about obese persons. The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the ATOP and the BAOP in Turkish language. Methods: It is a methodological study. The study was conducted in Celal Bayar University. The study subjects comprised of 103 School of Health, 105 Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 94 School of Physical Education, and Sports students. The data were collected by a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic characteristics, the level of obesity knowledge and the Turkish version of the ATOP (T-ATOP) and the Turkish version of the BAOP (T-BAOP). The psychometric properties of both scales were examined by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, intra-rater reliability. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and Spearman Brown split-half were used to assess internal consistency reliability of the scales. Intra-rater reliability of the scales was examined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: Three factors (i.e., Different Personality, Social Difficulties, and Self-Esteem) of the T-ATOP were established by exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated three-factor structure. Internal consistency was supported by Cronbach’s alpha (0.86), Spearman Brown split-half value (0.75 for the first half) and (0.72 for the second half), and intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.78). The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the T-BAOP has a structure of the one factor. As for internal consistency of T-BAOP, it was supported by Cronbach’s alpha (0.84), Spearman Brown split-half value (0.79 for the first half and 0.74 for the second half) and intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.80). Conclusions: The T-ATOP and the T-BAOP showed initial evidence of the reliability and validity that can be used in Turkish speaking countries in order to measure attitudes and beliefs about obese persons.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada opiyat yoksunluk şiddetini belirlemek için kullanılan Klinik Opiyat Yoksunluk Ölçeği (KOYÖ) Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: KOYÖ, önce Türkçe'ye ardından yeniden İngilizce'ye geri çevrildi. İngilizce'ye çevirisi yapılan sürümün özgünlüğü, ölçeği geliştiren çalışmacı-lar tarafından onaylandı. Çeviri işleminin tamamlanmasının ardından ölçek opiyat yoksunluğunda olan 100 hasta ile alkol yoksunluğunda olan 41 has-tanın yoksunluk bulgularını değerlendirmek üzere kullanıldı. Güvenilirlik değerlendirmesinde Cronbach alfa; yapısal geçerlilik değerlendirmesinde açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi; ölçüt geçerliliğinde ise tanı grupları arasında ROC analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Güvenilirlik çözümlemelerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsa-yısı 0,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Görüşmeciler arası bağıntı katsayısı 0,975 (p, Introduction: The aim of the present study was to perform reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale which is used to determine the severity of opiate withdrawal.Methods: Initially, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) was translated into Turkish and subsequently back-translated into English. The originality of the back-translated version was approved by the author who developed the scale. After the translation was completed, the scale was used to assess the withdrawal symptoms of 100 patients with opiate withdrawal and 41 patients with alcohol withdrawal. Cronbach's alpha was used in the reliability assessment; explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were used in structural validity assessment; and in scale validity, ROC analysis was used among diagnosis groups Results: The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.74 in reliability analyses. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.975 (p

WOS: 000351851100018, PubMed ID: 28360683, Introduction: The aim of the present study was to perform reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale which is used to determine the severity of opiate withdrawal. Methods: Initially, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) was translated into Turkish and subsequently back-translated into English. The originality of the back-translated version was approved by the author who developed the scale. After the translation was completed, the scale was used to assess the withdrawal symptoms of 100 patients with opiate withdrawal and 41 patients with alcohol withdrawal. Cronbach's alpha was used in the reliability assessment; explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were used in structural validity assessment; and in scale validity, ROC analysis was used among diagnosis groups. Results: The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.74 in reliability analyses. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.975 (p

OBJECTIVE: To overview and evaluate the main findings, methodological shortcomings, and time trends of the recent psychiatric epidemiology studies in Turkey, as well as to provide areas prone for development in forthcoming research. METHOD: PubMed and Turkish Psychiatry Index were screened to identify relevant studies. Any epidemiological study from 2000 to 2012 with a general population or unique sub-population sample was included. Papers and results were classified as depression, anxiety, psychotic, dissociative, conversion, personality, alcohol and substance abuse, and trauma-related disorders, and common geriatric disorders. RESULTS: There are various epidemiological studies on various psychiatric disorders in Turkey. However, there are main shortcomings and trends in research that subsequently stagnate current psychiatric epidemiological research. First, epidemiological studies were mainly conducted for academic purposes, not for addressing epidemiological issues or issues of health policy. Second, studies mainly focused on particular fields and institutions, which led to non-systematic accumulation of epidemiological results. Third, although Turkey is a natural laboratory of social conflicts and disasters, there were few studies with a focus on probable outcomes. Fourth, high-quality epidemiological studies with disseminating results tended to decrease, even in common mental disorders such as depression. Fifth, there were very few epidemiological studies using contemporary designs such as follow-up, genetic, or biomarker data in the general-population. CONCLUSION: Although psychiatric epidemiological studies of the last decade provide a suitable ground for future challenges, current trends in this research area has tended to stagnate, despite the potential for unique contributions. Forthcoming studies and researchers may notice novel methodological developments in epidemiology, with a growing attention on rapid urbanization, natural disasters, social conflicts, and migration. Language: tr

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of depression in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and to determine if there was a relationship between depression score, and socioeconomic variables and the presence of domestic violence.The study group included women aged 15-49 years that lived in the Manisa/Muradiye Health Center catchment area. The minimum sample size was calculated as 224 and multistage sampling was used (random sampling plus cluster sampling). In all, 225 women enrolled in the study and were administered the BDI and a sociodemographic questionnaire that collected depressive symptomatology, domestic violence, and sociodemographic data. In addition to the descriptive data, univariate and multivariate odds ratios were obtained. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.The prevalence of depressive symptoms (BDI score≥17) was 14.7%. In all, 32.9% of the women had experienced domestic violence. Multivariate analysis revealed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher among the women that had experienced domestic violence and reported having a chronic illness (p0.05).The rates of depressive symptoms and domestic violence were quite high among the married women in this study. Preventive mental health programs should be developed and implemented in the study area.

Neurodermatitis is a chronic disease affecting the patient's psychosocial status and quality of life. It is associated with a variety of psychologic problems, including demoralization, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sleep disturbances. Coexistence of sexual dysfunction, especially in women, with several systemic diseases has gained interest in recent years. In this study, we evaluated sexual function in female patients with neurodermatitis. We enrolled 89 women (43 patients, 46 controls) in the study. Quality of life was assessed with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used to determine sexual function. Individuals with psychiatric disorders and/or those using antidepressants were excluded. The total DLQI score was 11.95 ± 5.65 in patients with neurodermatitis. The total FSFI score was significantly lower in patients compared with healthy controls (22.76 ± 5.31 and 28.83 ± 3.50, respectively; P = .001). Domain scores of FSFI (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction) except pain were significantly lower in patients with neurodermatitis (P = .001). The pain score was also lower in patients than controls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .073). Neurodermatitis may be associated with sexual dysfunction, and patients with neurodermatitis should be evaluated with regard to sexual function to provide a better quality of life.

The study of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mood disorders and other psychiatric disorders is increasing. Of particular interest is whether or not BDNF can be a marker for psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to review the published findings on BDNF in stress-related mood disorders.Searches were conducted of the PubMed and Psikiyatri Dizini databases to access international and national publications, respectively. Database searches were conducted with the keywords BDNF, and stress and mood disorders.BDNF plays a role in the physiopathology of stress-related changes and is supposedly related to a decrease in the number and size of neurons. Additionally, it has been suggested that serum levels of BDNF are lower in depressive patients than in the healthy controls. Nonetheless, BDNF levels increase after antidepressant treatment, along with symptom recovery, to those seen in healthy control subjects. This increase cannot be achieved in patients that do not respond to antidepressant treatment. On the other hand, in patients with stress-related non-depressive psychiatric disorders, serum BDNF is also low.To date, even though consistent findings of reduced BDNF levels have been reported, the specificity of these findings is doubtful. Serum BDNF might be considered a marker for stress-related mood disorders.

Giriş: Literatürde allerjik rinit nedeniyle hastaların yaşam ve uyku kalitelerinin bozulduğu, bu durumların medikal tedavi ile düzeldiği gösterilmiştir. Biz bu çalışmamızda allerjen spesifik immünoterapi ile allerjik rinitli hastaların uyku kalitelerinin değişimini belirlemeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Erişkin Allerji-İmmünoloji Polikliniğinde klinik değerlendirme ve prick test sonucuyla allerjik rinit tanısı alan 74 hasta alınmıştır. Spesifik immünoterapinin hemen öncesi ve spesifik immünoterapinin birinci yılında uyku kaliteleri Pittsburg Uyku Kalitesi Ölçeği (PUKÖ) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Spesifik immünoterapi sonrası hastalarda sağlıklı uykuya sahip olma oranları anlamlı şekilde artmıştır (p< 0.001). Semptom skoru farkı ile PUKÖ skorları farkı Spearman korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirildiğinde anlamlı korelasyon saptanmıştır (p= 0.01). Semptom skorlarındaki azalma ile birlikte PUKÖ nün subjektif uyku kalitesi, uykuya geçme, uyku süresi, uyku efektivitesi, uykuyu etkileyen durumlar, uyku verici madde kullanımı, gün içinde uyuklama parametrelerinde düzelme saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Bizim çalışmamızda spesifik immünoterapi başlandıktan sonra ilk bir yıl içinde hastalar ikinci kez değerlendirildiğinde; kronik uyku bozukluğunun ortadan kalktığı; kötü uyku kalitesine sahip hastaların ise çoğunun uyku kalitelerinin düzeldiği saptanmıştır. Semptom skorlarının düşmesi ile uyku kalitelerinde artış olmuştur. Literatürde spesifik immünoterapi ile uyku kalitesinde sağlanan iyiliği gösteren ilk çalışma olması ile kıymet arz eden bu çalışmanın, uzun dönem spesifik immünoterapi sonuçları ile de desteklenmesi uygun olur. Objective: In the medical literature, it has been shown that quality of life and sleep quality are impaired due to allergic rhinitis and are improved with treatment. In this study, we aimed to determine the change in sleep quality of patients with allergic rhinitis using allergen-specific immunotherapy. Materials and Methods: Seventy-four patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis according to the clinical evaluation and skin prick test findings in Celal Bayar University Allergy-Immunology Outpatient Department were enrolled in our study. Sleep quality was evaluated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) just before specific immunotherapy was initiated and at the end of the first year of treatment with specific immunotherapy. Results: Frequency of having healthy sleep increased significantly after specific immunotherapy in the patients (p< 0.001). A significant correlation was detected between the changes in symptom score and PSQI when evaluated with Spearman correlation analysis (p= 0.01). Improvement was demonstrated in subjective sleep quality, sleep la tency, sleep duration, sleep efficacy, factors influencing sleep, use of hypnotics, and daytime somnolence parameters of the PSQI with a decrease in symptom score. Conclusion: In our study, chronic sleep disorder disappeared and improvement in sleep quality was detected in most patients during the second evaluation one year after initiation of specific immunotherapy. Sleep quality increased as the symptom score decreased. These findings demonstrated improvement in the patients sleep quality with improvement in symptoms following specific immunotherapy treatment. These data should be supported with longer specific immunotherapy therapy in patients with allergic rhinitis.

Amaç: Yapılan klinik ve hayvan çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlar şizofreninin nörogelişimsel, nörodejeneratif ve dopamin hipotezlerini desteklemektedir bu da beyin türevli nörotrofik faktörü (BDNF) şizofreninin patofizyolojisini açıklamada aday moleküllerden biri haline getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı depresyonu olan şizofreni hastalarında BDNF düzeylerini araştırmak ve bu değerleri major depresyonlu hastalar ve kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırarak şizofrenide görülen depresif belirtilerin doğasını anlamaktır. Yöntem: Depresif belirtileri bulunan 8 şizofreni hastasının (ŞD) BDNF düzeyleri iki farklı kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Birinci grup major depresyonlu (MD) hastadan (n=24), ikinci grup ise sağlıklı kontrollerden oluşmuştur (n=26). Bulgular: ŞD grubunun BDNF düzeyleri kontrol grubuna benzer bulunurken MD grubunun BDNF düzeyleri her iki gruptan da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Depresif belirtileri olan şizofreni grubuyla major depresyon grubunun BDNF düzeyleri arasındaki farklılık bu iki bozukluğun farklı etiyolojileri olduğu hipotezini destekler niteliktedir. Objectives: Evidence from clinical, pharmacological and animal studies, have led to neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, and dopamine hypotheses, and to the investigation of BDNF as a potential candidate molecule in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to investigate the BNDF levels of schizophrenic patients with depression and compare them with major depression patients and controls in order to understand the nature of depressive symptoms seen in schizophrenia. Methods: The BDNF levels of eight schizophrenic patients with depressive symptomatology (SD) were compared with two control groups. The first group consisted of major depressed patients (MDD) (n=24) and the second was the healthy control group (n=26). Results: SD group had BDNF levels similar to control group and MDD group had significantly lower levels than the other two groups. Conclusion: This difference of BDNF levels between schizophrenia with depression group and major depression group supports the hypothesis of distinct etiologies.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of psychosocial skills training (PST) on symptomatology, insight, quality of life, and suicide probability in patients with schizophrenia.The sample consisted of 22 schizophrenic outpatients diagnosed according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Three PST groups were formed and each group's training lasted approximately 6 months. Nineteen (86%) patients completed the study. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Calgary Depression Rating Scale for Schizophrenia, Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight, Quality of Life Scale for Patients with Schizophrenia, and Suicide Probability Scale were administered to the patients before and after PST.At the end of the study mean score for the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms score (baseline 8.5+/- +/- 9.9, post-PST 3.4 +/- +/-6.0, P = 0.004), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (baseline 33.7 +/- +/-19.3, post-PST 22.1 +/- +/-15.7, P = 0.001), Calgary Depression Rating Scale for Schizophrenia (baseline 4.2 +/- +/-4.1, post-PST 0.7 +/- +/-1.0, P = 0.001), Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight (baseline 11.1 +/- +/-3.4, post-PST 16.2 +/- +/-1.1, P0.0001), and Quality of Life Scale for Patients with Schizophrenia (baseline 53.5 +/- +/-20.0, post-PST 79.6 +/- +/-20.8, P0.0001) changed significantly, whereas the change in mean score for the Suicide Probability Scale (baseline 75.1+/- +/- 11.7, post-PST 71.3+/- +/- 8.0, P = 0.06) did not reach statistical significance.This study demonstrated the effects of PST on the symptoms and functioning of patients with schizophrenia. It can be concluded that using PST for the treatment of schizophrenia, as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy, could produce significant positive results.

The aim of the present study was to compare serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and conversion disorder (CD). Serum BDNF levels were measured in the following three groups: 15 CD patients without any comorbid diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, 24 patients with MDD, and 26 healthy subjects without any psychiatric diagnosis or psychiatric treatment. The serum BDNF level of the healthy control group (31.4 +/- 8.8 ng/mL) was statistically higher than the level of the MDD group (21.2 +/- 11.3 ng/mL) and the CD group (24.3 +/- 9.0 ng/mL; P = 0.008). This suggests that BDNF level may play a similar role in the pathophysiology of MDD and CD.

Hand eczema can cause considerable psychosocial disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and difficulties at work, and it may also cause sexual dysfunction.The aim of this study was to investigate sexual function in patients with hand eczema and to find out whether concomitant depression has an additional negative effect on sexual function in these patients.Sexual functions were evaluated in hand eczema patients.Ninety-one female (43 patients vs. 48 controls) and 79 male (45 patients vs. 34 controls) subjects were enrolled in the study. Hand eczema severity index was used to determine severity of hand eczema. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were used to assess sexual function. Quality of life was assessed with the Dermatology Life Quality Index. Diagnosis of depression was made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, while the Hamilton Depression Rate Scale was used for grading depression.Among 43 female subjects with hand eczema, 26 had depression (60.46%); of the 45 male patients, 11 had depression (24.44%). FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female patients with both eczema and depression compared with controls (20.84 +/- 9.19 vs. 24.04 +/- 3.40, P0.05). FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female patients with both eczema and depression compared with those without depression (20.84 +/- 9.19 vs. 22.23 +/- 5.82, P0.05). IIEF total score was also found to be significantly decreased in male patients with or without depression compared with controls (52.36 +/- 14.83 vs. 59.88 +/- 5.65 vs. 62.03 +/- 11.04, P0.05).The results of the study demonstrated that patients with hand eczema had sexual dysfunction, and concomitant depression had an additional negative effect on sexual dysfunction. Patients with hand eczema should be evaluated with regard to sexual function and depression to provide a better quality of life.

There is not a wide agreement upon rate of conversion disorder within Turkish population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of conversion disorder with pseudoneurological symptoms or deficits and related risk factors in a city. In total, 1,086 people, aged 15–65 years old, were selected from the city of Manisa, Turkey to take part in the study. We applied sociodemographic and health information questionnaires and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Somatization Subscales to the samples. The likelihood that an individual might have conversion disorder with pseudoneurological symptoms or deficits was found to be 5.6% (n = 61). The prevalence of conversion disorder with pseudoneurological symptoms or deficits was significantly higher among women (p

Suicide attempts are a major public health problem. This study aimed to investigate the lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in Manisa city centre. Risk factors related to suicide ideations and attempts were also studied.This study was carried out in Manisa city centre. Using cluster and systematic samples, data were collected from 1086 persons 15-65 years old. Separate questions were asked about the lifetime occurrence of suicide ideation (''Have you ever seriously thought about committing suicide?''), and suicide attempts (''Have you ever attempted suicide?''). A form for suicide attempters was used to determine the characteristics of the attempts.The lifetime prevalences of suicide ideation and suicide attempts were 6.6% (n=72) and 2.3% (n=25), respectively. Marital problems were the most common stressor in suicide attempts (44%, n=11). Approximately two thirds of the suicide attempters used a drug overdose for suicide. Of all the suicide attempters, 24% (n=6) had made previous attempts. The essential risk factors for suicide ideation were being female (p=0.012), smoking (p=0.001), consuming alcohol (p=0.028), having a previous psychiatric disorder (p0.0001), and a family history of psychiatric disorders (p=0.021). The essential risk factors for suicide attempts were smoking (p=0.005), having a previous psychiatric disorder (p0.0001), and a family history of psychiatric disorders (p=0.029).The results of the present study suggest that suicide attempts must be carefully evaluated in subjects with previous psychiatric disorders, previous suicide attempts and a family history of psychiatric disorders. It is necessary to know the clinical and demographic features related to suicide attempts.

Klinigimizde çeşitli dermatolojik şikayetlerle yatan hastalardan psikiyatrik konsültasyon gerektirenlerdeki ruhsal bozuklukları saptamak. Yontem: Ocak 1996 - Aralik 2001 tarihleri arasinda Celal Bayar Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Dermatoloji kliniginde ceşitli tanılarla yatarak tetkik ve tedavi edilen 394 hasta retrospektif olarak degerlendirildi. Psikiyatri klinigi tarafindan değerlendirilen 66 hasta çalışma grubuna dahil edildi. Bulgular: Calışma grubuna alınan 66 yatan hastanin 42'si (% 63.6) kadin, 24'ü (% 36.4) erkekti. Yaşları 15 ile 79 arasinda değişen hastalarin yaş ortalamasi 43.74±14.34 idi. Hastalarin servisimizde yatış süreleri 3 ile 150 gün arasinda değismekte olup, ortalama yatiş süresi 22.57+26.71 gündü. Psikiyatri klinigince degerlendirilen hastalarin lO'unda (%15.2) herhangi bir patoloji'saptanmadi. 27'si (%40.9) depresyon, 6'si (%9.1) BTA (baska türlü adlandırılamayan) anksiyete bozuklugu, 6'si (%9.1) obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, 5'i (%7.6) karisik anksiyete-depresif bozukluk, 3'ii (%4.5) distimik bozukluk, 2'si (%3.0) major depresyon, l'i (%1.5) konversiyon bozuklugu, l'i (% 1.5) obsesif kompulsif bozukluk ve depresyon, l'i (%1.5) mikst anksiyete-depresyon ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, l'i (%1.5) konversiyon bozuklugu ve reaktif depresyon, l'i (%1.5) atipik depresyon, l'i (%1.5) konversiyon bozuklugu ve distimik bozukluk, 1 'i (%1.5) mental retardasyon tanisi aldi. Sonuc: Dermatolojik hastalıklarla çeşitli psikiyatrik bozuklukların birlikteliğinin oldukça yüksek olduğu ve bu konunun gözardi edilmemesi gerektigi sonucuna varıldi. Objective: We aimed to determine psychiatric disorders detected among dermatology inpatients who are in need of psychiatric consultation. Methods: 394 dermatology inpatients, who were treated between January 1996 and December 2001 in Celal Bayar University Hospital, were evaluated retrospectively. 66 patients, examined by psychiatrists were included in the study. Results: Of 66 patients 42 (63.6%) were female and 24 (36.4%) were male. Mean age of the patients was 43.74±14.34. Mean hospitalization period was 22.57±26.71 days, ranging from 3 to 150 days. According to the psychiatric evaluations, no psychiatric abnormality was found in 10 (15.2%) patients. On the other hand, there was depression in 27 patients (40.9%), anxiete disorder, that can not be named otherwise, in 6 (9.1 %), obsessive-compulsive disorder in 6 (9.1%), mixed anxiete and depressive disorder in 5 (7.6%), distimic disorder in 3 (4.5%), major depression in 2 (3.0%), conversion disorder in 1 (1.5%), obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in 1 (1.5%), mixed anxiete-depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder in 1 (1.5%), conversion disorder and reactive depression in 1 (1.5%), atypic depression in 1 (1.5%), conversion disorder and distimic disorder in 1 (1.5%), and mental retardation in l>(1.5%)successively. Conclusion: As dermatological diseases are associated with psychiatric disorders quite often, one should keep this in mind while approaching to patients with dermatologic diseases.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada hekimlerin reçete uygulamalarında psikotrop ilaçlarla diğer gruptan ilaçların birlikte yazılma sıklığının belirlenmesi ve saptanan ilaç kombinasyonlarının sitokrom p450 izoenzim sistemi açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Yöntem: Manisakent merkezinde faaliyet gösteren toplam 105 eczaneden 50’si ziyaret edilmiş, ziyaret sırasında eczanede bulunan ve birden fazla ilaç içeren toplam 2164 reçete çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturdu. Reçete içerikleri veri tabanına geçirilerek kombinasyonlar, sitokrom izoenzim sistemi temelinde değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Birden fazla ilaç içeren toplam 2164 reçetenin %16.6’sının (s=360) bir yada birden fazla psikotrop ilaç içerdiği, bu ilaçlar arasında antidepresanların %9.3 (s=202) oranla ilk sırada yer aldığı, toplam 19 reçetenin (tüm reçetelerin %0.87, psikotrop içeren reçetelerin %5.27)etkileşim olabilecek kombinasyon içerdiği saptandı. Sonuç: Sitokrom izoenzim sistemine göre klinik olarak anlamlı etkileşim olabilecek reçete sayısının oldukça az olması hasta sağlığını açısından sevindirici bir sonuçtur. Ayrıca bu çalışmada mevcut durumu saptamadığında sitokrom izoenzim sistemi üzerinden oluşabecek etkileşmlere dikkat çekme yönünden de bir yarar sağlayabilecektir Objective: In this study, it is aimed to determine the prevalence of rescribing of psychotropic drugs and the combination of these drugs the others, and to evaluate these combinations interms of cytochrome p450 system interactions. Method: Out of105 pharmacies in Manisa downtown area, fifty were visited. Thesample consisted of 2164 prescriptions which had more than one drug. The combinations involved were recorded to a database and were evaluated according to cytochrome p450 system in terms of drug-drug interactions. Results: Of the whole prescriptions, 16.6%(360) had one or more psychotropic drug and the antidepressants were in first rank (9.3%) among psychotropic drugs. The numberof prescriptions having any combination with possible drug-drug interactions was 19 (0.87% of the whole sample and 5.27% of the prescriptions which had psychotropic drug). Conclusion: It is apleasing result that the amount of prescriptions that had possible drug-drug interactions in terms of cytochrome p450 system wassmall. Moreover, it is important that this study calls attention to possible drug interactions in terms of cytochrome system inaddition to determine the present condition.

Background: Pruritus is a common symptom of many dermatological and systemic diseases. It is a common complaint among patients with psoriasis of the chronic plaque type. Patients with pruritus suffer from more severe psoriasis although some authors did not find a significant relationship between pruritus intensity and psoriasis severity. Aims: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between clinical features and symptoms among psoriasis patients. And also we aimed to evaluate whether the severity of disease, depression and quality of life scores could effect these symptoms or not. Methods: Eighty seven patients with psoriasis were enrolled in this study. Epidemiological data of patients were noted. Clinical symptoms, such as pruritus, pain, burning, exudation, bleeding, weakness, etc. were interrogated. The answers to these questions were classified as 'never', 'rare', 'sometimes', 'often' and 'all the time'. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Hamilton Anxiety-Depression Scale (HAD) were calculated for each patient. PASI and DLQI scores were classified as ≥ and