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3. B. viridipallidum Vuong, Aver. & V.C.Nguyen sp. nov. (Fig. 2). Type:— VIETNAM. Kon Tum Province, Dak Ha District, Dak Psi Commune, Dak Trua Forest, epiphyte on tall trees, 16 February 2023, Truong Ba Vuong, BV 1688 (holotype VNM00043087!). Etymology: —the specific epithet refers to the pale greenish yellow lateral sepals, a character common with related species. Description:—Herb perennial, epiphytic. Pseudobulbs densely clustering, ovoid to broadly ovoid, sometime slightly compress, 7–16 mm long, 5–17 mm in diameter, 2-leaved. Leaves deciduous, plant leafless at anthesis. Inflorescence from base of pseudobulbs; peduncle greenish-yellow, 39 – 40 cm long, at base with 2 scarious, brownish overlapping tubular bracts, above with 2 similar bracts; rachis pendulous, 3.5 – 4 cm long, bearing 6 simultaneously opening flowers; floral bract triangular, brown 1.7–2 mm long, acute; pedicel and ovary 2.5–3 mm long, pedicel terete shorter than conoid ovary. Flowers odorless, lateral sepals pale greenish yellow; median sepal and petals pale reddish brown, lip white speckled with pink or pink purple, callus yellow, with many pink dots at apex dark purple. Median sepal ovate to broadly ovate, ca. 5.5 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide, acuminate to attenuate, adaxially in middle with 2 prominent keels, in apical half sparsely hairy with stiff hairs. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong lanceolate, ca. 4 cm long, ca. 0.3 cm wide, acute, twisted at base, lower margin free at base, connate to the tip, adaxial surface sparsely hairy with short stiff hairs. Petals obliquely triangular, glabrous, 4–4.5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, margin fimbriate, acuminate to attenuate. Lip simple, oblong in outline, 3–3.2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, movably adnate to column foot by small ligament, apex rounded; margins in basal half erect, finely papillose, apical half fimbriate along the margin; adaxial surface at base with 2 rounded longitudinal calli fused distally into a single prominent central longitudinal keel inflated at the lip apex turn into prominent half-ovoid callus; abaxial sparely pillose. Column ca. 1.5 mm long, at front with inconspicuous rounded wings; column foot 2–2.5 cm long, forward directed, straight; stelidia subulate, ca. 1 mm long, slightly curved; stigma half circular, concave, ca. 1 mm across; rostelum non protruding; anther cap helmet shaped, ca. 1 mm long, apex with a gibbose densely papillose inflation; pollinia 4, bright yellow, half ovoid, inner smaller than outer. Fruits not seen. Habitat and phenology: —Epiphyte on tall trees in evergreen broad-leaved forest. Flowering observed during February. Distribution: — VIETNAM (Kon Tum Province, Dak Ha District). Endemic. Proposed conservation status:—According to currently available data, the new species is very rare and found only from one location. More field studies are required for preparing its conservation assessment. In view of gaps in data and in accordance with IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2022), the species should be assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Notes:—The new species in its entire median sepal is similar B. kanburiense and B. khaoyaiense. It also similar with B. wallichii in two prominent calli placed on the lip base. The dorsal sepal and flower comparison is presented on Fig. 3. The morphological differences of the new species and morphologically similar species are presented in the table. Data of B. wallichii based on BV 1484 (VNM 00043086), BV 1483 (LE 01123508 & LE 01169312); data of B. kanburiense based on Seidenfaden (1970: 344); data of B. khaoyaiense based on Seidenfaden & Smitinand (1965: 795) and Seidenfaden (1970: 342).

4. B. refractum (Zollinger 1847: 456) Reichenbach (1861: 259), Seidenfaden (1970: 347), Averyanov (1994: 284), Seidenfaden (1992: 263). (Fig. 4). ≡ Cirrhopetalum refractum Zollinger 1847: 456. Type:— INDONESIA. Java, Zollinger, 2261 (G00165064 photo!). ≡ Phyllorkis refracta (Zollinger 1847: 456) Kuntze (1891: 677). ≡ Tripudianthes refracta (Zollinger 1847: 456) Szlachetko & Kras (2007: 96). Habitat and phenology: —Epiphyte on tall trees in primary evergreen broad-leaved forests. Flowering observed in December–February. Distribution: — Vietnam (Lam Dong, Gia Lai, Dak Nong, Binh Phuoc, Dien Bien provinces), Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Java and Sumatra. Proposed conservation status:—According to currently available data, B. refractum seems quite common in Vietnam. Due to attractive nature of flowers, the species is widely collected for trade. Based on the national EOO 148,826.741 km 2 and AOO 28.000 km 2, and in accordance with IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2022), the species should be assessed in Vietnam as VU B2ab(v). The verifiable data for this species’ conservation status outside Vietnam is not available. Note:—Common in Vietnam, with relatively large flowers having a large dorsal sepal. The species is sometime misidentified as B. kanburiense; the main differences is indicated under the note for B. kanburiense. The drawing of Pham Hoang Ho (1992: 844) named as B. refractum possibly based on specimens of Tixier 15 (P 00348218) having a very small dorsal sepal typical for B. wallichii. Studied specimens: — VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, Annam: piste de Fyan, 1957, Tixier, 15 (P 00348218 photo!). VIETNAM, Gia Lai Province, 1987, Averyanov, LX-VN 2143a/190a (photos LE 01057662!, LE 01087253!). VIETNAM, Binh Phuoc Province, 2005, Averyanov et al., HLF 4932a (photos LE 01087116!). VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, 2011, NPT 006 (photos LE 0105766!, LE 01070245!). VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, 2018, Truong Ba Vuong, Ngo Quang Dang, BV 1035 (VNM 00043084!). VIETNAM, Gia Lai Province, Truong Ba Vuong, BV 1083 (VNM 00043085!). VIETNAM, Dak Nong Province, 2019, Averyanov, Nguyen Van Canh, T. Maisak, AL 1183.4 (photos LE 01067185!). VIETNAM, Dak Lak, 2019, Truong Ba Vuong, BV 532 (VNM 00043069!). VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, 2021, Truong Ba Vuong, Ngo Quang Dang, BV 1046 (photos LE 01089814!, VNM 00043072!). VIETNAM, Dien Bien Province, 2023, Nguyen Sinh Khang, AL 2191 (photos LE 01123884!). INDONESIA, Java, 1844, Zollinger, 2261 (isotype P 00347107 photo!)., Published as part of Nguyen, Van Canh, Averyanov, Leonid V., Maisak, Tatiana V., Nguyen, Thi Lien Thuong, Nguyen, Van Khuong, Pham, Thi Thanh Dat, Nguyen, Danh Duc, Dang, Van Son, Aromyen, Warapong & Truong, Ba Vuong, 2023, The review of Bulbophyllum section Tripudianthes (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam with the description of new species, B. viridipallidum, pp. 59-68 in Phytotaxa 598 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958804, {"references":["Zollinger, H. (1847) Orchidaee. In: Observationes phytographicae, praecipue genera et species nova nonnulla respicientes. Flora oder Botanische Zeitung: welche Recensionen, Abhandlungen, Aufsatze, Neuigkeiten und Nachrichten, die Botanik betreffend, enthalt 30: 456.","Reichenbach, H. G. (1861) Orchides. In: Mueller, C. (ed.) Synopsis plantarum phanerogamicarum novarum omnium. Walpers Annales Botanices Systematicae 6: 167 - 933.","Seidenfaden, G. (1970) Contributions to the Orchid Flora of Thailand II. Botanisk Tidsskrift 65 (4): 313 - 370.","Averyanov, L. V. (1994) Identification guide to Vietnamese orchids. World & family. Saint-Petersburg. 432 pp.","Seidenfaden, G. (1992) The Orchid of Indochina. Opera Botanica 114: 1 - 502.","Kuntze, O. (1891) Cirrhopetalum refracta. Revisio generum plantarum: vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. Vol. 2. Leipzig. 1011 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124064","Szlachetko, D. L. & Kras, M. (2007) Contribution a la revision generique de Bulbophyllinae (Epidendroideae) 5 - Tripudianthes (Seidenfaden). Richardiana 7: 94 - 96.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https: // nc. iucnredlist. org / redlist / content / attachment _ files / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 2 April 2023)"]}

2. B. wallichii Reichenbach (1861: 259). (Fig. 1). Type:— NEPAL. 1832, Wall. Cat. n. 1980 (K000894326 photo!). ≡ Cirrhopetalum wallichii Lindley (1839: 72), non Wallich (1830: 51). ≡ Tripudianthes wallichii (Reichenbach) Szlachetko & Kras (2007: 96). ≡ Bulbophyllum refractoides Seidenfaden (1970: 342), nom. superfluum. Habitat and phenology: —Epiphyte on tall trees in evergreen broad-leaved forest. Distribution: — Vietnam (Lam Dong Province), Nepal, NE India, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos. Proposed conservation status:—According to currently available data, B. wallichii is found only in one location as a clustering epiphyte on tall tree in primary broad-leaved forest in Lam Dong Province. There is no direct threat to this habitat. Hence the species can be assessed in Vietnam as Vulnerable based on small AOO, VU D2. Meanwhile, there is insufficient data for global distribution area of this specie where its conservation status should be identified as Data Deficient (DD). Note:— Seidenfaden (1970: 342) considered the collection, Tixier 15 (P00348218) as Bulbophyllum refractoides, which is currently accepted as a synonym of B. wallichii. However, the line drawing of Tixier on the herbarium sheet clearly shows the dorsal sepal with stiff hairs on inner surface and on the margin (not fimbriate as in B. wallichii). We suspect the identification of this specimen may be incorrect. Meanwhile, additional specimens of the true B. wallichii were recently collected in Vietnam, in Lam Dong Province. These collections are presently confirmed by the voucher specimens (BV 1483, 1484) stored at LE (LE01169312! & LE01169312!) and VNM (VNM00043086!) Herbaria. At the same time, the specimen from NE India collected by Hooker and Thomson (P00362039) seem different from the type in a longer dorsal sepal with acuminate (not caudate) apex, and may represent separate variety or even species; which require detailed study. Studied specimens: — VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, 14 December 2021, Truong Ba Vuong & Nguyen Phi Tam, BV 1483 (photos LE01123508!, LE01169312), BV 1484 (VNM00043086!). INDIA, Sikkim, Donné par M. M. J-D. Hooker et Thomson 1859 s.n. (P00362039 photo!). INDIA, Sikkim Himalaya, December 1892, Pantling 24 (P00362038 photo!)., Published as part of Nguyen, Van Canh, Averyanov, Leonid V., Maisak, Tatiana V., Nguyen, Thi Lien Thuong, Nguyen, Van Khuong, Pham, Thi Thanh Dat, Nguyen, Danh Duc, Dang, Van Son, Aromyen, Warapong & Truong, Ba Vuong, 2023, The review of Bulbophyllum section Tripudianthes (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam with the description of new species, B. viridipallidum, pp. 59-68 in Phytotaxa 598 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958804, {"references":["Reichenbach, H. G. (1861) Orchides. In: Mueller, C. (ed.) Synopsis plantarum phanerogamicarum novarum omnium. Walpers Annales Botanices Systematicae 6: 167 - 933.","Lindley, J. (1839) Cirrhopetalum in Miscellaneous Notices. Edwards's botanical register 25: 72.","Wallich, N. (1830) Cirrhopetalum wallichii. In: Plantae Asiaticae rariores, or, Descriptions and figures of a select number of unpublished East Indian plants. London, Treuttel and Wu ¨ rtz. pp. 53, Tab. 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 468","Szlachetko, D. L. & Kras, M. (2007) Contribution a la revision generique de Bulbophyllinae (Epidendroideae) 5 - Tripudianthes (Seidenfaden). Richardiana 7: 94 - 96.","Seidenfaden, G. (1970) Contributions to the Orchid Flora of Thailand II. Botanisk Tidsskrift 65 (4): 313 - 370."]}

1. B. tripudians Parish & Reichenbach (1875: 154), Seidenfaden (1970: 341, 1979: 189), Ormerod et al. (2021: 50). Type:— MYANMAR. Mon State: Mawlamyine District, Parish 308 (K 000829091 photo!). ≡ B. tripudianthe Shaw (2016: 124), nom. superfluum. ≡ Tripudianthes tripudians (Parish & Reichenbach 1875: 154) Szlachetko & Kras (2007: 96). Habitat and phenology: —Epiphyte on tall trees in broad-leaved evergreen forest. Flowering observed in February– March. Distribution: — Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (?). Proposed conservation status:—According to currently available data, B. tripudians is a very rare species recorded from a single collection made by Poilane in 1933. More field studies are necessary for the identification of its conservation status. In view of lack of current data and in accordance with IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2022), the species should be assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Note: —The occurrence of this species in Vietnam is based on a single collection by Poilane (P 00362016) made in Lam Dong Province, in Bao Loc District. However, specimens on the herbarium sheet (especially on the rightside) show a large dorsal sepal do not attenuate at apex that is typical for B. refractum, hence the identification on our opinion may be doubtful. Studied specimens: — VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, “Annam: un peu au sud de la station agricole de Blao, prov. du Haut Donaï”, 1933, Poilane, 22157 (P 00362016 photo!)., Published as part of Nguyen, Van Canh, Averyanov, Leonid V., Maisak, Tatiana V., Nguyen, Thi Lien Thuong, Nguyen, Van Khuong, Pham, Thi Thanh Dat, Nguyen, Danh Duc, Dang, Van Son, Aromyen, Warapong & Truong, Ba Vuong, 2023, The review of Bulbophyllum section Tripudianthes (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam with the description of new species, B. viridipallidum, pp. 59-68 in Phytotaxa 598 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958804, {"references":["Seidenfaden, G. (1970) Contributions to the Orchid Flora of Thailand II. Botanisk Tidsskrift 65 (4): 313 - 370.","Seidenfaden, G. (1979) Orchid genera in Thailand 8: Bulbophyllum. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 33 (3): 1 - 228.","Ormerod, P, Kurzweil, H. & Watthana, S. (2021) Annotated List of Orchidaceae for Myanmar. Phytotaxa 481 (1): 1 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 481.1.1","Shaw, J. M. H. (2016) Bulbophyllum tripudianthe in Orchid Review 124 (1314): 35.","Szlachetko, D. L. & Kras, M. (2007) Contribution a la revision generique de Bulbophyllinae (Epidendroideae) 5 - Tripudianthes (Seidenfaden). Richardiana 7: 94 - 96.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https: // nc. iucnredlist. org / redlist / content / attachment _ files / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 2 April 2023)"]}

5. B. kanburiense Seidenfaden (1970: 344), Seidenfaden (1979: 190), Ormerod et al. (2021: 36). Type: — THAILAND, Thawng Phaphum, Kanburi, Seidenfaden & Smitinand, GT 4259 (C). ≡ Tripudianthes kanburiensis (Seidenfaden) Szlachetko & Kras (2007: 95). Habitat and phenology: —Epiphyte on tall trees in primary evergreen broad-leaved forests. Distribution: — Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (?) Proposed conservation status:—According to currently available data, the occurrence of B. kanburiense in Vietnam is unclear. More field studies are required to confirm the distribution of this species in Vietnam. In view of lack of current data and in accordance with IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2022), the species is assessed nationally as Data Deficient (DD). The conservation status of this species outside Vietnam has not been evaluated yet. Studied specimens:— MYANMAR, 1932, Dickason 5770, (A02386360 photo!,AMES45519photo!). VIETNAM, Lam Dong, 1982, Averyanov, LX-VN 973 (photos LE01055686!, LE01055687!). Note:—This species is similar to B. refractum, from which it differs by having a smaller median sepal, less than 5.5 mm long (vs. median sepal longer than 8 mm), shorter lateral sepals 2.5 cm (vs. longer than 3 cm), and acuminate petals (vs. petals acute). Two collections housed in LE Herbarium: LE01055686 and LE01055687 identified as B. kanburiense show entire dorsal sepal and subulate petals typical for B. refractum according to Seidenfaden (1992: 261). However, these specimens have lateral sepals 3.5–4 cm long (vs. median sepal of B. kanburiense according to protologue is about 2.5 cm long), hence the identification of mentioned collection remains somewhat doubtful. We have not seen any more collections from Vietnam, which can confirm the occurrence of B. refractum in Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Van Canh, Averyanov, Leonid V., Maisak, Tatiana V., Nguyen, Thi Lien Thuong, Nguyen, Van Khuong, Pham, Thi Thanh Dat, Nguyen, Danh Duc, Dang, Van Son, Aromyen, Warapong & Truong, Ba Vuong, 2023, The review of Bulbophyllum section Tripudianthes (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam with the description of new species, B. viridipallidum, pp. 59-68 in Phytotaxa 598 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958804, {"references":["Seidenfaden, G. (1970) Contributions to the Orchid Flora of Thailand II. Botanisk Tidsskrift 65 (4): 313 - 370.","Seidenfaden, G. (1979) Orchid genera in Thailand 8: Bulbophyllum. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 33 (3): 1 - 228.","Ormerod, P, Kurzweil, H. & Watthana, S. (2021) Annotated List of Orchidaceae for Myanmar. Phytotaxa 481 (1): 1 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 481.1.1","Szlachetko, D. L. & Kras, M. (2007) Contribution a la revision generique de Bulbophyllinae (Epidendroideae) 5 - Tripudianthes (Seidenfaden). Richardiana 7: 94 - 96.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https: // nc. iucnredlist. org / redlist / content / attachment _ files / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 2 April 2023)","Seidenfaden, G. (1992) The Orchid of Indochina. Opera Botanica 114: 1 - 502."]}

Bulbophyllum sect. Tripudianthes Seidenfaden (1979: 188). Type:— B. tripudians Parish & Reichenbach (1875: 154). = Tripudianthes Szlachetko & Kras (2007: 94). 10–11 species in Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, S China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Java, and Sumatra. In Vietnam 3–5 species, 1 endemic. Identification key to species of Bulbophyllum section Tripudianthes reported in the flora of Vietnam Species, the occurrence of which needs confirmation are designated by asterisk (*) 1. Median sepal with entire margin........................................................................................................................................................2 –. Median sepal with ciliate or fimbriate margin....................................................................................................................................4 2. Median sepal attenuate, with filiform appendage at apex................................................................................................. B. wallichii –. Median sepal acuminate, rarely with short seta at apex.....................................................................................................................3 3. Median sepal ovate, acuminate; lateral sepals 3–5.5 cm long; petals acuminate.......................................................... B. tripudians * –. Median sepal narrowly ovate, acute; lateral sepals ca. 2.5 cm long; petals aristate.................................................. B. kanburiense * 4. Median sepals ovate, attenuate................................................................................................................................. B. viridipallidum –. Median sepal elliptic, obtuse to acute............................................................................................................................... B. refractum, Published as part of Nguyen, Van Canh, Averyanov, Leonid V., Maisak, Tatiana V., Nguyen, Thi Lien Thuong, Nguyen, Van Khuong, Pham, Thi Thanh Dat, Nguyen, Danh Duc, Dang, Van Son, Aromyen, Warapong & Truong, Ba Vuong, 2023, The review of Bulbophyllum section Tripudianthes (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam with the description of new species, B. viridipallidum, pp. 59-68 in Phytotaxa 598 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958804, {"references":["Seidenfaden, G. (1979) Orchid genera in Thailand 8: Bulbophyllum. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 33 (3): 1 - 228.","Szlachetko, D. L. & Kras, M. (2007) Contribution a la revision generique de Bulbophyllinae (Epidendroideae) 5 - Tripudianthes (Seidenfaden). Richardiana 7: 94 - 96."]}