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Abstract Widespread use of lead acid batteries (LABs) is resulting in the generation of million tons of battery waste, globally. LAB waste contains critical and hazardous materials, which have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. In recent times, recycling of the LABs has become efficient but the collection of batteries in developing countries is not efficient, which led to the non-professional treatment and recycling of these batteries in the informal sector. This paper proposes a blockchain-enabled architecture for LAB circularity, which ensures authentic, traceable and transparent system for collection and treatment of batteries. The stakeholders—battery manufacturers, distributors, retailers, users, and validators (governments, domain experts, third party experts, etc.)—are integrated in the circular loop through a blockchain network. A mobile application user interface is provided to all the stakeholders for the ease of adoption. The batteries manufactured and supplied in a geographical region as well as the recycled materials at the battery end-of-life are traced authentically. This architecture is expected to be useful for the battery manufacturers to improve their extended producer responsibility and support responsible consumption and production.

This research explores the wide range of measurement techniques used to evaluate innovation in businesses. We suggest a potential method for developing theories by combining the collective knowledge of academics and practitioners with a synthesis of prior empirical findings. There are differences in opinion among experts and scholars regarding innovation measurement in the discourse. While some argue that analyzing the mechanisms promoting innovation is important, others stress the significance of analyzing its results. The discussion also touches on how much companies should develop their capacity for innovation in order to remain competitive in the marketplace. The usefulness and validity of different metrics and tools for measuring innovation remain controversial despite decades of research, with conflicting findings frequently appearing in published literature. We argue that innovation is a continuous process, as demonstrated by the results of applied research and development (R&D), which are informed by engineering practices, theoretical understandings, end-user needs, sustainability, and environmental impact. This study adds to the current conversation by putting forth a nuanced viewpoint that recognizes the complexity of innovation and pushes for an all-encompassing method of measurement.

Introduction: The Total Hip Replacement (THR) procedure is indicated to the treatment of choice in chronic refractory joint pain and some types of proximal femoral fractures. Component malalignment is a major cause of THR failure, making it crucial to position the components anatomically for long-term joint survival. Aim: To assess the radiological parameters of uncemented THR surgery. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King’s George Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, from June 2017 to May 2021. It included 72 patients who underwent unilateral uncemented THR for isolated hip diseases. Data was collected over the first two years and analysed. Demographic information and radiographic characteristics such as acetabular cup inclination and anteversion, femoral stem placement, vertical and horizontal centers of rotation, and limb length discrepancy were determined. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel 2018-19, and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 28.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The average age of the patients was 50.75±9.1 years. Comparison of acetabular cup inclination (preoperative 41.4±3.9° and postoperative 42.2±5.1°) and anteversion (preoperative 13.1±2.96° and postoperative 14.5±3.75°) showed non significant differences following treatment with a normal hip. However, there was a significant difference in the horizontal and vertical Centers Of Rotation (COR) following treatment with a normal hip. Conclusion: Preoperative radiological characteristics of the damaged hip were significantly restored to normal anatomy and alignment following surgery.

Background: Idiopathic clubfoot is one of the most common and complex congenital deformities which are difficult to correct. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness and results of the Ponseti method’s early use in the treatment of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV). Materials and Methods: Seventy-six feet in 50 patients of CTEV during the period of May 2019–May 2020 were studied. All the cases were treated by Ponseti technique. Children with idiopathic CTEV and age

Background: Increased risk of proximal humerus fractures are seen in elderly group as their bones are osteoporotic or brittle. Mode of trauma in elderly patients with severe osteoporosis, fractures usually resulted from low velocity indirect trauma while high velocity trauma like road traffic accident was the cause of these fractures in younger age group. Surgery can be an option to obtain a better functional outcome or when a complex fracture needs to be fixed. With the advantages and the paucity of data on the functional outcome and efficacy of the following internal fixation with the PHILOS plate for displaced proximal humerus fractures in mind, the present study was planned. Methodology: Patients who fulfilled the selection criteria were informed about the study and were then enrolled. Following the surgery, patients were followed up regularly at six weeks, three months, and six months. Final outcome was analyzed by Constant Shoulder Score. Christopher Constant, with the help of the late Alan Murley during the years 1981–1986, devised the Constant Score, which was first presented in a university thesis in 1986 and whose methodology was later published in 1987. Results: A total of 30 patients sustained with proximal humerus fractures were studied. In this study of final assessment were Found 73.2 % good to excellent outcome by using the Constant Shoulder Score. Conclusion: Following this study, the inference can be drawn that proximal humerus internal locking system for the management of proximal humerus fractures give a good functional outcome in most patients. Hence PHILOS plate application for fixation of fracture proximal humerus in elderly patients hence allowing early mobilization of the shoulder.

The study addresses the potential benefits for companies of adopting ChatGPT, a popular chatbot built on a large-scale transformer-based language model known as a generative pre-trained transformer (GPT). Chatbots like ChatGPT may improve customer service, handle several client inquiries at once, and save operational costs. Moreover, ChatGPT may automate regular processes like order tracking and billing, allowing human employees to focus on more complex and strategic responsibilities. Nevertheless, before deploying ChatGPT, enterprises must carefully analyze its use cases and restrictions, as well as its strengths and disadvantages. ChatGPT, for example, requires training data that is particular to the business domain and might produce erroneous and ambiguous findings. The study identifies areas of deployment of ChatGPT's possible benefits in enterprises by drawing on the literature that is currently accessible on ChatGPT, massive language models, and artificial intelligence. Then, using the PSI (Preference Selection Index) and COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment) approaches, potential advantages are taken into account and prioritized. By highlighting current trends and possible advantages in the industry, this editorial seeks to provide insight into the present state of employing ChatGPT in enterprises and research. ChatGPT may also learn biases from training data and create replies that reinforce those biases. As a result, enterprises must train and fine-tune ChatGPT to specific operations, set explicit boundaries and limitations for its use, and implement appropriate security measures to avoid malicious input. The study highlights the research gap in the dearth of literature by outlining ChatGPT's potential benefits for businesses, analyzing its strengths and limits, and offering insights into how organizations might use ChatGPT's capabilities to enhance their operations.

Antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to public health, raising the number of diseases in the community. Recent research has shown that plant-derived phenolic compounds have strong antimicrobial, antifungal, and cytotoxic properties against a variety of microorganisms and work as great antioxidants in such treatments. The goal of the current work is to evaluate the anticancerous, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities in the extracts of the different plant parts (leaves, stems, and roots) of S. carvifolia (L.) L. This is a medicinally important plant and has been used for different kinds of diseases and ailments such as hysteria and seizures. The phenolic compounds from the different plant parts were analyzed using HPLC and the following were found to be present: chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, rutin, syringic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and protocatechuic acid. Gallic acid was found to have the highest concentration (13.93 mg/g), while chlorogenic acid (0.25 mg/g) had the lowest. The maximum TPC value, which ranged from 33.79 to 57.95 mg GAE/g dry extract weight, was found in the stem. Root extract with 9.4 mg RE/g had the greatest TFC level. In the leaf and stem extracts, the RSC ranged from 0.747 mg/mL to 0.734 mg/1 mL GE/g dry extract weight, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to measure in vitro antioxidant activity. In a concentration-dependent way, promising antioxidant activity was reported. Moreover, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and the Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent technique were used to determine reducing sugar content and total phenolic content, respectively. Antibacterial activity against eight strains (MIC: 250–1,000 μg/mL) was analyzed, and the stem extract exhibited maximum activity. Antifungal activity was also assessed, and potent activity was reported especially in the extract obtained from the stem. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay in the A549 cell line, where different doses (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) of leaf, root, and stem extracts were used. Treatment with these extracts reduced the cell viability, indicating that S. carvifolia may possess anticancer potential, which can be of great therapeutic value.

Background: Saving natural head is the primary aim of management in delayed presented intracapsular fracture neck of femur, especially in young population. Anatomical reduction of these fractures is a difficult task. Rather more difficult is to decide the method of fixation which might require additive procedure(s) and one such method is valgus osteotomy and fixation devices which are technically demanding. Aims and Objectives: Our aim is to evaluate the practicality and validity of valgus osteotomy and fixation with Richard screw and double angle barrel plate in delayed presented (more than 3 weeks) fracture neck of femur in young adults. Materials and Methods: We treated 18 patients with mean age of 39 years who presented late with valgus inter-trochanteric osteotomy and fixed with Richard screw and double angle barrel plate. The cases were evaluated radiologically and clinically for Harris hip score, limb length discrepancy, union time, neck-shaft angle and complications such as avascular necrosis and implant cut through. Results: 15 out of 18 patients (83%) united in an average period of 15 weeks (12–28 weeks) clinically as well as radiologically. In more than 70% of patients, the average Harris hip score was “Excellent to Good” (Harris hip score >80). Pre-operative Pauwel’s angle has been corrected from 72.5 to 33. All the patients with united fracture were able to walk with full weight bearing, sit cross legged, squat, and perform SLR and do one-leg stance. Conclusion: Fixation with Richard screw and120° double angle barrel plate provides rigid bony fixation and restore the limb length after valgus inter-trochanteric osteotomy. Valgus inter-trochanteric osteotomy is an effective method to achieve union in neglected fracture neck of femur, as it facilitates added compression at fracture site and stable internal fixation.

A novel laboratory model was designed to study the arsenic (As) biotransformation potential of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis sp. and the cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum. The Algae were treated under different concentrations of As(III) to check their growth, toxicity optimization, and volatilization potential. The results revealed that the alga Nannochloropsis sp. was better adopted in term of growth rate and biomass than C. vulgaris and A. doliolum. Algae grown under an As(III) environment can tolerate up to 200 μM As(III) with moderate toxicity impact. Further, the present study revealed the biotransformation capacity of the algae A. doliolum, Nannochloropsis sp., and Chlorella vulgaris. The microalga Nannochloropsis sp. volatilized a large maximum amount of As (4,393 ng), followed by C. vulgaris (4382.75 ng) and A. doliolum (2687.21 ng) after 21 days. The present study showed that As(III) stressed algae-conferred resistance and provided tolerance through high production of glutathione content and As-GSH chemistry inside cells. Thus, the biotransformation potential of algae may contribute to As reduction, biogeochemistry, and detoxification at a large scale.

Abstract Background DNA barcoding is a powerful method for phylogenetic mapping and species identification. However, recent research has come to a consistent conclusion about the universality of DNA barcoding. We used matK and rbcL markers to test the universality of twelve accessions from different locations belonging to two Selinum species, Selinum tenuifolium Wall. C. B. Clarke and Selinum vaginatum C. B. Clarke, keeping in mind their ability to identify species and establish phylogenetic relationships within and between the accessions. Results The success rates of PCR amplification using matK and rbcL were 75.26% ± 3.65% and 57.24% ± 4.42%, and the rate of DNA sequencing was 63.84% ± 4.32% and 50.82% ± 4.36%, respectively, suggesting that success rates of species identification of the two fragments were higher than 41.00% (matK, 41.50% ± 2.81%; rbcL, 42.88% ± 2.59%), proving that these fragments might be used to identify species. The best evolutionary tree with good supporting values was produced utilizing combinations of matK + rbcL markers when phylogenetic relationships were built with random fragment combinations. The twelve accessions of Selinum collected from different locations and their molecular sequences of matK and rbcL markers were blasted with other genera of Apiaceae family, and it was found that Selinum is most closely related to Angelica species of Apiaceae family. Conclusion The present study has grouped twelve accessions of Selinum species using molecular markers into phylogenies, which is first-of-its-kind report that established interrelationships within different species of Apiaceae with respect to Selinum. Graphical abstract

Kaempferia, a genus of the family Zingiberaceae, is widely distributed with more than 50 species which are mostly found throughout Southeast Asia. These plants have important ethnobotanical significance as many species are used in Ayurvedic and other traditional medicine preparations. This genus has received a lot of scholarly attention recently as a result of the numerous health advantages it possesses. In this review, we have compiled the scientific information regarding the relevance, distribution, industrial applications, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, tissue culture and conservation initiative of the Kaempferia genus along with the commercial realities and limitations of the research as well as missing industrial linkages followed by an exploration of some of the likely future promising clinical potential. The current review provides a richer and deeper understanding of Kaempferia, which can be applied in areas like phytopharmacology, molecular research, and industrial biology. The knowledge from this study can be further implemented for the establishment of new conservation strategies.

Problem considered: Globally, smokeless tobacco (SLT) users are highest in India. Whilst, studies examined prevalence and determinants of SLT use, no evidence exists which examined the quantity of SLT consumed. Methods: Study utilized national representative data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) which adopted a multistage stratified area probability cluster sampling design. First, we computed the average SLT consumption per day (in grams) from the LASI data. Consecutively, we further utilized the projected population approximations from the 26th round of the official United Nations population estimates and prevalence rate of current SLT use from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS-2) and LASI Survey, separately to estimate SLT use pattern for the entire Indian population aged 45 or above. Results: The prevalence of current SLT use among older adults was 17.2% wherein the SLT use is higher among men (20.8%). On average, an older adult consumes 1.01 g of SLT on a daily basis. The range of SLT quantity consumed by users’ according to the LASI and GATS-2 prevalence, varies from 65,000 kg to 85,000 kg per day whereas, annual consumption ranges from 23 million kilograms to 32 million kilograms, respectively. Conclusion: The development of SLT cessation services examining the quantitative aspects of SLT use would be beneficial in tackling the high SLT burden in India and improving the rates of intention to quit.

Introduction: District Jaipur of Rajasthan has a high prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and it comes under category B of HIV transmission. The geographical and sociocultural environments of different states of India are different; hence, the profile of HIV cases also differs from place to place. Area-specific data regarding the profile of HIV cases attending the biggest government hospital of Jaipur could be utilized by higher authorities for the implementation of control measures. Objective: The objective was to describe the sociodemographic profile of HIV cases and to find out the comorbidity of TB-HIV cases. Materials and Methods: The hospital-based, observational, and descriptive study was undertaken at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Jaipur from 1 January to 28 February 2019. Primary data were collected from 220 HIV-positive cases through an interview, and secondary data were collected from case records. Results: The maximum cases (40%) were in the age group of 31 to 40 years. Around 30% of cases were unmarried, widows, or divorced. Half of them were from the below poverty line (BPL) families. Only 9% of patients had a college education. Every third case reported was a housewife. Around 13% of cases were not aware of their spouse’s HIV status. HIV-TB coinfection was present in 20% of cases. Conclusion: The majority of cases were from the sexually active age groups and were poor, unmarried, widows, or divorced, and housewives. The spouse of every eighth case was unaware of the HIV status of their partner. Tuberculosis (TB) was the most common coinfection. This basic information would help policymakers formulate better information, education and communication and control measures that are area and population specific.

Tobacco consumption accounts for approximately 80% of total death in low and middle income countries. According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2015) the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption is being highest in India for about 33% in men and 18% in female. Countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia have highest prevalence of women SLT consumers than males. Quitting of tobacco products is although a difficult process. Evidence suggests two methods that enable a person to quit smokeless tobacco are pharmacotherapy and counselling or advice. The telephonic quit line services is very popular in the US and Europe, however they have predominantly handled smoking cessation. In this study we have done the systematic review on effect of telephone quit line services over smokeless tobacco cessation. We have taken articles from well-known library Pub-Med and Google Scholar with proper inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the systematic review it was noted that use of telephone quit line has reported the quit rate of SLT in the range of 25 to 30% over the population of 1000 despite of many limitations. The smokeless tobacco cessation through telephone quit line is useful and convenient way for tobacco control. The government of India has looked forward into this issue and has recently launched the national telephone quit line services for the tobacco control. This review recommends a policy which has to be made by the Low and Middle income countries to establish the quit line services for the SLT cessation by telephone counselling, which will play important role in tobacco control.

Introduction: Infected non-union of Tibia is one of the most commonly faced problem in both compound as well as closed fractures of Tibia, treated surgically. Few patients also present with gap at the fracture site which may be either due to bone loss during trauma or due to debridement of dead bone during previous surgeries. Treatment of infected non-union is always challenging with unpredictable outcomes. Limb Reconstruction System (LRS) is one of the systems available to treat this complex situation. Aim: To evaluate the role of LRS in treatment of infected nonunion of Tibia in terms of union time, total duration of fixator applied and Visual Analouge Score (VAS). Materials and Methods: Twenty one patients of infected gap, non-union of tibia were included in the study and were treated with debridement, resection of dead bone and application of LRS and segment transport. The results were evaluated in terms of union time, total duration of fixator applied and VAS. Bony and functional assessment was done by Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Illizarov (ASAMI) criteria. SPSS statistics 24.0 was used for analysis. Mean, median and mode were used to describe continuous variable. Results: Out of 21 patients, 19 were males and two were females. The mean age of patients was 29.43±14.07 years. The mean limb length discrepancy was 23.3 mm (range, 15- 40 mm). The mean duration from injury to LRS application was 7.9 months (range, 6-12 months). Mean duration of follow-up was 29.5 months (range, 16-50 months). Average union time was 44 weeks and average fixator time was 11.2 months. Bony and function results were good and excellent in 90% cases. Conclusion: The use of monolateral rail external fixator LRS is an effective method for the treatment of infected non-union of tibia augmented with a fibular strut graft. This provides good results in terms of bony union, subsidence of infection and functional results.

Abstract Recent experimental observations of the charged hadron properties in $$U+U$$ U+U collisions at 193 GeV contradict many of the theoretical models of particle production including two-component Monte Carlo Glauber model. The experimental results show a small correlation between the charged hadron properties and the initial geometrical configurations (e.g. body–body, tip–tip etc.) of $$U+U$$ U+U collisions. In this article, we have modified the Monte Carlo HYDJET++ model to study the charged hadron production in $$U+U$$ U+U collisions at 193 GeV center-of-mass energy in tip–tip and body–body initial configurations. We have modified the hard as well as soft production processes to make this model suitable for $$U+U$$ U+U collisions. We have calculated the pseudorapidity distribution, transverse momentum distribution and elliptic flow distribution of charged hadrons with different control parameters in various geometrical configurations possible for $$U+U$$ U+U collision. We find that HYDJET++ model supports a small correlation between the various properties of charged hadrons and the initial geometrical configurations of $$U+U$$ U+U collision. Further, the results obtained in modified HYDJET++ model regarding $$dn_{ch}/d\eta $$ dnch/dη and elliptic flow ($$v_{2}$$ v2 ) suitably matches with the experimental data of $$U+U$$ U+U collisions in minimum bias configuration.

Analysis of high multiplicity events produced in 158A GeV/c 208Pb-208Pb collisions is carried out to study the event-by-event fluctuations. The findings reveal that the method of scaled factorial moments can be used to identify the events having densely populated narrow phase space bins. A few events sorted out by adopting this approach are individually analyzed. It is observed that these events do exhibit large fluctuations in their pseudorapidity, η, and azimuthal angle, ϕ, distributions arising due to some dynamical reasons. Two-particle Δη-Δϕ correlation study applied to these events too indicates that some complex two-dimensional structure of significantly high magnitude is present in these events which might have some dynamical origin. The findings reveal that the method of scaled factorial moments may be used as an effective triggering for events with large dynamical fluctuations.

Introduction: Fracture of humeral shaft are commonly encountered by an orthopedic surgeon and accounting for approximately 3-5% of all fractures. we conducted a prospective comparative study of surgical stabilisation of diaphyseal humerus fracture by locking compression plate with stack nailing a very low cost method of treatment. Materials and Methods: 60 consecutive patients operated with either locking compression plating or stack nailing for acute fractures of shaft humerus during the period from 2009 to 2011 with minimum follow-up of 12 months were included in the present analysis. Results: Five out of the sixty patients showed non-union (1 in plating and 4 in stack nailing). Conclusion: We conclude from the study that locking compression plating is the preferred method in the majority of fractures of the shaft of the humerus with better preservation of joint function and lesser need for secondary bone grafting for union and with better preservation of joint function.