30 results on '"Arsić, Milojko"'
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2. The quest for macroeconomic stability under sanctions and weak state
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Arsić Milojko
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sanctions ,weak state ,hyperinflation ,macroeconomic stability ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 - Abstract
The inadequate response of the state to the collapse of the monetary system of the former Yugoslavia and the introduction of UN sanctions resulted in one of the longest and largest hyperinflations in economic history. The stabilisation programme, implemented at the end of January 1994, led to an almost immediate halt to hyperinflation, which enabled the recovery of the monetary and fiscal system, the growth of economic activity, and consequently the growth of citizens’ standard of living. The programme had limited economic reach because political actors failed to implement fiscal consolidation, while sanctions made it more difficult to implement economic reforms. After the signing of the Dayton Agreement and the lifting of trade sanctions, Programme II was proposed, containing key measures for the transition from a socialist to a market economy. A coalition of influential interest groups gathered around the ruling parties rejected Programme II, although some ideas from the Programme were implemented in the following years.
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- 2022
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3. Increasing public investment can be an effective policy in bad times: Evidence from emerging EU economies
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Petrović, Pavle, Arsić, Milojko, and Nojković, Aleksandra
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- 2021
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4. Determinants of Mortality and Manipulation of Data on the Number of Deaths in Autocracies During the Covid-19 Pandemic
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Nojkovic, Aleksandra, primary, Arsić, Milojko, additional, and Maksimović, Emilija, additional
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- 2024
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5. Determinants of discretionary fiscal policy in Central and Eastern Europe
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Arsic, Milojko, Nojkovic, Aleksandra, and Randjelovic, Sasa
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- 2017
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6. Main Findings and Recommendations
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Krstić, Gorana, Schneider, Friedrich, Arandarenko, Mihail, Arsić, Milojko, Radulović, Branko, Ranđelović, Saša, Janković, Irena, Krstić, Gorana, editor, and Schneider, Friedrich, editor
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- 2015
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7. Effects of Formalisation of the Shadow Economy
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Arsić, Milojko, Krstić, Gorana, Krstić, Gorana, editor, and Schneider, Friedrich, editor
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- 2015
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8. Causes of the Shadow Economy
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Arsić, Milojko, Arandarenko, Mihail, Radulović, Branko, Ranđelović, Saša, Janković, Irena, Krstić, Gorana, editor, and Schneider, Friedrich, editor
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- 2015
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9. What Is the Extent of the Shadow Economy in Serbia?
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Schneider, Friedrich, Krstić, Gorana, Arsić, Milojko, Ranđelović, Saša, Krstić, Gorana, editor, and Schneider, Friedrich, editor
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- 2015
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10. Executive Summary
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Krstić, Gorana, Schneider, Friedrich, Arandarenko, Mihail, Arsić, Milojko, Radulović, Branko, Ranđelović, Saša, Janković, Irena, Krstić, Gorana, editor, and Schneider, Friedrich, editor
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- 2015
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11. Fiscal reaction to interest payments: The case of Serbia
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Andrić Vladimir, Arsić Milojko, and Nojković Aleksandra
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Serbia ,Fiscal Sustainability ,Augmented Fiscal Reaction Function ,Global Financial Crisis ,Costs ,Debt ,Payments ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
We focus on the response of primary fiscal balance to interest payments and borrowing costs on Serbian public debt before, during and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Our analysis reveals: i) policy makers financed up to 50% of each percentage point increase in interest payments to GDP ratio with new public debt issuance; ii) the government has responded to rising interest payments and borrowing costs by reducing primary fiscal balance from the onset of the global financial crisis; iii) the response of primary fiscal balance to interest payments mimics the response of primary fiscal balance to the costs of borrowing; iv) fiscal austerity measures adopted after the breach of fiscal rule for public debt have been insufficient to stabilize fiscal policy stance in Serbia.
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- 2016
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12. Public debt sustainability in Serbia before and during the global financial crisis
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Andrić Vladimir, Arsić Milojko, and Nojković Aleksandra
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Serbia ,unit root tests ,fiscal reaction functions ,global financial crisis ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
We have analyzed the behaviour of primary fiscal balance and public debt in Serbia before and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. The results of our analysis are: i) public debt to GDP ratioexhibits (near) unit root behaviour with an overall upward time trend; ii) the response of primary fiscal balance to public debt has been insufficient to mean revert the upward trend in government debt; iii) the efforts of the Serbian government to repay the debt principal after the fiscal rule breach have not been persistent, providing empirical support to the fiscal fatigue hypothesis; iv) the government budget constraint has deteriorated since the beginning of the global financial crisis; v) the response of primary fiscal balance to public debt from the onset of the global financial crisis has dropped more severely in comparison to other European economies.
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- 2016
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13. Equity aspects of VAT in emerging European countries: A case study of Serbia
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Arsić, Milojko and Altiparmakov, Nikola
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- 2013
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14. Main Findings and Recommendations
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Krstić, Gorana, primary, Schneider, Friedrich, additional, Arandarenko, Mihail, additional, Arsić, Milojko, additional, Radulović, Branko, additional, Ranđelović, Saša, additional, and Janković, Irena, additional
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- 2015
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15. Causes of the Shadow Economy
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Arsić, Milojko, primary, Arandarenko, Mihail, additional, Radulović, Branko, additional, Ranđelović, Saša, additional, and Janković, Irena, additional
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- 2015
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16. What Is the Extent of the Shadow Economy in Serbia?
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Schneider, Friedrich, primary, Krstić, Gorana, additional, Arsić, Milojko, additional, and Ranđelović, Saša, additional
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- 2015
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17. Effects of Formalisation of the Shadow Economy
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Arsić, Milojko, primary and Krstić, Gorana, additional
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- 2015
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18. Executive Summary
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Krstić, Gorana, primary, Schneider, Friedrich, additional, Arandarenko, Mihail, additional, Arsić, Milojko, additional, Radulović, Branko, additional, Ranđelović, Saša, additional, and Janković, Irena, additional
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- 2015
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19. The impact of the history of statehood on the economic development of countries
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Arsić, Milojko, primary
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- 2021
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20. Debt Uncertainty and Economic Growth in Emerging European Economies: Some Empirical Evidence.
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Arsić, Milojko, Mladenović, Zorica, and Nojković, Aleksandra
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EMERGING markets ,ECONOMIC expansion ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,UNCERTAINTY ,ECONOMIC impact ,FISCAL policy ,PUBLIC debts - Abstract
This study investigates the effects of public debt uncertainty on economic growth in 10 emerging European economies over 2000–2015 period. Public debt uncertainty reflects fiscal policy volatility and macroeconomic instability. It also creates uncertainty about the characteristics of future fiscal policy, which further causes the rise of uncertainty in household and business incomes. Increasing the risk of future incomes leads to the reduction of household consumption and corporate investments, which negatively influences economic growth. An empirical analysis of public debt uncertainty impact on economic growth is performed by time series and panel data approaches based on quarterly data. Our key result indicates the significant detrimental effect public debt uncertainty has had on the GDP growth in emerging European economies, especially during the Great Recession episode that started in 2008. Robustness of our econometric findings is confirmed by different estimation methods and model specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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21. Debt Uncertainty and Economic Growth in Emerging European Economies: Some Empirical Evidence
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Arsić, Milojko, primary, Mladenović, Zorica, additional, and Nojković, Aleksandra, additional
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- 2019
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22. Ekonometrijsko modeliranje efikasnosti i održivosti javne potrošnje u evropskim zemljama
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Dragutinović Mitrović, Radmila, Arsić, Milojko, Jovičić, Milena, Josifidis, Kosta, Glavaški, Olgica B., Dragutinović Mitrović, Radmila, Arsić, Milojko, Jovičić, Milena, Josifidis, Kosta, and Glavaški, Olgica B.
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Social sciences / econometrics, U ovom radu se analizira fiskalna održivost, uticaj javne potrošnje na produbljivanje fiskalnog deficita i efikasnost politika javne potrošnje u 28 ekonomija Evropske Unije u periodu 1995-2014. godine, u okviru ekonometrijskih metoda nestacionarnih heterogenih panela, sa zavisnošću uporednih podataka. Fiskalna održivost je analizirana objedinjenjem pristupa o fiskalnoj održivosti zasnovanog na varijablama toka i pristupa na bazi modela stok-tok sa ciljem da se istraži drugi sloj kointegracije između javnog duga i javne potrošnje. Kako bi se obuhvatili heterogeni parametri i zavisnost po uporednim podacima u analiziranom uzorku panela, korišćen je metod (združenih) grupnih sredina i metodi sa zajedničkim korelisanim faktorima. Rezultati kointegracione analize upućuju da postoji slaba održivost, dok rezultati multikointegracionog pristupa pružaju heterogenu evidenciju o dubljoj kointegraciji, izdvajajući grupe ekonomija u kojima fiskalne vlasti prilagođavaju javnu potrošnju kako bi stabilizovale javni dug, u odnosu na ad hoc promene javne potrošnje. Pri istraživanju uticaja politika javne potrošnje na fiskalni deficit, upoređivani su rezultati dobijeni u klasičnim modelima panela prilagođenim kako bi obuhvatili uslovnu heterogenost i nestacionarnost, sa novim metodama zasnovanim na pristupu sa zajedničkim korelisanim faktorima. Dijagnostički testovi pokazuju da su preferabilni metodi koji obuhvataju neidentifikovane zajedničke faktore i zavisnost uporednih podataka. Determinante koje doprinose i remete fiskalnu ravnotežu su identifikovane, pri čemu u homogenom i heterogenom modelu izdaci za penzije predstavljaju važan remetilački faktor. U zemljama u kojima nije značajno faktorsko opterećenje, nije značajno ni prilagođavanje ravnotežnoj vezi, niti uticaj politika javne potrošnje na fiskalni deficit, upućujući da je pridržavanje fiskalnog okvira EU ključni faktor održivosti. Analiza efikasnosti diskrecionih mera na području politika socijalnog osiguranja, zdravstva i o, This paper analyzes fiscal sustainability, public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit deepening and efficiency of public expenditure policies in 28 countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2014, within econometric framework of nonstationary heterogeneous panels with cross-sectional dependence. Fiscal sustainability is analyzed by unifying the approach for fiscal sustainability testing based on flow variables, and the approach based on stock-flow models, with the aim to investigate second layer of cointegration, between public debt and public expenditure. In order to obtain heterogeneous parameters and cross-sectional dependency in analyzed sample, (pooled) mean group and common correlated factors approach are used. The results of cointegration analysis point to weak sustainability, while results of multicointegration approach provide heterogeneous evidence of deeper cointegration, distinguishing groups of economies in which fiscal authorities adjust their public expenditure in order to stabilize public debt, relative to ad hoc changes in public expenditures. In exploring public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit, we compared the results obtained by standard panel estimators modified to encompass restricted heterogeneity and nonstationarity, and results obtained by using estimators from common correlated factors approach. Diagnostic tests showed that preferable estimators are those which account for unobserved common factors incorporating cross-section dependence. The determinants which contribute and disturb fiscal balance are identified. According to the main findings of the paper pension expenditure is important disturbance factor. In economies with nonsignificant factor loadings, fiscal adjustment is not significant, nor public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit, indicating that compliance with EU fiscal framework is crucial factor of fiscal sustainability. Analysis of discretionary measures efficiency in the area of social insurance, heal
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- 2016
23. Impact of the efficiency of the tax administration on tax evasion
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Savić, Gordana, Dragojlović, Aleksandar, Vujošević, Mirko, Arsić, Milojko, Martić, Milan, Savić, Gordana, Dragojlović, Aleksandar, Vujošević, Mirko, Arsić, Milojko, and Martić, Milan
- Abstract
In this paper, we analyse the performance of the tax administration using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and regression analysis in 13 European countries. In the first phase, a DEA input-oriented model with the three input and two output parameters for the efficiency evaluation has been used. The influence of selected independent variables on the grey economy, which represents an approximation of tax evasion and efficiency of tax administration, was conducted by regression analysis in the second phase. The main goal is to investigate the influence of the relative efficiency and number of employees in tax administration as well as country employment rate on the grey economy level.
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- 2015
24. GDE JE NESTALA SIVA EKONOMIJA?
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ARSIĆ, MILOJKO, RANÐELOVIĆ, SAŠA, and ALTIPARMAKOV, NIKOLA
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Copyright of Ekonomske Ideje i Praksa is the property of Centar za Izdavacku Delatnost Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Beogradu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2018
25. Impact of the efficiency of the tax administration on tax evasion
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Savić, Gordana, primary, Dragojlović, Aleksandar, additional, Vujošević, Mirko, additional, Arsić, Milojko, additional, and Martić, Milan, additional
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- 2015
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26. Analiza alternativnih modela poreza na dohodak fizičkih lica - efekti primene u Srbiji
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Arsić, Milojko, Bajec, Jurij, Raičević, Božidar, Ranđelović, Saša D., Arsić, Milojko, Bajec, Jurij, Raičević, Božidar, and Ranđelović, Saša D.
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Porez na dohodak graĎana je jedan od poreskih oblika kod kojeg, kako u ekonomskoj teoriji, tako i u praksi, postoji veliki broj otvorenih pitanja, zbog izraţenog trade-off odnosa izmeĎu pravičnosti i efikasnosti. Stoga ne postoji uniformno, najbolje rešenje, već se ocena performansi poreza na dohodak vrši na osnovu definisanih ciljeva oporezivanja i odgovarajućih kriterijuma koji iz tih ciljeva proizilaze, polazeći od vaţećih teorijskih stavova i društvenih preferencija. Tako u savremenoj ekonomskoj teoriji postoji saglasnost da bi ovaj poreski oblik trebalo da bude horizontalno pravičan, da implicira niske troškove primene i umereno poresko opterećenje, jer je ocenjeno da ovaj porez, više nego većina drugih poreza, negativno utiče na ekonomsku efikasnost i dugoročan privredni rast. Često se takoĎe navodi da bi ovaj poreski oblik trebalo da bude i vertikalno pravičan (progresivan), što predstavlja legitiman cilj, ali koji proizilazi iz ličnih vrednosnih sudova, tako da oko njega ne postoji saglasnost. Postojeći sistem poreza na dohodak u Srbiji ne obezbeĎuje zadovoljavajući nivo horizontalne (ni vertikalne) pravičnosti u oporezivanju, alokativno je pristrasan, i relativno sloţen, što izaziva relativno visoke troškove administriranja i primene, zbog čega je njegova reforma neophodna. S obzirom da je reč o porezu koji u velikoj meri moţe uticati na ponašanje ekonomskih agenata, pri čemu ti ekonomski efekti zavise kako od parametrizacije poreza, tako i od strukturnih karakteristika svake zemlje (nivo i struktura dohodaka, nivo poreskog morala, preferencije društva i sl.) za utemeljeno ocenjivanje različitih rešenja neophodno je izvršiti empirijsku analizu osnovnih ekonomskih efekata, na podacima koji se odnose na konkretnu zemlju. Cilj ovog rada je da pruţi pregled relevantnih klasičnih i savremenih teorijskih stavova u vezi sa oporezivanjem dohotka graĎana, da na osnovu analiza iskustava drugih zemalja uputi na opšte zaključke u pogledu ekonomskih performansi alternat, In economic theory and practice there are many open questions related to design of personal income tax – probably more than in case of other taxes, due to equity-efficiency trade-off, which is highly related to this tax. Therefore, there is no uniform, single best solution, since the performances of each income tax model are dependent on the defined goals of taxation and respective criteria, which arise from the theory and social preferences. There is a consensus in contemporary economic theory on the need to provide horizontal equity in taxation of personal income, as well as modest administration and compliance costs and low tax burden, since there is empirical evidence that this tax distorts economic efficiency and long term economic growth, more than the most of other taxes. It is often argued that income tax should be vertically equitable (progressive), which is legitimate goal, but stemming from personal judgements, which is why there is no common agreement on this goal. Current personal income tax in Serbia is not horizontally (nor vertically) equitable, neither allocative neutral and rather complex, triggering relatively high administration and compliance costs, which is why its reform is necessary. Since this tax may have large influence on behavior of economic agents, the economic effects being dependent on its parameterization and structural features of each particular country (level and structure of income, tax moral, social preferences, etc.), in order to provide evidence based assessment of different income tax models, it is necessary to perform empirical estimate and analysis of main economic effects, based on the data related to that country. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into relevant classical and contemporary theory of income taxation, to make general conclusions on features of alternative income tax schemes based on the analysis of experience of other countries and to make empirical estimate and analysis of economic effects which wo
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- 2012
27. DUGOROČNE POSLEDICE EKONOMSKOG SLOMA PRIVREDE SRBIJE TOKOM 90-IH GODINA 20-OG VEKA.
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ARSIĆ, MILOJKO
- Abstract
Copyright of Ekonomske Ideje i Praksa is the property of Centar za Izdavacku Delatnost Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Beogradu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
28. Uticaj fiskalne politike na budžetsku, spoljnu i cenovnu ravnotežu u Republici Srbiji
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Andrić, Vladimir, Arsić, Milojko, Mladenović, Zorica, Urošević, Branko, Nojković, Aleksandra, and Radulović, Branko
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fiskalna teorija cena ,twin deficits ,fiskalna održivost ,fiscal theory of the price level ,Srbija ,fiscal sustainability ,blizanački deficiti ,Serbia - Abstract
U disertaciji se analizira uticaj fiskalne politike na budžetsku, spoljnu i cenovnu ravnotežu u Republici Srbiji nakon 2000. godine. Rezultati iz I poglavlja teze upućuju na neodrživost fiskalne pozicije Republike Srbije u analiziranom periodu, pri čemu je globalna finansijska kriza, zajedno sa izbornim političkim ciklusom, delovala u pravcu produbljivanja fiskalne neravnoteže, dok su aranžmani sa MMF-om delovali u pravcu stabilizacije javnih finansija Republike Srbije. Budžetska neravnoteža nakon 2000. godine je formirana kao posledica nesinhronizovanih diskrecionih mera na obe strane budžeta, što je u skladu sa hipotezom o institucionalnoj separaciji. Određeni empirijski dokazi iz II poglavlja, međutim, ukazuju da se putem kontrole javnih prihoda može uticati na dinamiku diskrecionih primarnih javnih rashoda, što je u skladu sa Fridmanovom oporezuj-troši hipotezom. Rezultati iz II poglavlja, takođe, odbacuju hipotezu o Rikardijanskoj ekvivalenciji, i upućuju da je neto efekat pozitivnih fiskalnih inovacija povezan sa: 1) aprecijacijom realnog i nominalnog efektivnog deviznog kursa; 2) smanjenjem privatne štednje domaćinstava; i 3) rastom bruto investicija. Opisani transmisioni mehanizmi deluju, zatim, u pravcu pogoršanja spoljnotrgovinske pozicije Republike Srbije. Konačno, rezultati iz III poglavlja teze pokazuju da fiskalna reakcija javnog duga na rast u primarnom fiskalnom bilansu postaje statistički značajna, u proseku, tek dve godine od početka sprovođenja programa fiskalne konsolidacije, što je u skladu sa teorijskim postavkama rikardijanskog, tj., monetarno-dominantnog, režima formiranja cena. Pojava statistički značajne negativne autokorelacije u stohastičkim procesima za primarni i strukturni primarni fiskalni bilans nakon isteka perioda od 3 godine upućuje, međutim, na potencijalnu relevantnost nerikardijanskog, tj., fiskalno-dominantnog, režima formiranja cena u slučaju Republike Srbije nakon 2000. godine. This thesis explores the impact of fiscal policy on budgetary, external and price equilibria in the Republic of Serbia after the year 2000. The results from the I thesis chapter point to unsustainable fiscal practices, with a particular emphasis on the destabilising effects of the Great Recession and the electoral political cycle, and the stabilising effects of the “stand-by” arrangements with the IMF. Budgetary disequilibrium in Serbia emerged as a consequence of ad-hoc discretionary measures on both sides of the budget, which is in accordance with the institutional separation hypothesis between government revenues and expenditures. Certain econometric estimates from the II thesis chapter, however, imply how policy makers can curtail primary government expenditures via government revenues control, giving support to Friedman’s tax-spend hypothesis. Other results from the II thesis chapter, which are concerned with the impact of fiscal policy on external equilibrium, reject the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis, and show how the net effect of unanticipated positive budgetary changes is connected with: 1) real and nominal exchange rate appreciation; 2) lower private saving; 3) higher gross fixed capital formation. Aforementioned transmission mechanisms lead, consequently, to the contraction of net exports. Finally, the III thesis chapter shows how fiscal reaction of public debt to an increase in primary fiscal balance becomes statistically significant, on average, after 2 years of fiscal consolidation, an empirical result consistent with the Ricardian, i.e., monetary-dominant, price formation regime. The occurrence of statistically significant negative autocorrelation in the stochastic processes for primary fiscal balance and structural primary fiscal balance after a 3 year period points, however, to potential relevance of nonricardian, i.e., fiscally dominant, price formation regime in the Republic of Serbia after the year 2000.
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- 2019
29. Ekonometrijsko modeliranje efikasnosti i održivosti javne potrošnje u evropskim zemljama
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Glavaški, Olgica B., Dragutinović Mitrović, Radmila, Arsić, Milojko, Jovičić, Milena, and Josifidis, Kosta
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heterogeni paneli ,Public expenditure ,fiskalna održivost ,Heterogeneous panels ,Efficiency ,Fiscal sustainability ,(Multi)Cointegration ,javna potrošnja ,zajednički korelisani faktori ,zavisni paneli ,Common correlated factors ,(multi)kointegracija ,efikasnost ,Dependent panels - Abstract
Social sciences / econometrics U ovom radu se analizira fiskalna održivost, uticaj javne potrošnje na produbljivanje fiskalnog deficita i efikasnost politika javne potrošnje u 28 ekonomija Evropske Unije u periodu 1995-2014. godine, u okviru ekonometrijskih metoda nestacionarnih heterogenih panela, sa zavisnošću uporednih podataka. Fiskalna održivost je analizirana objedinjenjem pristupa o fiskalnoj održivosti zasnovanog na varijablama toka i pristupa na bazi modela stok-tok sa ciljem da se istraži drugi sloj kointegracije između javnog duga i javne potrošnje. Kako bi se obuhvatili heterogeni parametri i zavisnost po uporednim podacima u analiziranom uzorku panela, korišćen je metod (združenih) grupnih sredina i metodi sa zajedničkim korelisanim faktorima. Rezultati kointegracione analize upućuju da postoji slaba održivost, dok rezultati multikointegracionog pristupa pružaju heterogenu evidenciju o dubljoj kointegraciji, izdvajajući grupe ekonomija u kojima fiskalne vlasti prilagođavaju javnu potrošnju kako bi stabilizovale javni dug, u odnosu na ad hoc promene javne potrošnje. Pri istraživanju uticaja politika javne potrošnje na fiskalni deficit, upoređivani su rezultati dobijeni u klasičnim modelima panela prilagođenim kako bi obuhvatili uslovnu heterogenost i nestacionarnost, sa novim metodama zasnovanim na pristupu sa zajedničkim korelisanim faktorima. Dijagnostički testovi pokazuju da su preferabilni metodi koji obuhvataju neidentifikovane zajedničke faktore i zavisnost uporednih podataka. Determinante koje doprinose i remete fiskalnu ravnotežu su identifikovane, pri čemu u homogenom i heterogenom modelu izdaci za penzije predstavljaju važan remetilački faktor. U zemljama u kojima nije značajno faktorsko opterećenje, nije značajno ni prilagođavanje ravnotežnoj vezi, niti uticaj politika javne potrošnje na fiskalni deficit, upućujući da je pridržavanje fiskalnog okvira EU ključni faktor održivosti. Analiza efikasnosti diskrecionih mera na području politika socijalnog osiguranja, zdravstva i obrazovanja pri ispunjenju postavljenih ciljeva, ukazuje da postoji izražena heterogenost među članicama EU. Rezultati se ne mogu uopštiti za grupe evropskih zemalja (stare članice/emergentne ekonomije Evrope), jer postoje veće sličnosti između definisanih grupa, nego unutar grupa. Ispostavlja se da pristupanje EU ne znači automatsko poboljšanje u fiskalnoj politici, ali su pozitivna iskustva u kontekstu najbolje prakse zabeležena u određenim emergentnim ekonomijama Evrope. This paper analyzes fiscal sustainability, public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit deepening and efficiency of public expenditure policies in 28 countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2014, within econometric framework of nonstationary heterogeneous panels with cross-sectional dependence. Fiscal sustainability is analyzed by unifying the approach for fiscal sustainability testing based on flow variables, and the approach based on stock-flow models, with the aim to investigate second layer of cointegration, between public debt and public expenditure. In order to obtain heterogeneous parameters and cross-sectional dependency in analyzed sample, (pooled) mean group and common correlated factors approach are used. The results of cointegration analysis point to weak sustainability, while results of multicointegration approach provide heterogeneous evidence of deeper cointegration, distinguishing groups of economies in which fiscal authorities adjust their public expenditure in order to stabilize public debt, relative to ad hoc changes in public expenditures. In exploring public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit, we compared the results obtained by standard panel estimators modified to encompass restricted heterogeneity and nonstationarity, and results obtained by using estimators from common correlated factors approach. Diagnostic tests showed that preferable estimators are those which account for unobserved common factors incorporating cross-section dependence. The determinants which contribute and disturb fiscal balance are identified. According to the main findings of the paper pension expenditure is important disturbance factor. In economies with nonsignificant factor loadings, fiscal adjustment is not significant, nor public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit, indicating that compliance with EU fiscal framework is crucial factor of fiscal sustainability. Analysis of discretionary measures efficiency in the area of social insurance, health and education policies in meeting goals, indicates that there is a significant heterogeneity among the EU member states. The results could not be generalized to the groups of European countries (old members/emerging European economies), because there are more similarities between defined groups than within groups. It turns out that joining the EU does not automatically improve fiscal policy, but the positive experiences in the context of best practices are observed in certain emerging European economies.
- Published
- 2016
30. Analysis of alternative personal income tax models - effects of application in Serbia
- Author
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Saša D. Ranđelović, Arsić, Milojko, Bajec, Jurij, and Raičević, Božidar
- Subjects
inequality ,Inequality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,tax evasion ,porez na dohodak gradjana ,tax administration and compliance costs ,Tax evasion ,nejednakost ,poreska evazija ,equity ,stednja ,Economics ,automatski stabilizatori ,media_common ,Welfare economics ,savings ,1. No poverty ,Equity (finance) ,pravicnost ,zaposlenost ,automatic stabilizars ,efficiency ,8. Economic growth ,employment ,Personal income tax ,personal income tax ,troskovi administriranja i naplate poreza - Abstract
Porez na dohodak graĎana je jedan od poreskih oblika kod kojeg, kako u ekonomskoj teoriji, tako i u praksi, postoji veliki broj otvorenih pitanja, zbog izraţenog trade-off odnosa izmeĎu pravičnosti i efikasnosti. Stoga ne postoji uniformno, najbolje rešenje, već se ocena performansi poreza na dohodak vrši na osnovu definisanih ciljeva oporezivanja i odgovarajućih kriterijuma koji iz tih ciljeva proizilaze, polazeći od vaţećih teorijskih stavova i društvenih preferencija. Tako u savremenoj ekonomskoj teoriji postoji saglasnost da bi ovaj poreski oblik trebalo da bude horizontalno pravičan, da implicira niske troškove primene i umereno poresko opterećenje, jer je ocenjeno da ovaj porez, više nego većina drugih poreza, negativno utiče na ekonomsku efikasnost i dugoročan privredni rast. Često se takoĎe navodi da bi ovaj poreski oblik trebalo da bude i vertikalno pravičan (progresivan), što predstavlja legitiman cilj, ali koji proizilazi iz ličnih vrednosnih sudova, tako da oko njega ne postoji saglasnost. Postojeći sistem poreza na dohodak u Srbiji ne obezbeĎuje zadovoljavajući nivo horizontalne (ni vertikalne) pravičnosti u oporezivanju, alokativno je pristrasan, i relativno sloţen, što izaziva relativno visoke troškove administriranja i primene, zbog čega je njegova reforma neophodna. S obzirom da je reč o porezu koji u velikoj meri moţe uticati na ponašanje ekonomskih agenata, pri čemu ti ekonomski efekti zavise kako od parametrizacije poreza, tako i od strukturnih karakteristika svake zemlje (nivo i struktura dohodaka, nivo poreskog morala, preferencije društva i sl.) za utemeljeno ocenjivanje različitih rešenja neophodno je izvršiti empirijsku analizu osnovnih ekonomskih efekata, na podacima koji se odnose na konkretnu zemlju. Cilj ovog rada je da pruţi pregled relevantnih klasičnih i savremenih teorijskih stavova u vezi sa oporezivanjem dohotka graĎana, da na osnovu analiza iskustava drugih zemalja uputi na opšte zaključke u pogledu ekonomskih performansi alternativnih modela poreza na dohodak, i da na osnovu mikro i makroekonomskih podataka za Srbiju bude izvršena empirijska ocena i analiza osnovnih ekonomskih efekata koji bi u Srbiji bili ostvareni u slučaju primene svakog od razmatranih modela oporezivanja dohotka. In economic theory and practice there are many open questions related to design of personal income tax – probably more than in case of other taxes, due to equity-efficiency trade-off, which is highly related to this tax. Therefore, there is no uniform, single best solution, since the performances of each income tax model are dependent on the defined goals of taxation and respective criteria, which arise from the theory and social preferences. There is a consensus in contemporary economic theory on the need to provide horizontal equity in taxation of personal income, as well as modest administration and compliance costs and low tax burden, since there is empirical evidence that this tax distorts economic efficiency and long term economic growth, more than the most of other taxes. It is often argued that income tax should be vertically equitable (progressive), which is legitimate goal, but stemming from personal judgements, which is why there is no common agreement on this goal. Current personal income tax in Serbia is not horizontally (nor vertically) equitable, neither allocative neutral and rather complex, triggering relatively high administration and compliance costs, which is why its reform is necessary. Since this tax may have large influence on behavior of economic agents, the economic effects being dependent on its parameterization and structural features of each particular country (level and structure of income, tax moral, social preferences, etc.), in order to provide evidence based assessment of different income tax models, it is necessary to perform empirical estimate and analysis of main economic effects, based on the data related to that country. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into relevant classical and contemporary theory of income taxation, to make general conclusions on features of alternative income tax schemes based on the analysis of experience of other countries and to make empirical estimate and analysis of economic effects which would arise in Serbia in case of introduction of each of the alternative income tax models, based on relevant micro and macroeconomic data. In that respect, three revenue neutral income tax reform scenarios for Serbia have been drafted – flat, dual and comprehensive. Each of the reform scenarios is based on respective pure theoretical model.
- Published
- 2012
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