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Publisher's version (útgefin grein), This paper proposes that the digital domains of language use (DDLU) be included in future assessments of language vitality. DDLU, including the consumption of online content, engagement with social media and chat which now make an important, and rapidly growing, part of the daily language use in many speech communities. This is true even in communities which were until recently fairly isolated from modern technology. Criteria for determining digital language vitality vary according to the general situation of the language but constitute a separate dimension-languages otherwise in a similar situation can differ considerably in terms of digital vitality. We consider, for instance, advanced language technology and digital content for institutional languages, teaching material and dedicated collaborative resources for vigorous and developing languages, and language documentation material for endangered languages. Crucially, what needs to be assessed is not only quantity, availability, quality, coverage, maturity, sustainability, and adaptability of resources and technology as proposed in earlier frameworks, but also, principally, their usage by the speakers. We find the concept of digital minoritization useful to advance the assessment of digital language vitality, as illustrated by the language situation in three West Nordic countries, Iceland, Norway and The Faroe Islands. This is work in progress and is an extension of the MoLiCoDiLaCo project being carried out at the University of Iceland., This research has been partially supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, IRF, grant number 162991-051 allotted to the project “Modeling the Linguistic Consequences of Digital Language Contact”, Principal investigators Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson.We also thank the Norwegian Language Council for providing us with current statistics and information on the language situation in Norway.

1. The study of Germanic heritage languages in the Americas (by Johannessen, Janne Bondi) 2. Part I. Acquisition and attrition 3. Word Order Variation in Norwegian Possessive Constructions: Bilingual Acquisition and Attrition (by Westergaard, Marit) 4. Attrition in an American Norwegian Heritage Language Speaker (by Johannessen, Janne Bondi) 5. Reexamining Icelandic as a Heritage Language in North America (by Arnbjornsdottir, Birna) 6. Part II. Phonetic and phonological change 7. Heritage Language Obstruent Phonetics and Phonology: American Norwegian and Norwegian-American English (by Allen, Brent) 8. The History of Front Rounded Vowels in New Braunfels German (by Pierce, Marc) 9. Part III. (Morpho-)syntactic and pragmatic change 10. Functional Convergence and Extension in Contact: Syntactic and Semantic Attributes of the Progressive Aspect in Pennsylvania Dutch (by Brown, Joshua R.) 11. Hybrid Verb Forms in American Norwegian and the Analysis of the Syntactic Relation between the Verb and its Tense (by Afarli, Tor A.) 12. Discourse Markers in the Narratives of New York Hasidim: More V2 Attrition (by Kahan Newman, Zelda) 13. Part IV. Lexical change 14. Maintaining a Multilingual Repertoire: Lexical Change in American Norwegian (by Annear, Lucas) 15. How Synagogues Became Shuls: The Boomerang Effect in Yiddish-Influenced English, 1895-2010 (by Benor, Sarah Bunin) 16. Phonological Non-integration of Lexical Borrowings in Wisconsin West Frisian (by Ehresmann, Todd) 17. Borrowing Modal Elements into American Norwegian: The Case of suppose(d) (by Eide, Kristin Melum) 18. Part V. Variation and real-time change 19. Changes in a Norwegian Dialect in America (by Hjelde, Arnstein) 20. On Two Myths of the Norwegian Language in America: Is it Old-Fashioned? Is it Approaching the Written Bokmal Standard? (by Johannessen, Janne Bondi) 21. Coon Valley Norwegians Meet Norwegians from Norway: Language, Culture and Identity among Heritage Language Speakers in the U. S. (by Golden, Anne) 22. Variation and Change in American Swedish (by Larsson, Ida) 23. On the Decrease of Language Norms in a Disintegrating Language (by Smits, Caroline) 24. Index of languages and dialects 25. Index of authors 26. Index of subjects

Dette er den islandske delrapporten fra en nordisk studie om bruken av undervisning i relasjon til integrering på arbeidsmarkedet. Raporten er resultat av et initiativ fra Nordisk ministerråd høsten 2008. Innvandringens historie på Island er annerledes enn i de andre nordiske land. Innvandringen dreier seg hovedsakelig omarbeidsinnvandring og i året 2009 var over 95% av alle innvandrere aktive på arbeidsmarkedet. Integreringspolitikken på Island har derfor i mindre grad enn de øvrige nordiske land konsentrert seg om å aktivisere innvandrere på arbeidsmarkedet men mere på undervisning i islandsk for utlendinger. Denne undervisningen foregikk inntil 2009 hovedsakelig på kveldstid parallelt med beskjeftigelse på arbeidsmarkedet. Det er ingen plikt å lære islandsk men for å få ubegrenset arbeidstillatelse er det en plikt å ha gjennomgått 150 timer i islandsk som andrespråk. De som vil søke statsborgerskap må gjennomføre en test. Anbefalingene fra den nordiske studien er blant annet at: - Det på nordisk plan arbeides videre med mer systematiske vurderinger av sammenhengen mellom effekt og ressurser.- Det blir arbeidet med differensierte undervisningstilbud for voksne innvandrere i forhold til kompetanse, mål og behov.- Det blir arbeidet ytterligere med å skape klare sammenhenger mellom utdanning og utdanningens mål med hensyn til videre utdanning eller på arbeid.- Det blir fokusert på anvendelsen av IT og online-undervisning med henblikk på å öke tilgjengeligheten.- Det blir arbeidet mer systematisk med validering av innvandreres realkompetanse..