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To evaluate nanoleakage depth and pattern of cervical restorations bonded with different adhesive systems.Thirty-six extracted human premolar teeth were used for the study and grouped according to different bonding agents.Group I: fifth generation dentin bonding agent-ONE COAT SL.Group II: sixth generation dentin bonding agent-PARABOND.Group III: seventh generation dentin bonding agent-ONE COAT 7.0.For nanoleakage depth evaluation, 36 teeth were divided into three groups of 12 teeth each, according to adhesive systems used. For each adhesive system, teeth were subdivided into three subgroups of four teeth each, according to storage period, 24 hours, 1 month, and 3 months before the examination. In each tooth, two cavities were prepared (buccal and lingual), each cavity was lined with different adhesive systems and restored using a nanohybrid composite. The restored teeth were then immersed in water bath at temperature 37Group II showed the highest nanoleakage at all three periods. At 24 hours, group III showed more leakage than group I (mean = 0.28690.2506). At 1 month storage period, there was no significant difference in the leakage. At 3 months storage period, group III showed less leakage than group I (mean = 0.55440.7313).Bhupanapadu N, Sattar MA, Deb A. Evaluation of Nanoleakage Depth and Pattern of Cervical Restorations Bonded with Different Adhesive Systems. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):299-303.

Introduction: One of the causes for adverse perinatal outcome is asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A total of 205 urine specimens were collected by clean catch method from pregnant women attending Vinayaka Missions Medical College and Hospital, to screen asymptomatic bacteriuria. Collected urine samples were sent to microbiology laboratory and subjected to standard microbiological procedures to identify the pathogen. Results: Out of 205 midstream urine specimens, 21 samples yielded significant bacterial growth and accounted for 10% asymptomatic bacteriuria. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was predominantly found between the age group of 18-25 years (52.38%). Significant bacterial growth was found in the specimens collected during three trimesters. Predominantly growth was seen from the urine specimens collected during second 8 (38.10%) and third trimester 8 (38.10%). Escherichia coli was the predominant bacteria isolated and accounted for 33.33%. Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective towards Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Conclusion: In our study, prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriura among pregnant women was 10%. Predominantly isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli. Among commonly used antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective drug. Keywords: Asymptomatic bacteriuria, Escherichia coli, Nitrofurantoin.

Aim and objective To evaluate and compare the microleakage of unmodified microhybrid composite and 0.2% chitosan-incorporated composite in class V cavities restored immediately and after 3 months of storage in artificial saliva. Materials and methods Sixty human permanent maxillary premolars were collected and standardized class V cavity prepared on the buccal surface of each tooth with dimensions: mesiodistally 3 mm, occluso cervically 2 mm, and depth of 1.5 mm and restored with microhybrid composite and chitosan-incorporated composite resins respectively and randomly divided: Group I: control-microhybrid composite (n = 30): (a) 15 teeth tested immediately (b) 15 teeth tested after 3 months. Group II–restored with chitosan + composite (n = 30): (a) 15 teeth tested immediately (b) 15 teeth tested after 3 months. Specimens were stored in artificial saliva following which a dye extraction test was carried out using a spectrophotometer. Results There was no statistically significant difference in microleakage score between the chitosan-composite group and unmodified composite group when evaluated immediately after placing the restoration. Microleakage values of the unmodified composite group increased significantly after 3 months of storage in artificial saliva and values of the chitosan-composite group did not differ significantly even after 3 months of storage. Microleakage was seen significantly less in the chitosan-composite group compared to the unmodified composite group after 3 months of storage in artificial saliva. Conclusion It can be concluded that chitosan-incorporated composite seems to have improved mechanical properties and forms a more stable bond when compared with unmodified microhybrid composite in addition to being antibacterial. Clinical significance Considering the advantageous properties of this material, it may be clinically useful in restoring class V cavities in patients with high caries risk. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies need to be carried out. How to cite this article Deb A, Pai V, Nadig RR. Evaluation of Immediate and Delayed Microleakage of Class V Cavities Restored with Chitosan-incorporated Composite Resins: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5):621–627.

Origin of the new coronavirus (Sars‐CoV‐2), first detected in China at the end of 2019, has caused a worldwide pandemic. The panic is mainly because the virus is responsible for causing an acute respiratory syndrome (COVID‐19). Sars‐CoV‐2 has a high infectivity through airborne contamination. However, there is an increased infection risk in the dental environment as dental procedures involves a close contact with saliva, where the virus is present in greater number. This possesses a serious problem for dental professionals and patients. Therefore, this article highlights various precautionary measures to be taken to prevent the transmission of the virus from one person to another. This article also reviews extensively on the impact of Covid-19 has on the future of dentistry.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is still one of the most common infections among all age groups. The causative microorgnisms of UTI and their sensitivity to different antibiotics varies in different areas, and changes with time. This necessitates periodic studies of the causative uropathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Aim: To observe the profile of common uropathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: A contemplative study was done at the department of Microbiology of Ad-din Women’s Medical College, Dhaka (AWMCH), Bangladesh, during January to December, 2017. Clean-catch midstream urine samples were collected from 7139 suspected urinary tract infection patients of different age and sex groups. Uropathogens were identified by standard microbiological techniques and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Result: In this study, Out of 7139 patients, 1664 (23.3%) were growth positive for urine cultures. Majority of the patients (88.5%, 6315/7139) were female. The predominant isolate was E. coli 712 (42.8%), followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) 589 (35.4%), Acinetobacter 126 (7.5%), Enterobacter spp. 72 (4.3%), Klebsiella spp. 62 (3.7%), Enterococcus spp. & Proteus spp. 16 (1.9%). Imipe­nem (92%), amikacin (83.8%), piperacillin- tazobactum (85.4%), gentamycin (69.4%), levofloxacin (65.6%) shows higher sensitivity to Gram negative bacteria, whereas high resistance to ampicillin (17%), cephradin (11.8%), cotrim (26%) and amoxiclav (28%) were observed. On the other hand, Gram positive bacteria showed high resistance to nalidixic acid (70-95%), erythromy­cin (68-90%), and high sensitivity to nitrofurantoin, meropenem, vancomycin and linezolid. Vancomycin, linezolid and nitrofurantoin for Gram positive bacteria and amikacin, meropenem, piperc

AIMS Diastolic Ca release (DCR) from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca release channel ryanodine receptor (RyR2) has been linked to multiple cardiac pathologies, but its exact role in shaping divergent cardiac pathologies remains unclear. We hypothesize that the SR-mitochondria interplay contributes to disease phenotypes by shaping Ca signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS A genetic model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT2 model of CASQ2 knockout) and a pre-diabetic cardiomyopathy model of fructose fed mice (FFD), both marked by DCR, are employed in this study. Mitochondria Ca (mCa) is modulated by pharmacologically targeting mitochondria Ca uniporter (MCU) or permeability transition pore (mPTP), mCa uptake and extrusion mechanisms, respectively. An MCU activator abolished Ca waves in CPVT2 but exacerbated waves in FFD cells. Mechanistically this is ascribed to mitochondria's function as a Ca buffer or source of reactive oxygen species (mtROS) to exacerbate RyR2 functionality, respectively. Enhancing mCa uptake reduced and elevated mtROS production in CPVT2 and FFD respectively. In CPVT2, mitochondria took up more Ca in permeabilized cells, and had higher level of mCa content in intact cells vs FFD. Conditional ablation of MCU in the CPVT2 model caused lethality and cardiac remodeling, but reduced arrhythmias in the FFD model. In parallel, CPVT2 mitochondria also employ upregulated mPTP-mediated Ca efflux to avoid mCa overload, as seen by elevated incidence of MitoWinks (an indicator of mPTP-mediated Ca efflux) vs FFD. Both pharmacological and genetic inhibition of mPTP promoted mtROS production and exacerbation of myocyte Ca handling in CPVT2. Further, genetic inhibition of mPTP exacerbated arrhythmias in CPVT2. CONCLUSION In contrast to FFD, which is more susceptible to mtROS-dependent RyR2 leak, in CPVT2 mitochondria buffer SR-derived DCR to mitigate Ca-dependent pathological remodeling and rely on mPTP-mediated Ca efflux to avoid mCa overload. SR-mitochondria interplay contributes to the divergent pathologies by disparately shaping intracellular Ca signaling. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE It is well-established that RyR2 dysfunction is involved in a spectrum of pathological conditions including cardiac arrhythmias. In this study, two disease models marked by RyR2 dysfunction were employed to explore how the interplay between SR and mitochondria contributes to divergent cardiac pathologies. We found mitochondria act as essential Ca buffer to absorb SR-derived Ca to mitigate pathological remodeling in the genetic arrhythmic syndrome CPVT, but they are more susceptible to Ca overload or ROS-related exacerbation of RyR2 dysfunction in pre-diabetic cardiomyopathy. Thus, tailored therapies should be developed to target SR-mitochondria interplay in the aims of treating these diseases.

Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro microleakage of traditional micro hybrid composite resin and 0.2% chitosan-incorporated composite resin when restored in Class V cavities using total etch versus self-etch adhesives after storing in artificial saliva for 24 h. Materials and Methodology: Sixty permanent maxillary premolars collected and Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of each tooth (dimensions: mesio-distally 3 mm, occluso cervically 2 mm, and depth of 1.5 mm) and restored with Group 1: micro hybrid (30 teeth) and Group 2: chitosan-incorporated composite (30 teeth), which was further subdivided into: (a) 15 teeth using total-etch adhesives. (b) 15 teeth using self-etch adhesives. Next dye extraction test was carried out using spectrophotometer. Results: Comparison within groups: In Group 1: Self-etch demonstrated less microleakage (0.0129) compared with total etch (0.0183). The difference was statistically significant, and in Group 2: No statistically significant difference was found in mean microleakage scores after using either self-etch (0.0118) or total etch adhesives (0.0120). Conclusion: It can be concluded that chitosan-incorporated composite seems to have improved mechanical properties with a stable bond when used with either self-etch or total etch adhesives in addition to being antibacterial. It may be clinically useful in restoring Class V cavities in patients with high caries risk. However, further in vitro and in-vivo studies need to be carried out.

PRESENTATION OF THE CASE Patient is a 30 years old female, primigravida at 7 weeks 1 day of gestation by last menstrual period, came to Out Patient Department with complaints of severe lower abdominal pain since 2 days, more on January 3rd 2018 morning, it was associated with 1 episode of vomiting and nausea for 1 day. She denied any white discharge per vaginum, urinary symptoms, fever, chills, dizziness, palpitations or any other symptoms. She did not have any past history of abdominal surgery, abortion, pelvic inflammatory disease, use of any contraceptives.

With the increasing demand for better performance, capacity and higher bit rate in wireless communication systems, it is necessary to integrate wide variety communication services such as high speed data, video and voice signals. In this paper we propose to study the performance of channel estimation based on the algorithms LS, MMSE, P-MMSE and SP-MMSE in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system, which suffers from various interference losses. Here, the parameters MSE, BER, SNR are considered for the analysis of a better estimator to obtain maximum channel state information. Through the simulation results, it can be established that the estimators PMMSE and SP-MMSE has a considerable lower MSE (Mean Square Error) than the other estimators. The BER performance of PMMSE and SP-MMSE is also much better than that of the conventional estimators like LS, MMSE.