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The launch dynamics theory for multibody systems emerges as an innovative and efficacious approach for the study of launch dynamics, capable of addressing the challenges of complex modeling, diminished computational efficiency, and imprecise analyses of system dynamic responses found in the dynamics research of intricate multi-rigid-flexible body systems, such as self-propelled artillery. This advancement aims to enhance the firing accuracy and launch safety of self-propelled artillery. Recognizing the shortfall of overlooking the band engraving process in existing theories, this study introduces a novel coupling calculation methodology for the launch dynamics of a self-propelled artillery multibody system. This method leverages the ABAQUS subroutine interface VUAMP to compute the dynamic response of the projectile and barrel during the launch process of large-caliber self-propelled artillery. Additionally, it examines the changes in projectile resistance and band deformation in relation to projectile motion throughout the band engraving process. Comparative analysis of the computational outcomes with experimental data evidences that the proposed method offers a more precise depiction of the launch process of self-propelled artillery, thereby enhancing the accuracy of launch dynamics calculations for self-propelled artillery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artillery designers are always searching for means of improving a gun’s external and internal ballistic properties and this resulted in both new theories surrounding gun construction based on the properties of materials and new methods of building guns capable of firing heavier projectiles to greater ranges. The concept of the accelerator gun sought to achieve the same result without the need for larger and heavier guns and reducing recoil through the use of multiple propellant charges fired sequentially, thus accelerating the projectile without the need for a single high-pressure discharge. It was a quest initiated in France, pursued in the United States and then adopted by a desperate Germany during the latter years of World War 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important artillery manuals of the 15th century is the Feuerwerkbuch. The treatise was one of the first European didactic technical texts, intended for both artillerymen and their employers. After circulating in manuscript copies for over a hundred years, the text was first printed in 1529. By 1619 it had been published thirteen times in total, making it exceptional among military manuals published in Central Europe at that time. The content of the work has been studied by various medievalists and codicologists to date, but they were not usually concerned with later transformations of the publication. The aim of this paper is to characterise the changes in this work between the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the Thirty Years' War and to trace its publication history and its publication relationship to other educational texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the comprehensive performance of artillery internal ballistics--encompassing power, accuracy, and service life--this study proposed a multi-stage multidisciplinary design optimization (MS-MDO) method. First, the comprehensive artillery internal ballistic dynamics (AIBD) model, based on propellant combustion, rotation band engraving, projectile axial motion, and rifling wear models, was established and validated. This model was systematically decomposed into subsystems from a system engineering perspective. The study then detailed the MS-MDO methodology, which included Stage I (MDO stage) employing an improved collaborative optimization method for consistent design variables, and Stage II (Performance Optimization) focusing on the independent optimization of local design variables and performance metrics. The methodology was applied to the AIBD problem. Results demonstrated that the MS-MDO method in Stage I effectively reduced iteration and evaluation counts, thereby accelerating system-level convergence. Meanwhile, Stage II optimization markedly enhanced overall performance. These comprehensive evaluation results affirmed the effectiveness of the MS-MDO method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gallipoli (Dardanelles4) Campaign in 1915 included significant contributions in men, mules, and material by the (British) Indian Army. Over 16,000 Indian Army combatants and non-combatants were deployed in the campaign, initially with the British 29 Division in the Helles Sector of the Dardanelles peninsula, and later with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) in the Anzac Sector for the 'August Offensive'. The Indian Army comprised the 29 Indian Infantry Brigade, 7 Indian Mountain Artillery Brigade with two Mountain Batteries, the Indian Mule Corps, and two Field Ambulances which included a Hospital Ship. Approximately 1600 Indians sacrificed their lives and over 3000 were casualties. A memorial in Australia to acknowledge and honour the contributions and sacrifices of the 16,000 Indian Army combatants and non-combatants in the campaign is the right thing to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SIRIUS - Zeitschrift fur Strategische Analysen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper collects prior studies about the cavities in the northern portion of Pompeii's fortification. The exceptional circumstances that characterize the unearthed city allow to ascribe those cavities to the blows of the artillery employed by the Romans in the first century BC during the siege. The survey of the cavities was carried out via traditional methods and enabled to derive ballistic data to quantify the power of the arms used. In conclusion, the paper suggests that a photogrammetric survey would be opportune. The precise and accurate geometric and radiometric characterization of the cavities will be prodromal to the virtual construction of 3D digital twins (negative–positive) and will support the mechanical analyses. The results will be employed to reconstruct Roman artillery (ballistae and catapults) suitable for a correct/reliable reconstruction of the siege followed by and innovative dissemination of the image of ancient Pompeii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular charging is an advanced technique designed to meet the requirements of auto-loading artillery, whereby granular propellants are stored within modular cartridges that are loaded into the gun chamber. This study employed an extended coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFDDEM) approach to investigate the gas-particle flow within modular charges. After model validation, we analyzed the distribution characteristics, velocity, coordination number, and orientation of cylindrical pellets in a simulator chamber. Four different loading positions for modular cartridges were examined to assess their impact on particle distribution. Numerical simulations revealed a combination of gentle, horizontal, and steep slopes in the particle distribution. The maximum particle velocity experienced a rapid increase during the initial phase, followed by a zigzag decline after reaching its peak. High-coordination number particles tended to accumulate primarily in the middle layer of steep accumulation. Additionally, the particles exhibited an inverted V-shape orientation range from 0° to 180°, suggesting their tendency to assume upright positions. This established model significantly enhanced our understanding of particle distribution following module cartridge rupture and provided valuable guidance for optimizing the design of large-caliber artillery charges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kim Jong Un elaborated his radical new line on South Korea to the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) in January. It sounded just as nasty as when he first expounded it in December, but no more coherent. Though obscure, this is clearly very important. Hence most of this article is devoted to a detailed reading of what Kim said, in a bid to tease out what this means in practice for South Korea's security. While awaiting further specification in a promised Constitutional amendment, our provisional assessment is that this is more bark than bite. Buttressing that view, close analysis of the two Koreas' artillery shelling near the Northern Limit Line (NLL) in early January, and the barbs they also traded, highlights an element of performativity--especially from Pyongyang--that is somewhat reassuring. Despite much fiery rhetoric, and while vigilance and deterrence remain crucial, this does not look like a peninsula on the brink of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battle of Prokhorovka in July 1943 was undoubtedly a convincing Soviet victory, despite incurring heavy armored losses, the Red Army's supremacy in artillery, anti-tank defense, armored reserves, and tenacity ensured that the German advance on Prokhorovka was halted. Despite this, Western historians have tended to fixate on the lesser armored losses suffered by the Germans; often without placing these losses in the wider context of the battle. This theme is continued further when Tiger tank losses at Prokhorovka are dismissed as myth or fable. This article will reveal the contrary is true and that in reality, the final myth of the battle of Prokhorovka is that no Tiger tank losses occurred. Using original German sources throughout the article provides irrefutable evidence that a German Tiger tank was destroyed on the Prokhorovka battlefield in July 1943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reassessing the reasons for the German military success over France in War of 1870 up to the Battle of Sedan, we rely on publications of contemporary artillery generals, such as Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and put the topic into the broader context of warfare since the 1866 German War. We reject the idea of success, being simply based on armament or a special 'soldierly spirit', but argue that the main reason for military success was based on reorganization of the Prussian artillery, which paved the way to the future 'battle of combined arms' and the dominance of fire over thrust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survivability of artillery projectile 155-mm Extended Range Full Bore Boat Tail (ERFB BT) inside gun barrel during gun launch mainly depends upon the mechanical properties of the shell body, boat tail and driving band materials. Any abrupt change in geometry of any one of these components can impair the structural integrity of the projectile, thereby resulting in malfunctioning of the projectile. Investigating the effect of abrupt change in geometry of the components is of much significance for assessing structural integrity. To investigate the effect of abrupt change in geometry of the components on structural failure, the notch tensile tests are performed to quantify the data on notch strength ratio (NSR), stress triaxiality and true fracture strain of the materials. To identify the mode of failure, the fractographic examination of the fracture surfaces is made. NSR is found more than unity; stress triaxiality determined by applying Bridgman's analysis reveals notch strengthening behavior of the materials. The fractographic examination shows that the shell body and boat tail materials fail in the combined ductile and brittle mode, whereas the driving band material fails by ductile mode. The outcome of the investigation confirms the load-carrying capacity and structural integrity of the projectile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SIRIUS - Zeitschrift fur Strategische Analysen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sifting through business accounts and public records, this article demonstrates the involvement of Medici Bank in the military industry of the fifteenth century, shedding new light on the final years of one of the most important companies in Renaissance Italy. By restating the relation between the public role and the private business of Lorenzo the Magnificent, this article emphasises the exploitation of government operations for his economic gain as well as the use of the family business for his political purposes – in this case, the consolidation of the new, permanent military institutions of the Florentine Republic. Developing this point further, the entire military organisation of the Medicean regime, traditionally assessed as haphazard and inefficient, is re-evaluated. Finally, this article contributes to the current debate on the military entrepreneurship of the preindustrial world, focussing on the cooperation between state administration and capitalist elites in supplying the materiel indispensable to early modern armies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the key problem of the Serbian artillery in 1914: the lack of ammunition. The focus of analysis has been placed on the different strategies the Serbian state used to find artillery ammunition and additional weapons. Special attention has been dedicated to the collaboration with France and its shipment of the ’wrong ammunition’ in November 1914. It has been shown that the ammunition crisis was overcome by combining a multitude of resources which included abundant assistance from the Entente, Greece, and the Serbia’s industrial capacities. The problem of the ammunition crisis has been treated as a global phenomenon, enabling placing Serbian theater of operations into a wider perspective.

Reducing recoil as well as reducing muzzle hazards are important issues in artillery design. This paper presents a barrel gas reflection method for the artillery aiming for efficient recoil reduction while reducing muzzle hazards. The launching process is modeled by coupling the interior ballistic equations and the flow equations of the barrel gas reflection device. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method was used to solve the model, and the LHS method as well as the Kriging model was used to establish a mapping relationship between the parameters and the effect. To validate the proposed model, shooting experiments are carried out on a 30 mm caliber artillery. The maximum error between the experiment and simulation results was 5.32%. The experiment has demonstrated that the barrel gas reflection method increases the recoil reduction efficiency of artillery by 44.54% and reduces the muzzle hazard by 52.18%. Finally, the barrel gas reflection method can produce effects with the muzzle device at the same time, and it has little effect on the velocity of the projectile muzzle velocity, and it provides a new way of thinking for the development of future artillery recoil reduction technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay investigates the progression of artillery prior to and during the First World War, and examines how soldiers' and nurses' experiences of combat were transformed by the development of artillery. Psychological trauma caused by prolonged artillery bombardments, the cause and cost of attritional warfare, and the devastation of environment are also explained. It highlights the link between technology and the artillery experiences, asserting its ability to transform military doctrine, societal expectations, and responses to adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1953 truce, the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) has regularly conducted artillery training, posing a risk of wildfires — a threat to both the environment and the public perception of national defense. To assess this risk and aid decision-making within the ROKA, we built a predictive model of wildfires triggered by artillery training. To this end, we combined the ROKA dataset with meteorological database. Given the infrequent occurrence of wildfires (imbalance ratio ≈ 1:24 in our dataset), achieving balanced detection of wildfire occurrences and non-occurrences is challenging. Our approach combines a weighted support vector machine with a Gaussian mixture-based oversampling, effectively penalizing misclassification of the wildfires. Applied to our dataset, our method outperforms traditional algorithms (G-mean=0.864, sensitivity=0.956, specificity= 0.781), indicating balanced detection. This study not only helps reduce wildfires during artillery trainings but also provides a practical wildfire prediction method for similar climates worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text is a review of two books related to the Civil War. The first book, "Civil War Field Artillery: Promise and Performance on the Battlefield" by Earl J. Hess, explores the role and effectiveness of field artillery during the war. The reviewer praises the book for its comprehensive analysis of various aspects of field artillery, but also notes that it lacks a global perspective on artillery warfare during the 19th century. The second book, "Soldiers from Experience: The Forging of Sherman¿s Fifteenth Army Corps, 1862¿1863" by Eric Michael Burke, focuses on the western theater of the war and specifically examines the formation and experiences of Sherman's Fifteenth Army Corps. The reviewer highlights the growing interest in studying the western theater and praises the book for its contribution to this field of research. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the development of modern military technology, electrical drive technology has become a power source for modern artillery. In fault monitoring of a driving motor mounted on a piece of artillery, various sensors are susceptible to interference from the complex environment, both inside and outside the artillery itself. In this study, we creatively propose a fault diagnosis model based on an attention mechanism, the AdaBoost method and a wavelet noise reduction network to address the difficulty in obtaining high-quality motor signals in complex noisy interference environments. First, multiple fusion wavelet basis, soft thresholding, and index soft filter optimization were used to train multiple wavelet noise reduction networks that could recover sample signals under different noise conditions. Second, a convolutional neural network (CNN) classification module was added to construct end-to-end classification models that could correctly identify faults. The above basis classification models were then integrated into the AdaBoost method with an improved attention mechanism to develop a fault diagnosis model suitable for complex noisy environments. Finally, two experiments were conducted to validate the proposed method. Under motor signals with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) noises, the proposed method achieved an average accuracy of 92%, surpassing the conventional method by over 8.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines specific artifacts - stone balls of various sizes - that constitute significant material remnants of Ottoman military history in Bulgaria. While historical records confirm the existence of Ottoman gunpowder artillery in the region, archaeological research has contributed little to its study. This is largely due to the misdating and misinterpretation of these stone balls. Through careful analysis of publicly available archaeological data and historical sources, this study presents a new perspective on using gunpowder artillery and stone projectiles in Ottoman Bulgaria. It contends that most of these artefacts were integral to the Ottoman military arsenal, challenging previous assumptions that limited them to medieval ammunition. The study provides compelling evidence for the existence of Ottoman-era stone projectiles at several sites, including Cherven, Shumen, Nikopol, Silistra, Kaliakra, and Svishtov. This evidence is corroborated by historical records, which underscore the undeniable presence of Ottoman artillery in the region, particularly in the areas between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains, which remained a vulnerable frontier zone in contrast to the land south of the mountains. Crucially, this research underscores the need for more precise archaeological documentation, comprehensive artefact descriptions, thorough contextual information, and multidisciplinary research to understand the complex history of these stone projectiles fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the key problem of the Serbian artillery in 1914: the lack of ammunition. The focus of analysis has been placed on the different strategies the Serbian state used to find artillery ammunition and additional weapons. Special attention has been dedicated to the collaboration with France and its shipment of the 'wrong ammunition' in November 1914. It has been shown that the ammunition crisis was overcome by combining a multitude of resources which included abundant assistance from the Entente, Greece, and the Serbia's industrial capacities. The problem of the ammunition crisis has been treated as a global phenomenon, enabling placing Serbian theater of operations into a wider perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of Mechatronics. Armament, Aviation, Safety Engineering / Problemy Mechatroniki. Uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contribution of Gorj County to the victorious campaign in Bulgaria (June - July 1913) The campaign in Bulgaria took place between June and July 1913. Both the Gorj No. 18 Regiment and the 5th Field Artillery Regiment, part of the 1st Mixed Brigade, were mobilized there. Important was the contribution of the local authorities, but also of the entire population from Gorj County, those who unconditionally supported the war effort. Unfortunately, as a result of this military campaign, 69 heroes from Gorj lost their lives, all falling prey to the cholera epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the modernization of ammunition for naval artillery installations, focusing on adapting AK 630-gun projectiles to advanced AHEAD technology, similar to that used by the Oerlikon Millennium Gun. Through 3D modeling in the Fusion 360 and dynamic simulations in ANSYS, the study presents a detailed design of the new projectile, including the integration of piercing fragment and an innovative detonation control system. The results of the simulations demonstrate the projectile's improved ability to effectively engage air targets or surface drones (USVs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 24 February 2022, the Russian Federation carried out an unlawful armed aggression against Ukraine, starting the largest armed conflict in Europe since World War II. In the course of hostilities, both sides deployed missile troops and artillery, which became essential means of fire support for ground troops due to restrictions in the use of air force and army aviaton. The aim of the article is to present the potential, tasks and tactics of the field artillery used in the Ukrainian war in the years 2022-2023. The subject of research is missile troops and artillery of the combatants. Primarily their organisation, armament, tasks and tactical assumptions. The author formulated the following questions: What was the combat potential of the warring parties’ artillery at the beginning and during the conflict? What tasks are set for the artillery in the ongoing war? What tactics are used by the artillery of the warring parties in response to changing conditions during the war? The author, as a long-term theoretician and practitioner of field artillery, based the analyses made largely on his own observations and conclusions, which he formulated during many years of scientific research and participation in military exercises involving artillery, interviews with Ukrainian officers, as well as the latest studies and documents issued by opinion-forming research centres.This study is the first part of the work which presents the combat potential, tasks and tactics of the artillery of Ukraine and the Russian Federation. In the second part the use of the artillery in individual phases of the war and the changes that occurred as a result of the combat experience obtained will be presented.

In present study, a virtual prototype of self-propelled artillery was constructed based on virtual prototype technology, and the whole impact process of artillery firing simulation was completed using ADAMS and AMEsim software. Results showed that the constructed artillery firing simulation system was reasonable. It could add a recoil dynamic response suitable for live firing to the tested artillery and could detect the vibration response characteristics of the artillery through the test device. Through numerical simulation, a quantitative analysis of artillery firing stability, stress state, and fatigue life under different working conditions was performed. All simulation results were in good agreement with the real situation. This research provides a certain reference for the evaluation of artillery firing stability and lays a good theoretical foundation for the engineering development and practical application of the test device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 16th-century Riddarholmen Ship was discovered in the middle of Stockholm in 1930. Despite being exhibited since 1947, the efforts to reconstruct the ship have been limited. A substantial portion of the recovered parts has never been put on display. This paper aims to shed new light on the ship's architecture using the original material from the excavation together with an inventory of the timbers in the collections of the Medieval Museum. From this, it is argued that the ship originally had a full deck, three masts, and a forecastle and that it resembles an early purpose-built, gun-carrying warship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change of ambient temperature will cause the change of gunpowder burning rate, which will directly affect the ballistic performance of the projectile and cause the change of the overload of the projectile fuze system. In this study, the numerical simulation program of the interior trajectory of a large-caliber gun was established by MATLAB, and the variation rules of the corresponding trajectory parameters at different temperatures were obtained. ANSYS finite element software is used to analyze the force of the projectile fuze system under different ambient temperatures. The results show that under the same loading conditions, with the increase of ambient temperature, the maximum pressure in the gun bore and the muzzle velocity of the projectile increase significantly, and the stress and strain of the projectile fuze system in the bore increase gradually. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the theory, which reveals the influence of ambient temperature on the overload in the bore of the projectile fuze system to a certain extent, and provides theoretical support for the study of internal ballistics, charge design and gun use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Russian-Ukrainian war, there was a change in the weight of the use of some weapons in military actions. The very intensive use of ground artillery is observed. It is estimated that about 70% of Ukrainian military casualties are caused by Russian artillery fire, which is an extraordinary component of the armed forces. The Institute of Strategic Studies (IRUSI) in London notes the accuracy, but especially the short reaction time (up to three minutes) of this weapon. For the Ukrainians, the JAVELIN anti-tank missile and the highly accurate HIMARS systems (error of only 10m from the target) were very effective in hitting some infrastructure elements and warehouses of ammunition and logistical materials. As a result, the Russians had to move some of their warehouses deeper. A significant share is the drones used intensively by both sides, mainly the BAYRAKTAR (Turkish origin) by the Ukrainians and the SHAHED (Iranian origin) by the Russians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is the technological process of manufacturing parts such as artillery shells using pressure treatment methods. The work is aimed at solving the current scientific and technical task to improve the technological processes for manufacturing parts such as cartridge cases based on the use of a tangential rolling operation with a friction tool, which ensures the production of hollow products with a bottom. Using the finite element method, modeling of the bottom rolling processes was carried out, which made it possible to establish the effective geometry of the processed workpieces and their heating temperature. Recommendations have been devised for the design of new technological processes for roughing bottoms, which consist of determining the wall thickness of the workpiece before deformation, the heating temperature of the workpieces, and the amount of supply of the workpiece to the friction tool. The resulting recommendations were verified by experimental studies. Roughing of spherical bottoms should be carried out for pipes with a relative wall thickness (D/s) in the range of 15...20, the homologous heating temperature should be 0.8, and the relative feed of the workpiece into the friction tool should be 0.9. Testing the established relationships under laboratory conditions confirmed the recommendations for changing the shape of spherical bottoms during the roughing process. The results of metallographic studies on full-scale products confirm the results of the theoretical study. It is recommended to use this technique for products that have an axial hole (artillery shells, hydraulic cylinders, etc.), which will allow removing axial defects in the bottom after drilling the axial hole. The results could be used at machine-building enterprises in the manufacture of dual-use parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gun-track launcher that combines a balanced gun with a rocket track is an important technology for the non-destructive recovery of high-value projectile weapons. Given the restrictions imposed by the track and the interference caused by it, the muzzle jet of such launchers is significantly different from those of traditional artillery. Given this engineering background, this study examines the characteristics of the evolution of supersonic muzzle jets with different constrained boundaries. Results show that the structure of the muzzle jet undergoes a distortion that changes its symmetric circumferential shape into an asymmetric one, tilted above the center of the muzzle. Vortexes are generated below the track owing to lateral airflow, and their formation and evolution lead to significant changes in the pressure of the flow field. Moreover, the asymmetry of the flow field varies owing to the different structures of the side plates of the track, which leads to varying characteristics of the development of shock waves and vortexes in the muzzle jet. The content of this article provides a theoretical basis and necessary technical support for enriching the research connotation and engineering applications of shock wave fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]