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People who don't eat breakfast are more likely to be hungrier later in the day and eat larger meals. That can lead to spikes in sugar and possibly cause clogged [...]

Objectives--of this study was to evaluate effects of retrograde filling on the patency of significant (high-grade, >90%) coronary arterial stenosis. Methods--The basis of our study was a comparison between the first and the second angiography of 102 patients with at least a 3-month interval between the two angiographies. Seventy-four of the patients were male (72.5%) and twenty-eight were female (27.4%). The patients were between the ages of 40 and 75, and the mean patient age was 61. Patients were not classified in order of risk factors, and none of them had diabetes mellitus. All 102 patients were classified in two groups (A and B) in regard to the presence or absence of retrograde filling. Group A (34 patients) consisted of patients with retrograde flow of grade 3 (complete perfusion) or 2 (partial collateral flow), whereas patients with retrograde filling grade 1 (barely detectable collateral flow) or 0 (no collateral flow) were put into group B (68 patients). Results--In the second angiography, total occlusion occurred in the target vessels of 30 patients (88.24%) in group A and 12 patients (17.65%) in group B. Ninety percent occlusion and existence of antegrade flow was seen in 4 (11.76%) and 56 (82.35%) patients of group A and B, respectively. Results were analyzed through a Chi-square test. Total occlusion occurred in the patients with retrograde collateral flow significantly more than in patients without retrograde collateral vessels. (P=0.001)Conclusion--As the severity of obstruction leads to retrograde collateral development, significant retrograde collaterals cause earlier total vessel occlusion. Keywords: antegrade flow | collateral artery | coronary artery | retrograde flow stenotic lesion | VEGF, Introduction A drop in post-stenotic pressure caused by flow-limiting stenosis is known to stimulate the development of collateral circulation from other coronary artery beds. (1) The supply of collateral (vascular [...]

Symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the subclavian artery is uncommon and it's found in up to 25% of supraaortic lesions. Excellent long-term results underline that bypass grafting procedure is the more elegant and better concept treating this lesion. We aimed to present our successful caroticosubclavian bypass procedure under the light of literature to a patient who was admitted to our clinic with complaints of dizziness; pain, numbness and fatigue at her left arm. Subclavian artery revascularization by carotid-subclavian bypass is the recommended procedure of choice for symptomatic subclavian arterial stenotic lesions. It is safe and effective and has an excellent long-term patency rate with a low peri-operative mortality and morbidity. Keywords: Atherosclerotic occlusive disease, subclavian artery, carotid-subclavian bypass, Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Case Presentation Discussion References Introduction Subclavian artery stenosis is found in up to 25% of supraaortic lesions (1). Arteriosclerosis was the predominant cause of disease [...]

The type of cerebral artery stenosis (CAS), identification of diagnostic and treatment methods along with the lifestyle changes and medical approaches needed to minimize the risks are detailed. By understanding how CAS progresses, one can make changes in lifestyle thereby prevent devastating complications.