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Abstract Without intervention, cardiac arrhythmias pose a risk of fatality. However, timely intervention can be challenging in environments where transporting a large, heavy defibrillator is impractical, or emergency surgery to implant cardiac stimulation devices is not feasible. Here, we introduce an injectable cardiac stimulator, a syringe loaded with a nanoparticle solution comprising a conductive polymer and a monomer that, upon injection, forms a conductive structure around the heart for cardiac stimulation. Following treatment, the electrode is cleared from the body, eliminating the need for surgical extraction. The mixture adheres to the beating heart in vivo without disrupting its normal rhythm. The electrofunctionalized injectable cardiac stimulator demonstrates a tissue-compatible Young’s modulus of 21 kPa and a high conductivity of 55 S/cm. The injected electrode facilitates electrocardiogram measurements, regulates heartbeat in vivo, and rectifies arrhythmia. Conductive functionality is maintained for five consecutive days, and no toxicity is observed at the organism, organ, or cellular levels.

Students in the 3rd and 4th grade often encounter what has been called a reading "slump" when their class curriculums increasingly ask them to comprehend and learn from texts. Students are more likely to struggle if they have not been offered sufficient opportunities to build world and domain knowledge and engage in challenging comprehension tasks while developing their reading skills. Thus, it is essential to give young readers opportunities to build their world and domain knowledge and to teach them comprehension strategies such as asking questions, paraphrasing, and self-explaining. This paper introduces iSTART-Early, an intelligent tutoring system designed to provide instruction and practice opportunities for students to learn comprehension strategies and build knowledge about diverse topics. The theoretical foundations, history and efficacy, and design of iSTART-Early are discussed.

Despite the proliferation of video-based instruction and its benefits--such as promoting student autonomy and self-paced learning--the complexities of online teaching remain a challenge. To be effective, educators require extensive training in digital teaching methodologies. As such, there's a pressing need to examine and comprehend the intricacies of instructors' communication patterns within this context. This research addresses the pressing need to understand pedagogical discourse in online video lectures in Algebra classes by employing computational linguistic tools and natural language processing (NLP). Using transcripts from 125 Algebra 1 video lectures--comprising 4962 instances of pedagogical discourse--from five instructors at Math Nation, a virtual math learning environment, we analyzed the conveyance of linguistic, attitudinal, and emotional nuances. With the aid of 26 Coh-Metrix and SÉANCE features, we classified educators' language choices, achieving an accuracy of 86.7%. Furthermore, variations in language choices, as signified by discourse markers, were examined through a K-means clustering approach. The resulting 17 clusters were grouped into interpersonal, structural, and cognitive pedagogic functions. Through this exploration, we demonstrate the promising potential of NLP in efficiently deciphering pedagogical communication patterns in video lectures. These insights open a new avenue for research, aimed at assessing the efficacy of digital instruction by scrutinizing pedagogical discourse characteristics in computer-based learning environments.

Young children frequently exhibit persistent overconfidence when evaluating their own physical and cognitive abilities. Although task persistence due to overconfidence may be beneficial in some instances, it may also have adverse effects on academic performance. For example, children may reduce cognitive effort because they mistakenly believe that they understand novel tasks. The present work examined two contexts under which young children make more accurate predictions regarding their own ability to recall previously presented items: peer modeling and the number of items to be recalled. Two experiments using the picture recall paradigm demonstrated that both peer modeling and item magnitude may positively impact prediction accuracy and decrease overconfidence in young children. Despite the impact of these interventions on children's recall predictions as a whole, most children were still overconfident in their judgments of learning (JOL). Thus, lending support to our hypothesis that targeted interventions may reduce, but not eliminate, children's overconfidence in their own cognitive abilities.

Background: Anterior glenohumeral instability is common in the young and athletic population and can develop from a dislocation or subluxation event. Avulsion of the anterior inferior glenoid labrum (Bankart lesion) occurs in over 90% of these events. In patients who have unsuccessful conservative management or present with a high risk for redislocation, surgical intervention is indicated. This video presents our technique for arthroscopic anterior and inferior labral repair. Indications: In addition to those patients who have unsuccessful conservative management, surgical management of anterior glenohumeral instability is indicated in patients who are at high risk for redislocation after an initial instability event. These patients include young age and participation in contact sports. Generally, glenoid bone loss over 25% warrants open bony augmentation, but arthroscopic bony augmentation techniques are evolving. Further, the management of “near-track” lesions, or “on-track” lesions with a small distance to dislocation value, remains controversial. Technique Description: This procedure is performed in the lateral decubitus position. A second anterior portal is created distal and lateral to the first anterior portal, entering the shoulder joint just above the subscapularis. The anterior-inferior labrum is prepared with an arthroscopic elevator, followed by a rasp and superior labral anterior and posterior burr. A suture tape is then shuttled around the labrum and the anchor drilled in the appropriate position at the glenoid rim, not violating the cartilage. Anchor placement occurs from an inferior to a superior fashion until the entire labral injury is repaired. Results: This video presents a technique to achieve arthroscopic fixation of an anterior-inferior labral tear in a young athlete with anterior glenohumeral instability. Patients are taken through 3 phases of rehabilitation before return to sport-specific activities, such as contact sports, around 6 months postoperatively. Return-to-sport rates for contact and collision athletes range from 80% to 100%, with recurrent rates ranging from 5% to 20%. Discussion/Conclusion: Arthroscopic anterior-inferior labral repair is a useful technique for minimally invasive glenohumeral stabilization in indicated patients who have minimal glenoid bone loss. Portal placement, labral mobilization, and glenoid preparation are paramount in optimizing the healing potential of the fixation construct. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death that results from excess lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes. Within the last decade, physiological and pathological roles for ferroptosis have been uncovered in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, infection, and cancer biology. Excitingly, cancer cell metabolism may be targeted to induce death by ferroptosis in cancers that are resistant to other forms of cell death. Ferroptosis sensitivity is regulated by oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and iron metabolism, which are all influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Whereas some cancer cell types have been shown to adapt to these stressors, it is not clear how immune cells regulate their sensitivities to ferroptosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of ferroptosis sensitivity in different immune cell subsets, how ferroptosis influences which immune cells infiltrate the TME, and how these interactions can determine epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. While much focus has been placed on inducing ferroptosis in cancer cells, these are important considerations for how ferroptosis-modulating strategies impact anti-tumor immunity. From this perspective, we also discuss some promising immunotherapies in the field of ferroptosis and the challenges associated with targeting ferroptosis in specific immune cell populations.

Abstract In muscular dystrophies, muscle fibers loose integrity and die, causing significant suffering and premature death. Strikingly, the extraocular muscles (EOMs) are spared, functioning well despite the disease progression. Although EOMs have been shown to differ from body musculature, the mechanisms underlying this inherent resistance to muscle dystrophies remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate important differences in gene expression as a response to muscle dystrophies between the EOMs and trunk muscles in zebrafish via transcriptomic profiling. We show that the LIM-protein Fhl2 is increased in response to the knockout of desmin, plectin and obscurin, cytoskeletal proteins whose knockout causes different muscle dystrophies, and contributes to disease protection of the EOMs. Moreover, we show that ectopic expression of fhl2b can partially rescue the muscle phenotype in the zebrafish Duchenne muscular dystrophy model sapje, significantly improving their survival. Therefore, Fhl2 is a protective agent and a candidate target gene for therapy of muscular dystrophies.

With the growing number of primary arthroscopies performed, patients requiring revision hip arthroscopies for various issues is high including postoperative adhesion formation, a source of pain, mechanical symptoms, range of motion limitation, stiffness, and microinstability. Adhesions are a consequence of biological pathways that have been stimulated by injury or surgical interventions leading to an increased healing response. Preventative efforts have included surgical adjuncts during/after primary hip arthroscopy, biologic augmentation, and postoperative rehabilitation. Treatment options for adhesion formation includes surgical lysis of adhesions with or without placement of biologic membranes aimed at inhibiting adhesion reformation as well as systemic medications to further reduce the risk. Postoperative rehabilitation exercises have also been demonstrated to prevent adhesions as a result of hip arthroscopy. Ongoing clinical trials are further investigating pathways and prevention of adhesion formation.

Academic discourse communities and learning circles are characterized by collaboration, sharing commonalities in terms of social interactions and language. The discourse of these communities is composed of jargon, common terminologies, and similarities in how they construe and communicate meaning. This study examines the extent to which discourse reveals "shared language" among its participants that can promote inclusion or affinity. Shared language is characterized in terms of linguistic features and lexical, syntactical, and semantic similarities. We leverage a multi-method approach, including (1) feature engineering using state-of-the-art natural language processing techniques to select the most appropriate features, (2) the bag-of-words classification model to predict linguistic similarity, (3) explainable AI using the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations to explain the model, and (4) a two-step cluster analysis to extract innate groupings between linguistic similarity and emotion. We found that linguistic similarity within and between the threaded discussions was significantly varied, revealing the dynamic and unconstrained nature of the discourse. Further, word choice moderately predicted linguistic similarity between posts within threaded discussions (accuracy = 0.73; F1-score = 0.67), revealing that discourse participants' lexical choices effectively discriminate between posts in terms of similarity. Lastly, cluster analysis reveals profiles that are distinctly characterized in terms of linguistic similarity, trust, and affect. Our findings demonstrate the potential role of linguistic similarity in supporting social cohesion and affinity within online discourse communities.

Background: Massive rotator cuff tears, defined as those that involved 2 or more tendons or where the length of the greatest diameter is greater than 5 cm, present a unique surgical challenge as there can be significant scarring, retraction, and poor tissue quality. Furthermore, healing of these tears is less reliable. This video presents our technique for anatomic, double row repair of a massive reparable rotator cuff tear. Indications: Indications for operative intervention include acute traumatic tears, as well as patients with pain and weakness who have failed to respond to conservative management, including physical therapy with confirmed large full thickness rotator cuff tear on advanced imaging. Of note, findings such as glenohumeral osteoarthritis, advanced muscle atrophy (Goutalier III/IV), superior migration of the humeral head >7 mm, and tears larger than 40 mm in length and width are concerning for irreparable tears, and may represent contraindications to surgical repair. Technique Description: The patient is placed in the lateral decubitus position. After diagnostic arthroscopy is performed, a subacromial bursectomy is performed. A radiofrequency probe and arthroscopic shaver are used to perform releases in the subacromial space as well as superior to the glenoid. Preparation of the footprint of the humeral head is then performed to create a good healing surface. The rotator cuff is grasped to confirm tension free mobilization. The medial row anchors are then placed. Once placed, the sutures are incorporated into 2 lateral row anchors in sequential fashion. Subacromial decompression is then performed. Results: Reduced pain and improved shoulder function are the goals of treatment, with sling immobilization lasting for roughly 6 weeks postoperatively prior to initiating strengthening and range of motion protocols. Discussion/Conclusion: Arthroscopic double row repair produces an anatomic and stable reduction of reparable massive rotator cuff tears for patients that have failed conservative management. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

Purpose: To determine whether low resilience is predictive of worse patient-reported outcomes (PROs) or diminished improvements in clinical outcomes after joint preserving and arthroscopic surgery. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Science Direct was performed on September 28, 2022, for studies investigating the relationship between resilience and PROs after arthroscopic surgery in accordance with the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Results: Nine articles (level II-IV studies) were included in the final analysis. A total of 887 patients (54% male, average age 45 years) underwent arthroscopic surgery, including general knee (n = 3 studies), ACLR-only knee (n = 1 study), rotator cuff repair (n = 4 studies), and hip (n = 1 study). The Brief Resilience Scale was the most common instrument measuring resilience in 7 of 9 studies (78%). Five of 9 studies (56%) stratified patients based on high, normal, or low resilience cohorts, and these stratification threshold values differed between studies. Only 4 of 9 studies (44%) measured PROs both before and after surgery. Three of 9 studies (33%) reported rates of return to activity, with 2 studies (22%) noting high resilience to be associated with a higher likelihood of return to sport/duty, specifically after knee arthroscopy. However, significant associations between resilience and functional outcomes were not consistently observed, nor was resilience consistently observed to be predictive of subjects’ capacity to return to a preinjury level of function. Conclusions: Patient resilience is inconsistently demonstrated to affect clinical outcomes associated with joint preserving and arthroscopic surgery. However, substantial limitations in the existing literature including underpowered sample sizes, lack of standardization in stratifying patients based on pretreatment resilience, and inconsistent collection of PROs throughout the continuum of care, diminish the strength of most conclusions that have been drawn. Level of Evidence: Level IV, systematic review of level II-IV studies.

Background: While rotator cuff repair has generally produced good to excellent outcomes, re-tear rates remain variable, with rates ranging from 20% to 50%. The ideal rotator cuff repair includes 3 main components: restoration of the humeral footprint contact area, appropriate compression of the tendon to the humeral footprint, and minimal motion at the bone-tendon interface until bone-tendon healing is completed. This video takes a well-established knotless double-row technique for rotator cuff repair and augments it with a modification to promote additional compression of the medial row tendon to the humeral footprint. Indications: This compression SpeedBridge technique is indicated for repair of T-type rotator cuff tears involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons in patients that have failed conservative management, including physical therapy, activity modification, and corticosteroid injections. This technique can also be applied to U-shaped or L-shaped tears by removing the initial step, which involves side-to-side repair of the “T” portion of the T-type tear. Of note, findings such as advanced muscle atrophy (Goutalier III/IV) and advanced glenohumeral arthritis are concerning for irreparable tears and may be contraindications for surgical repair. Technique Description: With the patient in the lateral decubitus position, a diagnostic arthroscopy is performed, the rotator cuff tear is debrided, and the footprint prepared. Two side-to-side stitches are placed to repair the “T” portion of the tear. The medial row anchors are then sequentially placed, and the pre-loaded sutures are passed through the tendon in 4 sequential locations in specific fashion. After placement of looped sutures in the anterior and posterior rotator cables, the passed sutures are then incorporated into the lateral row anchors. The medial row compression is provided by shuttling previously placed compression stitches through the knotless mechanism in the medial row anchors and terminally tensioned. Results: This technique provides additional medial row compression to an already-established knotless double-row rotator cuff repair technique to facilitate improved bone-tendon healing and construct strength. Discussion/Conclusion: The compression SpeedBridge technique is a unique method to apply additional medial row compression to a double-row rotator cuff repair. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

Background: When evaluating a patient with a failed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, a detailed history and physical examination is paramount. The position and size of original femoral and tibial tunnels are critical in the surgical decision-making in the setting of revision ACL reconstruction. This video presents a case of stage I revision ACL reconstruction with the use of allograft bone dowels due to increased size and poor position of original fixation tunnels. Indications: Indications for staging revision ACL reconstruction include significant tunnel osteolysis or dilation (>14 mm), or any situation in which the previous bone tunnels will interfere with anatomic graft placement and fixation. Technique Description: The patient is placed in the supine position with a standard setup for knee arthroscopy, including lateral thigh post and foot stop for maintained knee flexion at 90°. After diagnostic arthroscopy, the ACL graft remnant is debrided. The femoral tunnel is then debrided and re-cannulated, followed by reaming with cannulated reamers until adequate cortical chatter is achieved, ensuring the presence of a bleeding rim of bone throughout the tunnel to confirm that the correct diameter reamer has been reached. The appropriately sized bone dowel is inserted along the guide pin until fully seated and flush with lateral wall of the notch. This process is then repeated for the tibial tunnel, accessing the tunnel from the previous incision along the medial tibia. Results: This video presents a technique to achieve adequate bone grafting of previously used tunnels that are not suitable for single-stage revision ACL reconstruction. Patients undergo second-stage revision ACL reconstruction at roughly 4 to 6 months following stage I, when bone graft has fully incorporated on radiographs. Discussion/Conclusion: Stage I revision ACL reconstruction with tunnel grafting using allograft bone dowels is a minimally invasive method of grafting previously used fixation tunnels to allow for anatomic second-stage graft placement and fixation. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

Abstract Mutations in thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) cause Resistance to Thyroid Hormone α (RTHα), a disorder characterized by hypothyroidism in TRα1-expressing tissues including the heart. Surprisingly, we report that treatment of RTHα patients with thyroxine to overcome tissue hormone resistance does not elevate their heart rate. Cardiac telemetry in male, TRα1 mutant, mice indicates that such persistent bradycardia is caused by an intrinsic cardiac defect and not due to altered autonomic control. Transcriptomic analyses show preserved, thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent upregulation of pacemaker channels (Hcn2, Hcn4), but irreversibly reduced expression of several ion channel genes controlling heart rate. Exposure of TRα1 mutant male mice to higher maternal T3 concentrations in utero, restores altered expression and DNA methylation of ion channels, including Ryr2. Our findings indicate that target genes other than Hcn2 and Hcn4 mediate T3-induced tachycardia and suggest that treatment of RTHα patients with thyroxine in high dosage without concomitant tachycardia, is possible.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of malignancy in children. ALL prognosis after initial diagnosis is generally good; however, patients suffering from relapse have a poor outcome. The tumor microenvironment is recognized as an important contributor to relapse, yet the cell-cell interactions involved are complex and difficult to study in traditional experimental models. In the present study, we established an innovative larval zebrafish xenotransplantation model, that allows the analysis of leukemic cells (LCs) within an orthotopic niche using time-lapse microscopic and flow cytometric approaches. LCs homed, engrafted and proliferated within the hematopoietic niche at the time of transplant, the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT). A specific dissemination pattern of LCs within the CHT was recorded, as they extravasated over time and formed clusters close to the dorsal aorta. Interactions of LCs with macrophages and endothelial cells could be quantitatively characterized. This zebrafish model will allow the quantitative analysis of LCs in a functional and complex microenvironment, to study mechanisms of niche mediated leukemogenesis, leukemia maintenance and relapse development.

Objective: Long-term high-level exercise training leads to improvements in physical performance and multi-tissue adaptation following changes in molecular pathways. While skeletal muscle baseline differences between exercise-trained and untrained individuals have been previously investigated, it remains unclear how training history influences human multi-omics responses to acute exercise. Methods: We recruited and extensively characterized 24 individuals categorized as endurance athletes with >15 years of training history, strength athletes or control subjects. Timeseries skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from M. vastus lateralis at three time-points after endurance or resistance exercise was performed and multi-omics molecular analysis performed. Results: Our analyses revealed distinct activation differences of molecular processes such as fatty- and amino acid metabolism and transcription factors such as HIF1A and the MYF-family. We show that endurance athletes have an increased abundance of carnitine-derivates while strength athletes increase specific phospholipid metabolites compared to control subjects. Additionally, for the first time, we show the metabolite sorbitol to be substantially increased with acute exercise. On transcriptional level, we show that acute resistance exercise stimulates more gene expression than acute endurance exercise. This follows a specific pattern, with endurance athletes uniquely down-regulating pathways related to mitochondria, translation and ribosomes. Finally, both forms of exercise training specialize in diverging transcriptional directions, differentiating themselves from the transcriptome of the untrained control group. Conclusions: We identify a “transcriptional specialization effect” by transcriptional narrowing and intensification, and molecular specialization effects on metabolomic level Additionally, we performed multi-omics network and cluster analysis, providing a novel resource of skeletal muscle transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling in highly trained and untrained individuals.

Recent successful cardiac transplantation from pig to non-human primates and the first pig-to-human transplantation has put the focus on the properties of the pig heart. In contrast to the coronary arteries, the coronary veins are less well characterized and the aim was to examine the mechanical and pharmacological properties of coronary veins in comparison to the arteries. Vessel segments from the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and the concomitant vein were isolated from pig hearts in cardioplegia and examined in vitro. The wall thickness, active tension and active stress at optimal circumference were lower in coronary veins, reflecting the lower intravascular pressure in vivo. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of myosin isoforms showed that the vein could be characterized as having a slower smooth muscle phenotype compared to the artery. Both vessel types contracted in response to the thromboxane agonist U46619 with EC50 values of about 20 nM. The artery contracted in response to acetylcholine. Precontracted arteries relaxed in noradrenaline and substance P. In contrast, the veins relaxed in acetylcholine, contracted in noradrenaline and were unresponsive to substance P. In conclusion, these results demonstrate significant differences between the coronary artery and vein in the smooth muscle properties and in the responses to sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli.

Abstract Aim Obesity is linked to cardiometabolic diseases, however non-obese individuals are also at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). White adipose tissue (WAT) is known to play a role in both T2D and CVD, but the contribution of WAT inflammatory status especially in non-obese patients with cardiometabolic diseases is less understood. Therefore, we aimed to find associations between WAT inflammatory status and cardiometabolic diseases in non-obese individuals. Methods In a population-based cohort containing non-obese healthy (n = 17), T2D (n = 16), CVD (n = 18), T2D + CVD (n = 19) individuals, seventeen different cytokines were measured in WAT and in circulation. In addition, 13-color flow cytometry profiling was employed to phenotype the immune cells. Human T cell line (Jurkat T cells) was stimulated by rCCL18, and conditioned media (CM) was added to the in vitro cultures of human adipocytes. Lipolysis was measured by glycerol release. Blocking antibodies against IFN-γ and TGF-β were used in vitro to prove a role for these cytokines in CCL18-T-cell-adipocyte lipolysis regulation axis. Results In CVD, T2D and CVD + T2D groups, CCL18 and CD4+ T cells were upregulated significantly compared to healthy controls. WAT CCL18 secretion correlated with the amounts of WAT CD4+ T cells, which also highly expressed CCL18 receptors suggesting that WAT CD4+ T cells are responders to this chemokine. While direct addition of rCCL18 to mature adipocytes did not alter the adipocyte lipolysis, CM from CCL18-treated T cells increased glycerol release in in vitro cultures of adipocytes. IFN-γ and TGF-β secretion was significantly induced in CM obtained from T cells treated with CCL18. Blocking these cytokines in CM, prevented CM-induced upregulation of adipocyte lipolysis. Conclusion We suggest that in T2D and CVD, increased production of CCL18 recruits and activates CD4+ T cells to secrete IFN-γ and TGF-β. This, in turn, promotes adipocyte lipolysis – a possible risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases.

Abstract Excitability and contraction of cardiac muscle from brain‐dead donors critically influence the success of heart transplantation. Membrane physiology, Ca2+‐handling, and force production of cardiac muscle and the contractile properties of coronary arteries were studied in hearts of brain‐dead pigs. Cardiac muscle and vascular function after 12 h brain death (decapitation between C2 and C3) were compared with properties of fresh tissue. In both isolated cardiomyocytes (whole‐cell patch clamp) and trabecular muscle (conventional microelectrodes), action potential duration was shorter in brain dead, compared to controls. Cellular shortening and Ca2+ transients were attenuated in the brain dead, and linked to lower mRNA expression of L‐type calcium channels and a slightly lower ICa,L, current, as well as to a lower expression of phospholamban. The current–voltage relationship and the current above the equilibrium potential of the inward K+ (IK1) channel were altered in the brain‐dead group, associated with lower mRNA expression of the Kir2.2 channel. Delayed K+ currents were detected (IKr, IKs) and were not different between groups. The transient outward K+ current (Ito) was not observed in the pig heart. Coronary arteries exhibited increased contractility and sensitivity to the thromboxane analogue (U46619), and unaltered endothelial relaxation. In conclusion, brain death involves changes in cardiac cellular excitation which might lower contractility after transplantation. Changes in the inward rectifier K+ channel can be associated with an increased risk for arrhythmia. Increased reactivity of coronary arteries may lead to increased risk of vascular spasm, although endothelial relaxant function was well preserved.

Social media users are generally exposed to information that is predominantly consistent with their attitudes and beliefs (i.e., filter bubbles), which can increase polarization and decrease understanding of complex and controversial topics. One potential approach to mitigating the negative consequences of filter bubbles is intentional exposure to information that is inconsistent with attitudes. However, it is unclear how exposure to attitude-inconsistent information in social media contexts influences memory for controversial information. To fill this gap, this study examines the effects of presenting participants (n = 96) with Twitter content on a controversial topic (i.e., labor unions) that was either pro-union, anti-union, or neutral. Participants then read a media article including both pro-union and anti-union information. Participants who saw Twitter content that was inconsistent with their prior attitudes regarding labor unions recalled less of the article content compared to those who saw Twitter content that was consistent with their prior attitudes. The findings suggest that Twitter users’ memory for information related to controversial topics may not benefit from exposure to messages outside their filter bubble.

Current theories of knowledge acquisition suggest that newlylearned knowledge does not always supplant prior knowledge,even when newly learned knowledge repairs errors. Newknowledge may suppress prior knowledge, particularly foroverlearned, explicit responses, creating internal competitionbetween knowledge elements. Competition between new and priorknowledge may be one reason misconceptions are highly resistantto repair. The present study examines misconceptions in a specificdomain: pre-service educators’ beliefs about neuromyths.Addressing misconceptions in pre-service educators is importantbecause these misconceptions are likely to be transmitted tostudents and may reduce the effectiveness of instruction. Acomputer mouse-tracking paradigm measured explicit beliefs inneuromyths as well as implicit uncertainty during thedecision-making process. The findings demonstrated thatpre-service educators often endorsed neuromyths but wereuncertain about the veracity of neurofacts. These findings add toour knowledge of misconceptions, their durability, anddemonstrate a need to address misconceptions in educatorpreparation.

Abstract Background Elucidating the Transcription Factors (TFs) that drive the gene expression changes in a given experiment is a common question asked by researchers. The existing methods rely on the predicted Transcription Factor Binding Site (TFBS) to model the changes in the motif activity. Such methods only work for TFs that have a motif and assume the TF binding profile is the same in all cell types. Results Given the wealth of the ChIP-seq data available for a wide range of the TFs in various cell types, we propose that gene expression modeling can be done using ChIP-seq “signatures” directly, effectively skipping the motif finding and TFBS prediction steps. We present xcore, an R package that allows TF activity modeling based on ChIP-seq signatures and the user's gene expression data. We also provide xcoredata a companion data package that provides a collection of preprocessed ChIP-seq signatures. We demonstrate that xcore leads to biologically relevant predictions using transforming growth factor beta induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition time-courses, rinderpest infection time-courses, and embryonic stem cells differentiated to cardiomyocytes time-course profiled with Cap Analysis Gene Expression. Conclusions xcore provides a simple analytical framework for gene expression modeling using linear models that can be easily incorporated into differential expression analysis pipelines. Taking advantage of public ChIP-seq databases, xcore can identify meaningful molecular signatures and relevant ChIP-seq experiments.