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Objective: COVID-19 continues to pose a public health threat globally. This study evaluated the risk factors of hospitalized patients associated with hospital mortality for COVID-19 and symptoms on days 14, 28, and 6th-month. Methods: The study included 133 adults hospitalized due to COVID-19 between April 1, 2020 and June 30, 2020. Patient files were retrospectively reviewed. The demographic characteristics of the patients were evaluated by dividing them into two groups according to the clinical severity of COVID-19. (group 1: mild+moderate, group 2: severe+critical). Risk factors associated with mortality were revealed. Symptoms on day 14 and day 28 were questioned in person or by phone if patients were discharged and symptoms at 6 months were questioned by phone. Results: Comparison of laboratory findings between the groups showed that patients in group 2 had lower serum lymphocyte count and higher levels of C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer, procalcitonin, and troponin T at admission and during follow-up (p

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a sporadic viral encephalitis agent that causes high mortality and morbidity, accompanied by neurological dysfunction findings. Acyclovir is the only antiviral treatment option that should be initiated in all patients with suspected encephalitis as soon as possible. Acyclovir is rarely possible to cause allergic reactions. It may occur in a wide range from generalized cutaneous rash to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A case of HSV-1 encephalitis who had no treatment option other than intravenous acyclovir and was successfully treated with intravenous desensitization was presented in this report. A 59-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department with complaints of high fever and altered consciousness. Diagnostic lumbar puncture was performed and intravenous acyclovir treatment was initiated empirically with the preliminary diagnosis of encephalitis. On the third day of the treatment, HSV type 1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was detected as positive. Acyclovir treatment was discontinued due to the development of a severe allergic reaction on the fifth day of acyclovir treatment. Allergic symptoms of the patient regressed with discontinuation of acyclovir treatment and application of concomitant methylprednisolone treatment. The intravenous acyclovir desensitization protocol was applied to the patient, and the patient was successfully treated. In this case, it has been shown that intravenous acyclovir desensitization can be applied in the treatment of life-threatening infections with no treatment options other than intravenous acyclovir. Our case is the first adult case in the literature to be treated with intravenous acyclovir desensitization.

Brusellozisdünyanın birçok bölgesinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de endemik olarak görülen,çeşitli klinik tablolara neden olan zoonotik bir hastalıktır. Septik artritnadiren hastalığın tek bulgusu olabilir. Tanı için sinoviyal sıvınınmikrobiyolojik incelemesi gereklidir. Bu makalede kültür ve tüp aglütinasyonpozitifliğinin bir arada olduğu dizde gelişen bir brusellar septik monoartritvakasının sunulması amaçlanmıştır., Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which causes a broad spectrum ofclinical manifestations seen endemically in Turkey like in many parts of theworld. Septic arthritis can rarely be the only clinical presentation. Fordiagnosis, microbiological examination of synovial fluid is necessary. In this case report we aimed to present a case of brucellar septic monoarthritisof the knee of which the culture and tube agglutination were both positive.

This study analyses how the Regional Plan affects the social and economic lives of residents of South East Anatolia. The study particularly focuses on GAP (South East Anatolian Project in Turkish acronym), which covers regional policies and plans for the economic and social spheres of the South East Anatolia Region in both rural and urban areas. In this study, there have been two industrial inventory studies of GAP region in line with two projects conducted by Elmas (et al.) in 1999 and 2009. The Regional Development Plan (GAP) has changed the level of economic development, social life and urbanization in the region. The first section of this article mainly discusses GAP’s historical process as shaped by structural economic understanding before and after the 1980s. The major transformation experienced within the scope of GAP has been shaped by the changing role of the state in the project’s implementation, which goes hand in hand with understanding the ‘new regionalism’ that has emerged since the 1980s. Implementing neoliberal economic policies and globalization has brought significant changes in both the economic and social lives of the project’s beneficiaries. In this sense, in the following sections, in light of two previous inventory studies, we argue that there have been some development for GAP region in terms of agricultural and industrial investments, urbanization and migration comparing to other regions of Anatolia.

Listeria monocytogenes is a common cause of central nervous system infection, especially in immunosuppressed patients, infants, and the elderly and in pregnancy; it is uncommon in individuals with immunocompetent status. In this case report, we aimed to present the case of an immunocompetent 45-year-old patient who presented with meningoencephalitis due to Listeria, which was complicated with hydrocephalus.

Introduction: After the definition of the first H1N1 case on 15 April 2009, the first case in our country was reported on 15 May 2009, and the first local case was seen on 18 June 2009. In this study, we evaluated patients hospitalized with a pre-diagnosis of H1N1 virus infection, according to epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features. Materials and Methods: Cases hospitalized between October 2009 and January 2010 with a pre-diagnosis of pandemic influenza and for whom samples of nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were obtained were included in the study. Epidemiologic and laboratory properties of the cases (for both H1N1 positive and H1N1negative groups) were evaluated, as well as their prognoses and treatment. Results: Between October 2009 and January 2010, 155 patients with pre-diagnoses of H1N1 were hospitalized. Eighty-four H1N1 positive and 71 H1N1 negative patients were evaluated. Cough, fatigue and fever were the most frequently observed symptoms. Obesity, fatigue and diarrhea were more common in the H1N1 negative group. Abnormal chest X-ray, lymphopenia and leukopenia were more common in the H1N1 positive group. The fatality rate was determined as 7.1%. 21.4% of the patients (18/84) required intensive care. Twelve patients were monitored with invasive and 3 with non-invasive mechanical ventilation. None of the patients in the H1N1 negative group required intensive care. In the H1N1 positive group, 69 patients received oseltamivir and 47 patients received oseltamivir and antibiotherapy. Conclusion: The new pandemic influenza virus came under the spotlight because of its fast spread and the complications seen in young patients with no comorbidities, where normally influenza-related complications are not expected. The majority of our cases were young adult patients. Most of the cases hospitalized with H1N1 diagnosis had symptoms similar to pneumonia, low oxygen saturation and deterioration in their general condition. Antiviral treatment initiated during the early phases of the disease was successful. Respiratory support and intensive care play a vital role in the cases in which they are needed. Informing the population about the disease and educating them on its transmission and immunization are very important in preventing its spread.

The aims of this preliminary study were to foster the development of an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hereby studied the effects of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in drinking water on (a) intestinal permeability and (b) faecal levels of granulocyte marker protein (GMP) in rats. Methods were adopted to keep stress at a minimum. The animals had free access to DSS for 36 or 96 hrs. Controls received only water. Oral administration of 51Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (51CrEDTA) is used for clinical evaluation of intestinal permeability in IBD. 51CrEDTA was administered by training the animals to drink a given quantity of fluid within 5 minutes in a specific environment. On the test day, they voluntarily consumed 1 ml water containing 2 μCi 51CrEDTA. Urine samples were taken from filter paper in their home-cages for 6 hrs and radioactivity measured in a gamma counter. Faecal samples were collected after 36 and 96 hrs on DSS or water for GMP analysis. RESULTS: GMP was elevated in the DSSinduced animals after both 36 hrs (p, Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Vol 30, No 4 (2003)

In this study; firstly we try to explain relation between economic growth and development, and then, how income distribution is effected in different stages of economic development in economic theory. The study includes current issues and it examines global economic process, economic growth, and income distribution in the light of current discusions. Moreover the study aims to clarify the relationship between economic growth, development and income distribution in the historical process from past to today. In summary we try to discuss how income distribution is effected by economic growth in globalization age, Bu çalışmada; öncelikle teorik düzlemde ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma arasındaki ayrıma ve ekonomik gelişmenin çeşitli aşamalarında gelir dağılımının nasıl etkilendiğinin ele alınışına yer verilmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışma güncel tartışmaları içermesi açısından küresel ekonomik süreç ve ekonomik büyüme ve gelir dağılımı üzerinde irdelemeyle tamamlanmaktadır. Böylece tarihsel süreç içerisinden günümüze gelerek küresel dünyada ekonomik büyüme, kalkınma ve gelir dağılımı arasındaki girift ilişkiye de bir açıdan açıklık getirmek hedeflenmektedir.

research Bu çalışmada; öncelikle teorik düzlemde ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma arasındaki ayrıma ve ekonomik gelişmenin çeşitli aşamalarında gelir dağılımının nasıl etkilendiğinin ele alınışına yer verilmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışma güncel tartışmaları içermesi açısından küresel ekonomik süreç ve ekonomik büyüme ve gelir dağılımı üzerinde irdelemeyle tamamlanmaktadır. Böylece tarihsel süreç içerisinden günümüze gelerek küresel dünyada ekonomik büyüme, kalkınma ve gelir dağılımı arasındaki girift ilişkiye de bir açıdan açıklık getirmek hedeflenmektedir. In this study; firstly we try to explain relation between economic growth and development, and then, how income distribution is effected in different stages of economic development in economic theory. The study includes current issues and it examines global economic process, economic growth, and income distribution in the light of current discusions. Moreover the study aims to clarify the relationship between economic growth, development and income distribution in the historical process from past to today. In summary we try to discuss how income distribution is effected by economic growth in globalization age.

This paper aims to contribute understanding of industrial dynamics of Gaziantep Province. The analysis is based on the survey data obtained in the research project named Industrial Inventory of SEAP and Transformation Tendencies in Industry funded by TUBITAK. The survey data was obtained by face to face interviews in 2057 companies in Gaziantep. But, the response rate was % 51,35 , in other words, 1056 companies were included in this paper. The inquiry consisted of 120 questions that are either multiple choice or short answer. For this study, 40 variables were chosen from the survey results which might indicate industrialization dynamics of Gaziantep. SPSS software version 15.0 was used to perform statistical analysis. First, frequency distribution tables were composed for each question and comparisons through cross-tabulations were performed to assess relations between categorical variables. At this stage, main findings were discussed and illustrated with summary tables and figures. Then, a logistic regression model was created and to formalize the study, variables that can possibly have influences on the competitiveness and export dynamics of the companies in Gaziantep were determined. According to this analysis; working capital, capacity use ratio, firm scale, ownership of firms' property, computerization of firms and educational attainment are found to be important variables for competitiveness of the firms in the district of Gaziantep.

1990'lı yıllarda gelişen piyasa ekonomilerinin finansal krizlere maruz kalmaları dikkati çekmektedir. Meksika (1994), Asya (1997), Rusya (1998), Brezilya (1999) ve Türkiye (2000-2001) krizleri bu duruma örnek teşkil etmektedir. Finansal piyasalarda patlak veren kriz süreciyle karşılaşmadan önce, Meksika, Endonezya, Rusya ve Brezilya ve Türkiye'nin sürünen parite, Malezya ve Taylan'ın sürünen bant sistemi biçiminde ara kur sistemlerini uygulamış olmaları ara kur sistemlerinin sorgulanmasına neden olmuştur. Frankel (1999) çalışmasında ortaya konan İmkansız Üçleme Hipotezine bağlı olarak Fischer (2001) çalışması ile güçlü biçimde dile getirilen İki Kutup görüşü finansal küreselleşmenin gittikçe yükseldiği bu yeni dönemde gelişen piyasa ekonomilerinin kur sistemi tercihlerinin esnek kur veya sabit kur sistemlerinden birisi olması gerektiğini ifade etmektedir. Bu noktada, 2002 yılında uygulamaya geçtiği Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş programı ile birlikte esnek kur sistemini tercih eden Türkiye için iki kutup görüşünü referans alalım: Böyle bir durumda yani sermaye hareketleri veri iken; imkânsız üçleme hipotezi üçgeninin bir köşesinde, Türkiye'nin uygulamakta olduğu esnek kur sistemi yer alırken, diğer köşesinde ise üyesi olmaya çalıştığı AB'nin para alanı olan Euro Bölgesi olmalıdır. Dolayısı ile iki kutup hipotezinin öngörüsü çerçevesinde Euro bölgesine dahil olmak Türkiye için uyguladığı esnek kur sistemi karşısındaki diğer tercih olmaktadır. Euro bölgesi bir (tek para birliği) parasal birlik olup, bir sabit kur sistemidir. Mundell (1961)'in çalışmasında ortaya konan Optimal Para Alanları Kuramı parasal birlikler için kuramsal çatıyı oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu tez çalışması Euro Bölgesinin Türkiye için optimal para alanı olup olmadığını sorgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Tez çalışması aynı zamanda Calvo ve Reinhart (2002)'ın ortaya konan Dalgalanma Korkusu Hipotezi çerçevesinde Türkiye'nin esnek kur sistemini gerçekte tam olarak uygulayıp uygulamadığını sorgulanmasını da ikincil (veya örtük) amacı olarak benimsemiştir. Türkiye'nin, esnek kur sistemi uygularken dalgalanma korkusu yaşayıp yaşamadığının saptamasına yönelik olan (bu örtük amacına yönelik olarak) Hausmann ve diğerleri (2001) çalışmasında üretilen döviz kuru oynaklık dizini (RVER) ve faiz oynaklık dizini (RVEI) dizinlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Tez çalışmasında Euro Bölgesinin Türkiye için bir optimal para alanı olup olmadığının belirlenmesinde VAR modeli ve OPA (optimal para alanı) endeksinden yararlanmıştır. VAR modeli ile Optimal Para Alanları kuramı literatürü çerçevesinde hem Türkiye ve Euro Bölgesi ülkeleri arasında, hem de Euro Bölgesi üyelerinin kendi aralarında arz ve talep şoklarının simetrisinin varlığı veya yokluğu analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada bu analiz için gerekli olan arz ve talep şokları Blanchard ve Quah yöntemi kullanılarak her bir ülke için ayrı ayrı elde edilmiştir. OPA indeksinin hesaplanmasında ise Panel veri analizinden yaralanılmıştır. Her üç analizden elde edilen bulgulara göre, Türkiye esnek kur sistemi uygulamasına rağmen dalgalanma korkusu yaşamaktadır ve bu çerçevede esnek kur sistemini tam olarak uygulayamamaktadır. Diğer yandan hem VAR modeli bulguları hem de OPA endeksi Euro Bölgesinin Türkiye için bir optimal para sahası olmadığı yönündeki tezimizi doğrulamaktadır. Ayrıca, VAR modeli bulgularına göre Euro Bölgesi kendi içerisinde de bir optimal para sahası değildir. Dolayısıyla iki kutup görüşünün aksine tam esnek kur ve tam sabit kur sistemlerinden herhangi birini tercih etmek Türkiye için optimal çözüm sağlamamaktadır. Diğer yandan tez çalışması sonucunda Türkiye için her koşul ve zamanda geçerli bir döviz kuru sistemi önerisi olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu bağlamda tez çalışmasının Türkiye için bir döviz kuru sistemi önerisi bulunmamaktadır. Tezde varılan sonuç genel olarak; Euro Bölgesinin kendi içerisinde bir optimal para sahası oluşturamadığı ve aynı zamanda Euro Bölgesinin Türkiye için bir optimal para sahası olmadığı yönündedir. Ayrıca tez çalışmasına göre Türkiye halen yürütmekte olduğu esnek kur sistemini uygulamakta da ciddi sorunlar yaşamaktadır. It is remarkable that the emerging financial markets experiencing the economical crises. Mexico (1994), Asia (1997), Russia (1998),Brazil (1999) and Turkey (2000 2001) crises are the samples of those crisis. Before the experiencing the occurrence of the crisis, implementation of the intermediate currency systems that is in crawling peg form in Mexico, Indonesia, Russia, Brazil and Turkey, and in crawling band form in Malaysia and Thailand, therefore, the intermediate currency systems have been questioned. It is claimed that the emerging markets need to prefer either fixed Exchange rate system or flexible Exchange rate during the new era when the globalization rises according to the bipolar approach as it was stated strongly by Fischer (2001) on the grounds of Impossible Trinity Hypothesis figured out by Frankel (1999). On that point, we consider the bipolar approach for Turkey that started to implement the flexible exchange rate in 2002 within the context of Transition to Strong Economics: Under such condition where the capital movements are in; the flexible exchange rate that Turkey implements take place at a corner of the triangle of the impossible trinity and the Euro Area as the monetary area of the EU where Turkey tries to be part of should be at another corner. At the point, accession to Euro area, on the base of bipolar hypothesis, is the other choice for Turkey against the flexible exchange rate policy that is followed by Turkey. The Euro area is (currency union) a monetary union and it is a fixed exchange rate system. The Optimum Currency Areas was figured out in the study of Mundell (1961) to generate the theoretical frame for currency unions. Within the context, the thesis tries to question whether the EU Area is the optimal currency area for Turkey or not. The thesis also indirectly implies whether Turkey can completely implement the flexible Exchange rate within the frame of Fear of Floating Hypothesis of Calvo and Reinhart (2002). The Exchange Rate Votality Index (RVER) and Interest Rate Votality Index (RVEI) in Hausmann and others' (2001) study is used to determine whether Turkey has fear of floating during the implementation of flexible Exchange rate system fort he implicit aim of the study. The VAR model and OCA (optimum currency areas) index is used to determine whether the EU Area is optimum currency area for Turkey or not, in the thesis. The existence or nonexistence of the symmetry of the demand and supply shocks either among EU countries or between EU countries and Turkey are analysed within the frame of the literature of the optimum currency area theory and VAR model. The supply and demand shocks which are necessary fort he analysis in the study, are gathered by Blanchard and Quah method separately for each country. The Panel data analysis is used to calculate the OCA index. According to the finding of those three analyses, Turkey has a fear of floating although he implements the flexible exchange rate, so he cannot implement the flexible exchange rate system completely. On the other hand, VAR model and OCA index approves that Euro Area is not the optimum currency rate for Turkey as the theses claims. Additionally, according to the VAR model findings, Euro area is not an optimum currency area at all. Therefore, unlike the bipolar approach, it is not an optimum solution for Turkey to choose either complete flexible rate or complete fixed rate systems. The study reaches a result that there is not a Exchange rate system that is valid at any time or under any condition for Turkey. Thus, the thesis does not suggest and Exchange rate system for Turkey. The thesis concludes that Euro area could not generate an optimum currency area for itself and Euro area is not a optimum currency area for Turkey. Additionally, Turkey has experiencing serious practical problems during the implementation of the flexible Exchange rate system that is still in operation.

Bu tez çalışmasında, Türkiye'de özellikle işveren kesimi tarafından gündeme getirilen bölgesel asgari ücret tartışmaları incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede, bölgesel asgari ücret önerisinin gündeme geliş süreci üzerinde durulmuştur. Birinci bölümde kavramsal olarak bölgesel asgari ücret tartışmalara giden süreç, küreselleşme kavramının tanıtılması, asgari ücretin tanım ve özellikleri, küreselleşme sürecinin bölgesel politikalara yansıması ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde Türkiye'deki asgari ücret sistemi ve bölgesel politikalar incelenmektedir. Türkiye'de asgari ücret mevzuatı, asgari ücret uygulaması ve uygulanan bölgesel politikalar incelenmektedir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise Türkiye'de bölgesel asgari ücrete ilişkin tartışmalar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Çeşitli ülke örnekleri anlatıldıktan sonra, bölgesel asgari ücret önerisinin gündeme gelişi ve uygulanabilirliği ele alınmıştır. Bölgesel asgari ücret uygulaması ile asgari ücret geri kalmış bölgelerde daha düşük düzeyde belirlenecektir. Türkiye'de bugünkü asgari ücretin zaten açlık sınırının altında bulunduğu düşünüldüğünde, bölgesel asgari ücretin uygulanabilirliği gerçekçi olmaktan uzaktır This master's thesis aims to analyze the regional minimum wage debate which is especially brought up by employing class in Turkey. In this framework, the proposal of regional minimum wage on the agenda of development process has also been emphasized. In the first chapter regional minimum wage in discussions as to the conceptual process, promoting the concept of globalization, the definition of the minimum wage and their properties and the process of globalization is reflected in regional policy is discussed. In the second chapter, the minimum wage system and regional policies in Turkey are examined. In this chapter, the legislation of minimum wage, the implementation of minimum wage and the applied regional policies in Turkey are examined. In the last chapter, is focused on the discussions about the regional minimum wage in Turkey. After describing the examples of minimum wage in various countries, the regional minimum wage proposal and the feasibility of the development agenda has been examined. Regional minimum wage application with a lower minimum wage levels in underdeveloped regions to be determined. The applicability of the regional minimum wage is far from being realistic, when considered the current minimum wage in Turkey is already under the famine limit

Son dönemlerde dünya konjonktürüne damgasını vuran teknolojik gelişmeler, ekonomik yaşamda önemli değişimlere yol açmıştır. Hizmet üretimi ve hizmet ticareti de; teknolojik gelişmelerin, üretimin bölünebilir yapıya kavuşmasının ve tüketici taleplerinin çeşitlenmesi gibi unsurların sonucunda hızla gelişmiştir. Günümüzde ülkelerde toplam üretimin ve toplam istihdamın önemli bir kısmını hizmetler sektörü karşılamakta ve hizmet ticareti de önemini giderek arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; hizmet üretimi ve sunumunun biçimleri, hizmetlerle malları birbirinden ayıran özellikler, hizmet ticareti, hizmet ticaretinde liberalizasyon ve liberalizasyon bağlamında en önemli girişimi oluşturan Hizmet Ticareti Genel Anlaşması (GATS) incelenmiş, liberalizasyon sürecinin gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yol açabileceği sorunlara değinilmiş ve tüm bu konular Türkiye açısından genel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. The technological developments, which affect the world conjuncture recently, caused important shifts in economic life. The production and trade in services also improved rapidly as a result of technological developments and some other factors such as the the fragmentation of production and varied consumer demands. Today, services sector constitutes important proportions of total output and total employment in most countries and trade in services also increases its importance gradually. In this study; the types of service production and supply, different features of goods and services, trade in services, liberalization of trade in services and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) which is the most comprehensive step in the context of liberalization are analysed, the problems of liberalization process in developing countries are mentioned and all of these points are evaluated generally in terms of Turkey.