Search

In this article,national and international resources related with the safety of organicproducts are examined in terms of undesired factors and it is intended toassess the safety status of organic products, compared to conventionalproducts. Organic productmeans a product that does not contain any factor that is harmful to humanhealth. However, researches show that organic products may have various adversefactors, such as mycotoxin, pesticides, resistance to antibiotics, etc.,compared to conventional products, which do not sometimes show difference butalso be in favor of organic products time to time. Campylobacter was found in 80% of poultries raised organically inUSA. Also it was found in a research made in Germany that meats of organicpoultries are contaminated with (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) as much asthose raised conventionally. Again, no difference was found between organicallyand conventionally grown cereals, 300 samples of which were taken and scannedevery year between 2001 and 2005 in UK, in terms of DON and zearelenonconcentration. In Turkey organic and conventional produced animal and vegetableproducts on metal levels made of research, the level of Fe higher in organicproducts; however, element levels were found to be within safe limits. Highlysignificant differences can be observed in the results of studies, performed onthe safety of organic products and this situation caused researchers to conductmeta-analyses. It is aimed to reach healthier assessments with these results,which mean reanalysis and reinterpretation of different study results in acombined manner.

Sometimes, acute poisoning of swine can be seen due to mycotoxins and drugs, minerals, vitamins, pesticides, plants (Cocklebur-Xanthium strumarium L. etc), plant substances (gossypol ets), toxic gases. Metals, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and plant poisoning and therapy in swine were summarised in this article, Domuzlarda, bazen mikotoksin, ilaç, mineral, vitamin, pestisid, bitkiler (Cocklebur-Xanthium strumarium L. gibi), bitkisel maddeler (gossipol gibi) ve toksik gazlara bağlı zehirlenmeler görülebilmektedir. Bu makalede, domuzlarda zehirlenmeye sebep olabilen ilaçlar, mineraller, vitaminler, pestisitler ve bitkiler ile sağaltımları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Domuzlarda akut zehirlenmeler, zaman zaman mikotoksin, ilaç, mineral, vitamin, pestisid, bitkiler (CockleburXanthium strumarium, gossypol ve benzerleri) ve toksikgazlara bağlı görülebilmektedir. Gıdalardan kaynaklanan zehirler arasında en önemlisi mikotoksinlerdir. Mikotoksin kapsayan besinler domuzlarda immun sistem bozukluklarınave böylece domuz erysipelası, domuz dizanterisi ve salmonellozis gibi yaygın hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasına neden olur. Bu makalede, domuzlarda mikotoksin zehirlenmeleri özetlenmiştir, Sometimes, acute poisonings of swine can be seen due to mycotoxins and drugs, minerals, vitamins,pesticides, plants (Cocklebur-Xanthium strumarium, gossypol,etc), toxic gases. Among toxins of caused from food,mycotoxins are the most important. Mycotoxin containing feed can cause serious problems in swine such as impair of immune function, swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, and salmonellosis etc. Mycotoxin poisoning in swine were summarised in this article

Çalışma çerçevesinde, Ankara piyasasında çeşitli satış yerlerinden temin edilen hayvansal ve bitkisel kaynaklı organik ve geleneksel örnekler, buğday, yeşil mercimek, bal (çiçek balı) ve yumurtada kurşun, kadmiyum, bakır, çinko ve demir düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, birbirlerine ve ulusal, uluslararası limitler ile benzer çalışmalara göre karşılaştırılması amaçlandı.Bu çalışmada, her ürün çeşidi için 10 farklı parti/seri numaradan 40 adet geleneksel ve 40 adet organik olacak şekilde toplam 80 örnek toplandı. Örneklerdeki metal düzeyleri ICP-AES (Endüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma-Atomik Emisyon Spektrometresi) cihazı ile belirlendi. Bunun için öncelikle mikrodalga yakma yöntemi ile örneklerin organik yapılarının parçalanması ve cihazda analiz edilebilecek forma gelmesi sağlandı.Yapılan analizler sonucunda organik ve geleneksel buğday, yeşil mercimek, bal ve yumurtada kurşun ve kadmiyum element tespit sınırının (Limit of detection, LOD) altında bulunurken, bal ve yumurtada bakır da LOD altında bulundu. Buğday numunelerinde geleneksel örneklerdeki Cu ve Zn düzeyleri, organik örneklerden daha yüksek belirlenirken, organik örneklerdeki Fe düzeyinin geleneksel örneklerden daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Yeşil mercimekte geleneksel örneklerdeki Cu, Zn ve Fe düzeyleri, bal ve yumurta numunelerinde ise geleneksel örneklerdeki Zn ve Fe düzeyleri organik örneklerden daha yüksek bulundu. Besinsel değer bakımından da tüm örneklerin Zn, Fe ve Cu yönünden uygun olduğu belirlendi. Analiz edilen organik örneklerdeki ortalama metal düzeyleri; buğdayda Cu 3,68±0,17 ppm, Zn 18,89±2,44 ppm, Fe 38,89±1,48 ppm, yeşil mercimekte Cu 7,54±0,16 ppm, Zn 29,38±1,31 ppm, Fe 65,87±2,22 ppm, balda Zn 17,90±1,38 ppm, Fe 10,43±0,62 ppm ve yumurtada Zn 17,35±1,06 ppm, Fe 19,76±0,73 ppm olarak tespit edilirken, geleneksel örneklerdeki ortalama metal düzeyleri; buğdayda Cu 4,96±0,21 ppm, Zn 26,03±1,64 ppm, Fe 32,25±1,72 ppm, yeşil mercimekte Cu 7,81±0,15 ppm, Zn 36,80±2,20 ppm, Fe 73,10±2,44 ppm, balda Zn 34,93±6,04 ppm, Fe 12,34±0,71 ppm ve yumurtada Zn 18,84±1,21 ppm, Fe 21,45±1,43 ppm olarak tespit edildi.Çalışma sonucunda örneklerdeki ortalama metal düzeylerinin buğday ve yeşil mercimekte Fe>Zn>Cu, balda Zn>Fe ve yumurtada ise Fe>Zn şeklinde sıralandığı gözlendi. That research aims to shed light on organically and conventionally produced animal and vegetable products that are supplied from different places of sale in the market of Ankara, and to focus on determination of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron level within wheat, green lentils, honey (flower honey), and egg and comparison of the products with each other or as regards to national and international limits thanks to the similar researches in that area.That research compiled 80 samples that consists of 40 conventionally produced products and 40 organically produced products. Each product type has 10 different serial numbers. The level of metal in products was determined with the help of ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectrometry). For that, first of all, organic structure of samples were broken to pieces with the method of microwave burn and samples became ready for the analysis in ICP-AES.As a result of the analysis, whereas the level of cadmium and lead within conventionally and organically produced wheat, green lentils, honey and egg is under the limit of detection (LOD), the level of copper within honey and egg is under LOD. It is determined that while the level of Zn and Cu is higher in conventional products within the wheat samples when compared to the organic products, the level of Fe within the organic products is higher than the conventional products. It is confirmed that the level of Cu, Zn and Fe within the green lentils in conventionally produced product, and the level of Zn and Fe within honey and egg samples in conventionally produced products is higher than organically produced products. It is also ascertained that the level of Zn, Fe and Cu within all samples are favorable considering the nutritional value. While the average level of metal within all analyzed organic products are determined as; within wheat Cu 3,68±0,17 ppm, Zn 18,89±2,44 ppm, Fe 38,89±1,48 ppm, within green lentils Cu 7,54±0,16 ppm, Zn 29,38±1,31 ppm, Fe 65,87±2,22 ppm, within honey Zn 17,90±1,38 ppm, Fe 10,43±0,62 ppm and within egg Zn 17,35±1,06 ppm, Fe 19,76±0,73 ppm, the average level of metal within the conventionally produced products is detected as; within wheat Cu 4,96±0,21 ppm, Zn 26,03±1,64 ppm, Fe 32,25±1,72 ppm, within green lentils Cu 7,81±0,15 ppm, Zn 36,80±2,20 ppm, Fe 73,10±2,44 ppm, within honey Zn 34,93±6,04 ppm, Fe 12,34±0,71 ppm and within egg Zn 18,84±1,21 ppm, Fe 21,45±1,43 ppm.At the end of the research, the average level of metal within the wheat and green lentils is determined as; Fe>Zn>Cu, and within honey Zn>Fe and within egg Fe>Zn. 108

Bu çalışmada, Al ve Mg NP'ine önemli maruziyet yollarından olan deri ve ağız yoluyla maruziyetin, yapısı ve görevleri itibarıyla hayati öneme haiz beyin dokusu üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, her grupta 8 adet olmak üzere toplam 10 grup ve 80 adet 6-9 aylık erkek Wistar-Albino rat üzerinde yapılmıştır. Deneyler; kontrol grupları (grup 1 ve grup 2), ağız yoluyla Al-NP ve Mg-NP'in 500 mg/kg ve 1500 mg/kg dozlarda uygulandığı gruplar (grup 3, grup 4, grup 5 ve grup 6) ve deri yoluyla 1000 mg/kg ve 2000 mg/kg dozlarda Al-NP ve Mg-NP'i verilen gruplarda (grup 7, grup 8, grup 9 ve grup 10) tek doz uygulamalar yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alınan beyin dokusu örneklerinde oksidatif stres parametreleri (MDA, GPX, SOD) ile sitokin (TNF-α, IL-6) düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve histopatolojik incelemeler, serum örneklerinde ise biyokimyasal parametrelerin (glukoz, kreatinin, ALT, total protein, albümin, GGT, amilaz, CK) ölçümü yapılmıştır. Uygulama gruplarından Mg-NP'in ağız yoluyla 1500 mg/kg dozda uygulandığı grupta beyin dokusu ve serum MDA düzeyleri ile beyin dokusu TNF-α ve IL-6 düzeyleri önemli ölçüde artarken (p˂0,05; p˂0,01), beyin dokusu GPX ve SOD düzeylerinde önemli azalmalar gözlenmiştir (p˂0,05; p˂0,01). Ağız yoluyla Al-NP'in 1500 mg/kg dozda verildiği grupta beyin dokusu SOD düzeylerinde anlamlı azalmalar (p˂0,01) ve TNF-α ve IL-6 düzeylerinde ise önemli artışlar (p˂0,05; p˂0,01) tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan, deri yoluyla Mg-NP'in 2000 mg/kg dozda verildiği grubun beyin dokusu GPX ve SOD düzeylerinde önemli bir azalma olduğu belirlenmiştir (p˂0,05; p˂0,01). Histopatolojik incelemeler de bulguları desteklemiştir.Çalışma sonucunda, özellikle Mg-NP'in ağız yoluyla 1500 mg/kg dozda uygulandığı grupta olmak üzere, ağız yoluyla 1500 mg/kg dozda Al-NP'i ve deri yoluyla 2000 mg/kg dozda Mg-NP'i verilen gruplarda beyin dokusu oksidatif stres parametrelerinde (MDA düzeyleri) artış, antioksidan potansiyelde (GPX, SOD düzeyleri) azalma ve sitokin (TNF-α, IL-6) düzeylerinde artış tespit edilmiştir. Al ve Mg NP'ine önemli maruziyet yollarından olan deri ve ağız yoluyla farklı dozlarda maruziyetin yapısı ve görevleri itibarıyla hayati öneme haiz beyin dokusu üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada, Al ve Mg NP'in etkisinin uygulama yoluna, verilen doza ve süreye bağlı olarak değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Yüksek dozda maruz kalınan Al ve Mg NP'in inflamatuar yanıt, DNA modifikasyonları ve hasarı gibi istenmeyen etkilere yol açabileceği, ROS üretimi ve mitokondriyal fonksiyon bozukluğu yapabileceği, karsinojenik potansiyeli ve sitotoksik etkisi olabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Alüminyum nanopartikül, Magnezyum nanopartikül, Beyin toksisitesi, Deri, Rat In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to aluminum and magnesium nanoparticles through the skin and oral, on the brain tissue which is vital for its structure and functions. The study was performed on 10 groups of 8 rats in each group and 80 male Wistar-Albino rats of 6-9 months. Experiments control groups (group 1 and group 2), through the oral of Al-NP and Mg-NP 500 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg doses was applied in groups (group 3, group 4, group 5 and group 6) and given through the skin 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg doses of Al-NP and Mg-NP groups (group 7, group 8, group 9, group 10) single-dose applications performed. Oxidative stress parameters (MDA, GPX, SOD), cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6) levels and histopathological investigations were performed in the samples of brain tissue and biochemical parameters (glucose, keratinin, ALT, total protein, albumin, GGT, amylase, CK) were measured in serum samples.In the group where Mg-NP was administered orally at 1500 mg/kg dose, brain tissue and serum MDA levels and brain tissue TNF-α and IL-6 levels increased significantly (p˂0,05; p˂0,01), significant decreases in brain tissue GPX and SOD levels were observed (p˂0,05; p˂0,01). In the group where Al-NP was given at 1500 mg/kg dosage orally, significant decreases in brain tissue SOD levels (p˂0,01) and significant increases in TNF-α and IL-6 levels (p˂0,05; p˂0,01) was detected. On the other hand, a significant reduction in brain tissue GPX and SOD levels was observed at the 2000 mg/kg dose of Mg-NP administered via the skin (p˂0,05; p˂0,01). Histopathological examinations also supported the findings.As a result of this study, the increase in oxidative stress parameters (MDA levels) and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6) levels, the decrease in antioxidant potential (GPX, SOD levels) were determined in groups especially administered with Mg-NP at a dose of 1500 mg/kg by oral, in groups given Al-NP at a dose of 1500 mg/kg by oral and Mg-NP at a dose of 2000 mg/kg by the skin. In this study, the effects of Al and Mg NP on brain tissue which is vital to the structure and functions of exposure to different doses of Al and Mg NP by the skin and oral, which are important routes of exposure, were investigated and it was observed that the effect of Al and Mg NP has changed depending on the route of administration, the dose and duration given. It has been concluded that Al and Mg NP exposed at high doses may cause undesirable effects such as inflammatory response, DNA modifications and damage, may cause ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction and may be carcinogenic potential and cytotoxic effect.Key Words: Aluminium nanoparticle, Magnesium nanoparticle, Brain toxicity, Skin, Rat 86