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Los residuos que se generan por el proceso al fruto del café (cáscara, pulpa, cascarilla o piel plateada), y por la preparación de la bebida (bagazo), son una fuente importante de nutrientes y cuya extracción es una estrategia potencial para la obtención de nuevos aditivos alimentarios, razones por las que en este trabajo se presente una recopilación de los resultados de los estudios sobre sus nutrientes, sus componentes bioactivos, la extracción de estos compuestos, la evaluación de su actividad antioxidante y su posible aplicación en la carne fresca y en los productos cárnicos. De acuerdo a los estudios realizados, los residuos del café (harinas y extractos) contienen compuestos fenólicos como los ácidos fenólicos y los flavonoides, con actividad antioxidante (antirradical y poder reductor). Los compuestos bioactivos se obtienen por métodos convencionales (maceración y Soxhlet), no convencionales (alta presión hidrostática, microondas y ultrasonido) y biotecnológicos (fermentación fúngica). También se muestra que tanto las harinas como los extractos de estos residuos tienen un efecto positivo sobre la estabilidad oxidativa de la carne (cerdo, cordero y pollo) y los productos cárnicos (hamburguesas y salchichas).

This study describes the thermal effect on physicochemical properties, phenolic content, as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity of edible mushroom extracts (EME) from Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum, and Pleurotus ostreatus in aqueous-ethanolic solution. The heating of EME resulted in a reduction of pH and total soluble solids and changes in color values in time dependence (p < 0.05). In addition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antiradical activity (DPPH• and ABTS•+ inhibition), and reducing power were enhanced with increasing temperature (90 °C, for 6 h), mainly in the P. ostreatus extract (p < 0.05). In contrast, the results indicate that high temperatures reduced (p < 0.05) the antibacterial effect against all pathogens tested. In conclusion, the thermal treatment affected physicochemical and antibacterial properties of EME and enhanced phenolic composition and antioxidant activity.

The effects of a Nutritional Packet offered to beef steers during the final 64 d of the feedlot-finishing phase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and feeding behavior were evaluated. Angus-crossbred steers (N = 120; initial body weight = 544 ± 52 kg) were assigned to 30 pens (4 steers per pen; 15 pens per treatment) in a randomized complete block design where pen was the experimental unit. A steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet was offered to ad libitum, and the treatments were as follows: 1) control and 2) 30 g per steer-daily (dry matter basis) of the Nutritional Packet. The Nutritional Packet was formulated to provide 1.7 × 1010 CFU per steer-daily of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 162 mg per steer-daily of vitamin C; 400 mg per steer-daily of vitamin B1; 2.4 g per steer-daily of NaCl, and 2.4 g per steer-daily of KCl. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. The average daily gain (P = 0.89), dry matter intake (P = 0.57), and gain efficiency (P = 0.82) were not affected by the inclusion of the Nutritional Packet. Digestibility of dry and organic matter, and neutral and acid detergent fiber increased (P ≤ 0.02) for steers offered the Nutritional Packet, while a trend for the same response was observed for hemicellulose (P = 0.08). The 12th rib backfat thickness increased (P = 0.02) for carcasses of steers offered the Nutritional Packet, followed by a greater (P = 0.03) calculated yield grade, whereas other carcass traits were not affected (P ≥ 0.32). While the steers under the control diet decreased behavior activities on day 63, a consistent pattern of feeding behavior measurements (activity min/d and min/kg of dry and organic matter, fiber fractions, and digestible nutrients) were observed for steers consuming the Nutritional Packet during both feeding behavior assessment periods (treatment × period interactions, P ≤ 0.03). Overall time (min/d) spent on rumination, drinking, active, chewing, and resting were not affected (P ≥ 0.28) by treatments. The Nutritional Packet offered to steers during the final 64 d on feed induced an improvement in apparent digestibility of nutrients and carcass fat deposition, without affecting growth performance or other carcass quality indices. Such effects associated with the more consistent feeding behavior of steers receiving the Nutritional Packet may warrant a shorter time on feed during the final portion of the finishing phase.

Lipid and protein oxidation are the major causes of meat quality deterioration. Edible mushrooms have been proposed as a strategy to prevent quality deterioration during cold storage. This study aimed to assess the effects of Pleurotus ostreatus powder (POP) on the oxidative stability of pork patties during cold storage and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (ivGD). Pork patties were subjected to four treatments: control (without antioxidant), T1 (2% POP, w/w) and T2 (5% POP, w/w), and T3 as positive control (0.02% BHT, fat basis). POP aqueous, ethanolic, and aqueous ethanol extract were subjected to phytochemical and antioxidant assays. Raw pork patties were subjected to a chemical proximate composition evaluation. At the same time, raw and cooked pork patties were stored at 2 °C for 9 days and subjected to meat quality measurements. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of cooked pork patties was determined after ivGD. Results showed that POP ethanol extract showed the highest polysaccharide, phenol, and flavonoid content, as well as antiradical and reducing power properties. POP incorporation into raw and cooked pork patties enhances meat quality traits, including pH, water-holding capacity, cooking-loss weight, texture, color, lipid, and protein oxidation (p < 0.05). Furthermore, incorporating POP into cooked samples increases the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity during ivGD. In conclusion, POP has great potential as a natural antioxidant for meat products.

Lipid and protein oxidation are the major causes of meat quality deterioration. Edible mushrooms have been proposed as a strategy to prevent quality deterioration during cold storage. This study aimed to assess the effects of

This research determined the effects of season and collection location on the physicochemical quality (instrumental color and proximal chemical analysis) and microbiological properties (mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and Staphylococcus aureus counts) of raw propolis, and the biological activity of propolis extracts. The total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by the free-radical scavenging activity (FRSA) and reducing power ability (RPA). The antibacterial activity was determined against Gram-positive (S. aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The results showed that the physicochemical and microbiological properties of raw propolis complied with international quality standards. Propolis extracts collected during summer had the greatest effect against S. aureus, and the highest FRSA and RPA, likely because of also possessing the highest TPC and TFC among the extracts. In conclusion, the season and collection location affect the physicochemical properties of propolis, as well as the bioactivity of its extracts.

Edible mushrooms have been proposed as a natural ingredient to prevent loss of quality in meat products. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Agaricus brasiliensis aqueous-ethanol extract (ABE, at 0, 0.5, and 1.0%) versus butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 0.02% on a fat basis) added to raw and cooked pork patties to prolong shelf-life under chilled storage. All samples were stored at 2 °C for 9 days and subjected to physicochemical (pH, water-holding capacity, and color), chemical (lipid oxidation and antioxidant status), and microbiological evaluation (mesophilic and psychrophilic). Phenolic compounds (TPC) in ABE exert a reducing power ability (Fe3+ reduction), free-radical (DPPH), and radical-cation scavenging activity (ABTS), as well as antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative. Furthermore, incorporating ABE in raw and cooked pork patties reduced (p < 0.05) pH and color changes, lipid oxidation, and microbial growth during storage in concentration dependence. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the WHC and b* values. In addition, the presence of TPC and the antioxidant status (Fe3+ reduction, DPPH, and ABTS activity) of pork patties increased (p < 0.05) by the ABE incorporation. ABE can be a natural additive to improve the storage stability of pork patties.

El bagazo, es uno de los residuos que se obtienen del procesamiento del café, es una fuente importante de metabolitos, como polisacáridos y compuestos fenólicos, con propiedades funcionales derivadas de su actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del solvente de extracción sobre el contenido de metabolitos, así como sobre la actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana del extracto acuoso (T1), etanólico (T2) y acuoso-etanólico (T3) del bagazo del café. Los resultados demostraron que T1 presentó el mayor contenido total de carbohidratos, flavanonas y dihidroflavonoles, T2 presentó el mayor contenido total de flavonoides y ácido cafeoilquínico mientras que T3 presentó el mayor contenido de fenoles totales, flavonas y flavonoles (p < 0.05). Además, la mayor inhibición de radicales libres y poder de reducción antioxidante del ión férrico se detectaron en T1 y T3, mientras que T2 mostró mayor capacidad de poder reductor dependiendo de la concentración (p < 0.05). Se observaron mayores efectos inhibidores en T3 frente a las bacterias Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes), T2 frente a Echerichia coli, T2 y T3 frente a Pseudomonas aeruginosa según la concentración (p < 0.05). En conclusión, estos resultados indican que la composición y propiedades del extracto de bagazo del café dependen del solvente utilizado durante la extracción.

The present manuscript reviews the findings of different research studies that evaluate the use of fungal solid-state (SSF) and submerged culture fermentation (SCF) with agro-industrial residues as substrates to enhance the production of polyphenols and their possible uses as food additives. Some agro-industrial residues (peels, pulps and seeds) are an important source of phenolic acids (p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, cinnamic, ferulic, gallic, gentisic, protocatechuic, rosmarinic, salycilic, syringic, and vanillic acids) and flavonoid compounds (apigenin, chrysin, (+)-catechin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, rutin, hesperetin, and naringin). In addition, the utilization of these residues as substrates in SCF and SSF enhances polyphenol production, improves biological function by increasing antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and provides a potential alternative to synthetic antioxidant uses in the meat and meat products industry.

Los hongos comestibles han sido descritos como una fuente importante de compuestos biológicos capaces de reducir la carga de bacterias patógenas y los niveles de radicales libres en los alimentos. En este estudio, se determinó el análisis químico proximal de las harinas de hongos comestibles (Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum y Pleurotus ostreatus). Asimismo, se determinó el efecto del solvente (agua, etanol y una mezcla de agua-etanol) sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas, contenido de fenoles, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante de los extractos de hongos comestibles. Los resultados indican que las harinas de G. lucidum y P. ostreatus mostraron (p < 0.05) el contenido más bajo de humedad (< 4%), lípidos (< 2%), el contenido más alto de carbohidratos (> 80%), y P. ostreatus el contenido más bajo de ceniza y el más alto en proteínas (p < 0.05). Los extractos acuosos de los hongos presentaron los valores más altos de luminosidad y TSS (total soluble solids, por sus siglas en inglés) (p < 0.05). Los extractos de P. ostreatus presentaron alto rendimiento de extracción (> 40%), pH, color rojo, color amarillo y contenido de fenoles y flavonoides (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, los extractos etanólicos y acuoso-etanólicos de G. lucidum y P. ostreatus con un alto efecto inhibidor sobre Staphylococcus aureus > Listeria innocua > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhimurium (p < 0.05). Respecto a la actividad antioxidante, los extractos de P. ostreatus presentaron el mayor poder reductor y actividad antirradical; mientras que, los extractos etanólicos y acuoso-etanólicos de G. lucidum y P. ostreatus la mayor inhibición en la oxidación de lípidos (p < 0.05). Los extractos de hongos comestibles evaluados podrían utilizarse como ingredientes antimicrobianos y antioxidantes para la industria alimentaria.

The present paper reviews the findings of different research studies on the effect of natural ingredients in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) diet on carcass characteristics and meat quality. The results show a relationship between the type and concentration of ingredients used in diets and carcass characteristics and meat quality. The inclusion of medicinal herbs (thyme, black seed, and mint), plants (canola), seeds (chickpea), spices (cinnamon and coriander), worms (earthworms), bee products (propolis), phytochemicals (lycopene), and edible fungi (common mushrooms) in the Japanese quail diet improved carcass quality characteristics compared to the control diets (basal diets). The inclusion of medicinal herbs (spearmint and green tea), spices (cinnamon), vegetables (tomato), plants (verbena and canola), seeds (marijuana), and edible fungi (oyster mushrooms) improved meat quality. In conclusion, the use of ingredients of natural origin in the Japanese quail diet improves carcass quality characteristics and meat quality.

Lipid oxidation and microbial growth are the major causes of meat quality deterioration. Natural ingredients in meat products have been proposed as a strategy to prevent quality deterioration during cold storage. This study aimed to assess the effects of added chitosan coating, alone and in combination with green tea water extract (GTWE), on the quality of pork chops during prolonged cold storage. For evaluating oxidative and antimicrobial stabilities, 72 fresh pork samples were subjected to four treatments (n = 18 per treatment): T0 (non-coated chops without GTWE), T1 (chitosan-coated chops without GTWE), T2 (chitosan-coated chops plus 0.1% of GTWE), and T3 (chitosan-coated chops plus 0.5% of GTWE). Pork samples were stored at 0 &deg, C and subjected to physicochemical evaluation (pH, colour, and lipid oxidation) and microbiological analyses (mesophilic and pyschrotrophic counts) at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days of storage. GTWE presented high total phenolic content (&gt, 500 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), the incorporation of chitosan coatings increased (p &lt, 0.05) free radical scavenging activity (FRSA, &gt, 90% of inhibition) and microbial growth inhibition (&gt, 50% for all tested pathogens), depending on the concentration. Further, GTWE inclusion in pork samples (T2 and T3) reduced (p &lt, 0.05) pH, lipid oxidation and microbial counts, as well as colour loss in meat and bone throughout storage. Chitosan coating with GTWE could be used as an additive for the preservation of pork meat products.

In this study the effect of pollen source (mesquite and catclaw) on the sensory characteristics (appearance, color, aroma, taste, consistency and visible impurities), and physicochemical properties of raw propolis, and the phenolic content and biological activities of propolis extracts (PEs) was determined. The phenolic composition of PEs was determined by the total phenolic (TPC), flavone and flavonol (FFC), and flavanone and dihydroflavonol content (FDC). The individual phenolic components were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The antioxidant activity was determined by the ferric-reducing power (FRAP) and free-radical scavenging activity (FRS). The antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua) and Gram-negative (Echerichia coli and Salmonella thyphimurium) bacteria. The results showed that sensory characteristic and physicochemical properties of mesquite and catclaw propolis complied with international quality regulations. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified, of which pinocembrin, naringenin, galangin, chrysin and quercetin were found a high concentration (> 3 mg/g). Mesquite propolis had the highest phenolic content (TFC and FDC), as well as antioxidant activity (> 2.5 mg Fe (II) equivalent/g; > 40% of DPPH radical inhibition) and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterias in the order S. aureus > L. innocua (> 50% of inhibition for both bacterias at 500 µg/mL). These results indicating that pollen source affect the sensory characteristics and physicochemical properties of propolis, as well as the biological activity of their extracts.

El mezquite (Prosopis velutina) es una planta tradicionalmente utilizada por el hombre y animales como alimento en ciertas regiones de México. Además, también es considerada medicinal debido a que posee ciertas propiedades biológicas, las cuales son atribuidas a la presencia de fitoquímicos como los compuestos fenólicos. El objetivo fue evaluar la composición y actividad antioxidante de extractos de hoja de mezquite obtenidos con diferentes solventes. Los extractos se obtuvieron utilizando como solventes de extracción, agua (EAM), etanol y agua (1:1) (EAEM) y etanol (EEM); una vez obtenidos se evaluaron determinando presencia de posibles compuestos tóxicos (alcaloides, cianógenos y saponinas); el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (CFT y CFvT); así como la actividad antioxidante de los extractos mediante la inhibición del radical DPPH• y el poder reductor (FRAP). Los resultados mostraron que en los extractos no se encontró la presencia de compuestos tóxicos; que los valores más altos de rendimiento de extracción fueron para el EAEM (21.4%); y que el mayor CFT y CFvT (> 50 mg/g), así como la actividad antioxidante la presentó el EEM (34%). Por lo que, el EEM pudiera ser utilizado como aditivo en la industria farmacéutica o como ingrediente en la formulación de alimentos.

Actualmente, uno de los objetivos de la industria cárnica es incrementar la vida de anaquel de sus productos, lo anterior debido al aumento en la demanda de los consumidores. La vida útil de estos productos es comúnmente afectada por factores tales como la oxidación de lípidos (LOX) y la actividad microbiana (AM). Para evitarlo, el sector cárnico utiliza aditivos sintéticos (BHT, BHA, TBHQ, entre otros) con actividad antioxidante (AOX) y antimicrobiana (AMA). A pesar de ello, se conoce que estos aditivos ejercen efectos adversos en la salud humana, lo que provoca desconfianza en los consumidores. Por lo anterior, diversos trabajos de investigación se enfocan hacia la búsqueda de nuevos aditivos alimentarios, como son los extractos de hojas de plantas. Sin embargo, su composición y bioactividad están influenciados por el solvente y el método de extracción utilizado durante su obtención, ya que los extractos de hojas de plantas obtenidos con solventes polares y métodos de extracción no convencionales, muestran mayor contenido de fitoquímicos, AOX y AMA. En conclusión, los resultados de diversas investigaciones demuestran la efectividad de estos extractos para extender la vida de anaquel, al reducir la LOX y AM, cuando son incorporados en productos cárnicos.

Durante la industrialización de papa (Solanum tuberosum) se produce gran cantidad de desechos de cáscara que se contaminan, los cuales pudieran utilizarse como fuente de antioxidantes naturales, previa descontaminación. El objetivo fue estudiar la composición y propiedades antioxidantes de extractos de cáscara de papa (ECP) tratados con dos métodos de esterilización (autoclave e irradiación). Los extractos, obtenidos por maceración durante 48 h y con dos solventes (agua y etanol-agua 1:1), se esterilizaron en autoclave (121 °C/15 min) e irradiación gamma (2.5 kGy). Para determinar la efectividad de los métodos de esterilización se evaluó la carga microbiana. Posteriormente, los extractos se liofilizaron evaluándose contenido de fenoles totales y ácido clorogénico, además de actividad antioxidante (DPPH y ABTS). El uso de autoclave fue más efectivo, eliminando totalmente los microorganismos en ambos extractos, sin afectar el contenido de compuestos fenólicos, e inhibiendo (100 %) los radicales DPPH y ABTS; mientras que, el tratamiento por radiación sólo redujo 62 y 34 % de la carga microbiana en los extractos (etanol-agua 1:1 y agua, respectivamente), sin afectar actividad antioxidante y contenido de compuestos fenólicos. El uso de autoclave como método de descontaminación de ECP fue mejor a la irradiación gamma, sin afectar su composición y propiedades antioxidantes.

La carne de codorniz japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) se destina al consumo humano, por ello es importante mantener su calidad durante el almacenamiento. El objetivo fue evaluar la capacidad de la harina de Pleurotus ostreatus incluida en la dieta, para incrementar la actividad antioxidante total (AAT) de la carne. Para ello, se determinó el contenido de fenoles (CFT) y flavonoides totales (CFVT), así como actividad antiradical-DPPH• y ABTS•+, y poder reductor (PR) del extracto-acuoso de P. ostreatus (EAPO). Las codornices fueron alimentadas durante 35 días con tres dietas: control y suplementadas con P. ostreatus (1 y 2 %). La pechuga (Pectoralis major) se almacenó (10 días/2 °C/oscuridad) y se obtuvo un extracto-acuoso cárnico (EAC) para determinar la AAT. Los resultados mostraron que el EAPO presentó buen CFT y CFVT (27.3 mg EAG/g, y 16.1 mg EQc/g, respectivamente), así como 35 y 49.1 % de actividad antiradical-ABTS•+ y DPPH•, y 35 % de PR. El EAC, presentó valores de CFT, ABTS•+ y DPPH•, superiores al control (P≤0.05), no detectándose diferencias para el CFVT y PR (P≥0.05). En conclusión, la incorporación de P. ostreatus en la dieta de codorniz, incrementó la AAT del EAC durante su almacenamiento.

Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom that possesses antioxidant potential. The effect of dietary supplementation with Pleurotus ostreatus on performance, carcass, and meat quality attributes of Japanese quail was investigated. The experiment involving a total of 288 quails 1-d-old, which were fed diets supplemented with P. ostreatus (0, 10 or 20 g/kg of diet) for 35 d, with feed and water for ad libitum consumption. Total polysaccharide (TP), total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC), antiradical DPPH• and ABTS•+ activity, as well as polyphenols compositions of P. ostreatus extract were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pH, color (L*, a* and b*), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss weight (CLW), texture and oxidative stability (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS; total phenolic content, TPC; antiradical DPPH• and ABTS•+ activity) were measured in breast meat during storage (0, 5, 10 and 15 d; 4 °C without illumination). Statistical differences were not detected on growth performance expressed as body weight gain 228.3 g, feed intake 467.9 g, feed conversion ratio 2.0, feed efficiency 0.49, live weight at the slaughter of the birds 217.2 g, as well as carcass weight 133.0 g and yield 61.3 g of the quail breast (P > 0.05). At day 15 of meat storage, the pH24 (9.0%), a* (14.7%), b* (9.3%), WHC (7.2%), TPC (40.0%), DPPH• (11.0%) and ABTS•+ (33.0%) values were increased in quails fed with P. ostreatus in comparison with the control group; while parameter L* (9.0%), CLW (21.4%), texture (30.7%) and lipid oxidation-TBARS (33.5%) values were reduced (P

Los frutos y sus subproductos, son fuente importante de fitoquímicos, que impactan en la calidad de los alimentos y la salud de los consumidores. Particularmente los subproductos de dátil son fuente potencial de estas moléculas, debido a que durante su producción comercial el nivel de subproductos obtenido es importante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de utilización de diferentes métodos (maceración y extracción asistida por ultrasonido: EAU) y solventes (agua, etanol:agua, acetona:agua) de extracción, sobre el contenido de fitoquímicos y la capacidad antioxidante de extractos de subproductos de dátil producidos en el estado de Sonora. Se determinó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos (fenoles, CFT; y flavonoides CFlvT totales), además de la capacidad antioxidante (radical-DPPH•+ y poder reductor, PR). Los resultados mostraron que los subproductos de dátil presentan contenido de humedad (28.44%), grasa (0.52%), proteína (2.56%) y cenizas (2.75%), similares al fruto comercial. Además, se encontró que la utilización de diferentes solventes afectó (p

El marmoleo y la edad son parámetros que determinan el grado de calidad de canales de bovino; sin embargo, la evaluación del grado de marmoleo se realiza visualmente, pudiendo carecer de exactitud si el evaluador no está perfectamente nentrenado, pudiendo provocar falta de precisión, por ello se ha hecho necesario crear sistemas objetivos para medir este parámetro. El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar el marmoleo de canales de bovino utilizando la tecnología de análisis de imagen, y compararlo con el sistema de clasificación de USDA, y con el contenido de grasa obtenido por el método de extracción con solventes. Las imágenes de 70 canales de ganado criollo de bovino producidas en el estado de Sonora, fueron obtenidas entre la 12a y 13a costilla. Parala valoración de imágenes se utilizó el software del sistema de visión artificial eMeater; obteniéndose un coeficiente de correlación de 0.87 (p

The lipid oxidation (LOX) of pork meat has been associated with loss of quality and shorter shelf life. Consequently, synthetic antioxidants have been used to reduce this process, but their use has shown potential health risks. Thus, the use of natural ingredients has been suggested as a strategy to prevent LOX. This study aimed to assess the oxidative stability of pork patties treated with ethanol extract of mesquite leaf (EEML) during storage. Furthermore, the polyphenol composition (TPC, total phenolic, TFC, total flavonoid) and antioxidant activity (antiradical and reducing power activity) of EEML were also evaluated. For this study, five treatments (CN (control), without antioxidant, Asc, ascorbic acid 0.02%, BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene 0.02%, EEML1, 0.05%, and EEML2, 0.1%) of pork patties were applied. Patty samples were stored at 4 &deg, C, and physicochemical parameters, lipid oxidation, total antioxidant capacity of the meat, and sensory analysis were evaluated at 0, 3, 7, and 10 days of storage. EEML presented high values of TPC (278.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and TFC (226.8 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g) levels. The addition of EEML did not modify the chemical composition of the pork patties. On the other hand, colour parameters were affected by the inclusion of EEML in pork patties, presenting the lowest a* in the CN group compared to the other groups after 10 days storage. Lipid oxidation increased during the whole period, showing the lowest (P &lt, 0.05) conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values (40% and 90% of inhibition, respectively) compared to the CN group. Regarding sensory analysis, there were no significant differences in colour, appearance, odour, flavour, juiciness, fat sensation, and firmness of the cooked pork patties among treatments. These results suggest that EEML has great potential as a natural antioxidant for meat products.

To assess genetic group (GGR; Bos indicus [Bi], Bos taurus [Bt] and crosses [BtxBi]) and to confirm the calpain (CAPN316 and CAPN4751) and calpastatin (CAST-T1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects on Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), 196 animals under commercial conditions were analyzed. A model was fitted including the effect of GGR and considering residuals as adjusted WBSF (aWBSF). Another model was fitted to evaluate the SNP effect on aWBSF. Allele substitution effect (α) and combined favorable alleles in CAPN and CAST on aWBSF were evaluated. GGR showed a significant effect (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of propolis extract (PE) to reduce lipid oxidation and microbial growth on beef patties during refrigerated storage. Beef patties were manufactured by incorporating PE in 4 different treatments: (1) Control (no PE addition); (2) commercial propolis 1 (2% w/w; CP1); (3) commercial propolis 2 (2% w/w; CP2); and (4) noncommercial propolis (2% w/w; NCP). Raw patties were wrapped with polyvinyl chloride and stored at 2 °C for 8 d. Total phenolic content (TPC), free-radical scavenging activity (FRS), and polyphenolic content of the PE were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CnDs), metmyoglobin (MetMb%), pH variation, and color (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h*), and microbial growth (mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria) of patty samples were measured. NCP treatment demonstrated the highest FRS (64.8% at 100 μg/mL), which correlated with TPC and the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Lipid oxidation (78.54%, TBARS; 45.53%, CnD; 58.57%, MetMb) and microbial mesophilic and psychrotrophic growth (19.75 and 27.03%, respectively) values were reduced by NCP treatment in refrigerated samples after 8 d. These results indicate that PE has great potential as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial additive to extend the shelf life of beef patties.

The effect of propolis ethanol extract (PEE), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and ascorbic acid (Asc) against lipid (Lox) and protein oxidation (Pox), color deterioration, and the antioxidant stabilizer of raw beef and pork patties during chilled storage (9 days at 2 &deg, C/under darkness) was investigated. Total phenolic content (TPC), reducing power ability (RPA), DPPH● radical scavenging activity (FRSA) of the PEE was evaluated. Meat samples were evaluated for pH, Lox (TBARS), Pox (Carbonyls), color (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h*), metmyoglobin formation (MMb), TPC, RPA, and FRSA. Results indicated that PEE is rich in phenolic content and antioxidant activity, and their incorporation in beef and pork patties reduced (p &lt, 0.05) Lox and Pox (TBARS-88.7 and 80% inhibition, Pox-47.3 and 30.6% inhibition, respectively), as well as loss of color and increased the oxidative stability throughout storage.

The effects of antioxidants (rosemary, carnosine and taurine, together with ascorbic acid) and the influence of different lighting conditions (standard supermarket fluorescent, low-UV color-balanced lamp, and darkness) were studied in fresh beef patties packaged in modified atmosphere and displayed at 2°C for 20 days. Oxidation stability (TBARS), instrumental color, metmyoglobin formation, psychrotrophic flora, and sensory attributes (off-odour and discoloration) were measured at four-day intervals. Rosemary and, to a lesser extent, carnosine (both with ascorbic acid) were very effective in inhibiting both metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation, thus stabilizing red meat color and retarding off-odour development. These effects were most noticeable in patties subject to lighting during display, either with the standard fluorescent or with the low-UV color-balanced lamp. Treatment with rosemary and ascorbic acid in the absence of UV radiation gave rise to the lowest oxidation values. Conversely, the com...

The migration of α-tocopherol (α-T) from low density polyethylene (LDPE) films, added with 20 (film A) and 40 mg g −1 (film B) to corn oil for 12 weeks at 5, 20 and 30 °C was determined. A LDPE film added with no α-T was used as control (film C). Diffusion coefficient ( D ) values for the film A system were 1.4 × 10 −11 , 7.1 × 10 −11 and 30.3 × 10 −11 cm 2 s −1 at 5, 20 and 30 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, D values for the film B system were 1.3 × 10 −11 , 9.6 × 10 −11 and 51.1 × 10 −11 cm 2 s −1 at the same temperatures. The activation energy ( E a ) for the diffusion of α-T was 126.5 (film A) and 105.9 kJ mol −1 (film B). The effect of the migration of α-T on the oxidative stability of corn oil was evaluated by monitoring hexanal content by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography. The hexanal content in the oil showed that both films added with α-T resulted suitable to maintain the oxidative stability of the oil for about 16 weeks at 30 °C, compared to 12 weeks for the oil in contact with the film C.

Beef steaks were inoculated with one or other of two protective strains of lactic acid bacteria, the bacteriocinogenic Lactobacillus sakei CTC 372 or the uncharacterised Lactobacillus CTC 711. They were stored under modified atmospheres (20–40% CO2). Inoculation of meat with both strains inhibited the growth of the spoilage bacteria. Neither CO2 in the pack atmosphere, inoculation with protective strains, nor a combination of both, affected formation of metmyoglobin or the development of off-odours. The formation of metmyoglobin in meat pigments and the sensory odour scores were compatible to those of fresh meat which had not undergone either oxidative deterioration or microbial spoilage. Listeria monocytogenes were inhibited in broth by meat surface microbiota containing either of the protective strains. With an initial population of 5.6 log cfu/mL, after 7 days incubation at 3°C, Listeria monocytogenes were recovered at log mean population of 2.8 log cfu/mL when neither protective strain was present. At 8°C, the population of Listeria monocytogenes recovered were reduced by about 2.5 or 1.5 log cfu/mL in the presence of Lactobacillus sakei CTC 372 or Lactobacillus CTC 711, respectively. At 25°C, the population of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from broth containing either protective strain were about 5 log cfu/mL less than the population recovered from broth containing Listeria monocytogenes only.

The exogenous aplication of carnosine (β-alanine-L-histidine) (50 mM), carnitine (50 mM) and L-ascorbic acid (500 ppm) solutions on the shelf life of fresh beef steaks packaged in modified atmosphere (70% O2+20% CO2+10% N2) was studied. Beef steaks were sprayed with natural antioxidant solutions at a ratio of 2 ml solution to 100 g meat. Lipid oxidation (TBARS formation), colour changes (CIE a* value and metmyoglobin formation), antimicrobial properties (psychrotrophic flora), and sensory (off odour and discolouration) changes were examined throughout 28 days of storage. Results showed that the combination of carnosine with ascorbic acid provided the best antioxidative protection with regard to meat deterioration. Surface aplication of carnosine or ascorbic acid alone resulted in an effective delay of oxidation of meat. However, carnitine was significantly (P

Fresh beef steaks, either sprayed on the surface with a solution of rosemary and vitamin C or not sprayed, were packaged in 70%O2+20%CO2+10%N2 and displayed at 1±1 °C without illumination or illuminated by a standard fluorescent lamp, a low-UV, colour-balanced lamp (Promolux®), or the fluorescent lamp with a UV filter. Metmyoglobin formation, lipid oxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), instrumental colour (CIE L*, a*, b*), psychrotrophic bacterial counts (PCA) and sensory discolouration and off-odour were determined. Results showed that the use of the antioxidant mixture of rosemary and vitamin C together with the absence of UV radiation significantly reduced the rates of metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation, as well as microbial growth, and extended the display life from about 10 to about 20 days.

Raw samples of 14 muscles: Mm. biceps femoris (BF), quadriceps femoris (CF), diaphragm (DI), flexor digitorum (FD), gluteus medius (GM), infraspinatus (IE), longissimus lumborum (LL), longissimus thoracis (LT), psoas major (PM), pectoralis profundus (PP), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), sternomandibularis (STER) and triceps brachii (TB) from four Swiss Brown (485±15 days old) young bull carcasses and weighing approximately 300 kg were evaluated for some chemical and physical properties. PM (2.11 kg) and DI (2.24 kg) were the muscles which had the lowest Warner-Bratzler shear force values, while PP (6.66 kg) had the greatest shear force (P

The aim of this research was to reevaluate the inhibition of oxidative changes in beef patties packaged in modified atmosphere (70% O2+20% CO2+10% N2) by carnosine (50 mM). The need for reevaluation was because it had been postulated that hydrazine present as contaminant in commercial carnosine could contribute to the antioxidant activity. Beef patties with either commercial or purified hydrazine-free carnosine were stored at 2±1 °C for 20 days and evaluated for colour (a* and H*), TBARS, metmyoglobin formation (% of total surface myoglobin), psychrotrophic microbial counts and sensory odour. Results indicated that both forms of carnosine effectively inhibited lipid oxidation and color changes in beef patties throughout storage, showing no significant differences (P>0.05) between them. It was concluded that the antioxidant effect was brought about by the carnosine molecule and not by hydrazine.

Beef patties were treated with ascorbic acid, oregano extract, lycopene rich tomato pulp (LRTP) and their mixtures, packaged in modified atmosphere and stored at 2°C. Lipid oxidation (TBARS formation), metmyoglobin formation, psychrotrophic bacterial counts and sensory odour and discolouration were analyzed throughout 20 days of storage. TBA values of beef patties containing oregano were the lowest ( p < 0.05); those containing ascorbic acid and LRTP alone were also significantly lower ( p < 0.05) than the control. The formation of surface metmyoglobin was significantly delayed ( p < 0.05) by the addition of oregano alone and its mixtures with ascorbic acid and/or LRTP. Psychrotrophic bacterial counts were significantly lower ( p < 0.05) in patties treated with 500 ppm oregano. Sensory colour and odour characteristics of beef patties were in agreement with the results of lipid and pigment oxidation. The antioxidant ability of oregano was dependent on the concentration; the presence of 500 ppm extended the shelf life of beef patties by about 8 days. LRTP alone exerted a limited antioxidant effect, while its combination with oregano resulted in a reduction of the antioxidative effect of the latter.

Beef steaks were treated with 1.5% lactic acid alone or supplemented with antioxidants (0.1% rosemary extract and 0.05% ascorbic acid). The steaks were stored under modified atmospheres containing either 60% O2/40% CO2 or 70% O2/20% CO2/10% N2. Both the 40% CO2 atmosphere and the lactic acid treatment significantly (P

Beef patties containing natural antioxidants—cayenne hot pepper, red sweet pepper, lycopene-rich tomato pulp (LRTP) and extract of tomato rich in lycopene (Lyc-O-Mato™)—and packaged in modified atmosphere were evaluated for storage stability at 2 ± 1 °C by measuring CIE a* values, surface metmyoglobin, TBARS, psychrotrophic bacteria counts and sensory off-odour and discolouration. Results demonstrated that the addition of ground peppers (both sweet and hot) to beef patties delayed and inhibited very significantly (p

Beef patties containing either ascorbic acid, rosemary, oregano, or borage were evaluated for storage stability at 2 ± 1 °C, by measuring a* and H* values, surface metmyoglobin, TBARS, psychrotrophic bacteria counts, and sensory off-odor and discoloration. All of the antioxidants (except ascorbic acid) reduced (p < 0.01) TBARS formation, which was totally inhibited by borage. Myoglobin oxidation and color fading were inhibited (p < 0.01) by rosemary, oregano, and borage. Microbial growth showed insignificant differences among treatments. Sensory results showed that rosemary, oregano, and borage extended beef patties' shelf life from 8 to 12 d, while rosemary plus ascorbic acid extended shelf life an additional 4-d period.

Shelf life of cultured gilt-head sea bream fillets (Sparus aurata) in over-wrap, vacuum and gas mixture packages stored during 27 days at 1±1°C was compared. The gas mixtures used contained CO2, O2, and N2 at different percentages (0% O2 + 50% CO2 + 50% N2; 10% O2 +50%CO2 +40%N2;20%O2 +50%CO2 +30%N2;30%O2 +50% CO2 + 20% N2). The evolution of the freshness degree of the packaged fillets was carried out by measurements of total volatile bases (TVB), trimethylamine (TMA), Tiobarbituric Acid Reactives Substances (TBARS), K i and H values, psychrotrophic bacterial counts and sensory evaluation (color, odor, flavor). Fish fillets were obtained 3 hours after harvesting with the best handling practices. As a consequence of this, the initial bacterial load was very low. The inhibitory effect of CO2 on bacterial growth was very effective, keeping very low counts throughout all the storage period. Gas packages without O2 and vacuum packages presented very low oxidation, whereas TBARS values in over-wrap and...

Fresh beef steaks were sprayed on the surface with vitamin C (500 ppm), taurine (50 mM), rosemary (1000 ppm) and vitamin E (100 ppm), the three latter in combination with 500 ppm of Vitamin C, packaged in modified atmosphere (70% O2+20% CO2+10% N2) and stored at 1±1 °C for 29 days. Metmyoglobin formation, lipid oxidation (TBARS), instrumental colour (CIE a∗), psychrotrophic bacterial counts (PCA) and sensory discolouration and odour were determined. Results demonstrated that surface application of antioxidant combinations resulted in an effective delay of oxidative deterioration of fresh beef steaks. Shelf life was extended beyond that of control, according to evaluation of sensory attributes. Both combinations of vitamin C with either rosemary or taurine significantly (P