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ABSTRACTA range-wide assessment of genetic variation in one mitochondrial (16S rRNA) and one nuclear-encoded (Rag-1) gene fragment of the widespread Madagascar frog Blommersia blommersaerevealed the presence of up to 12 deep genetic lineages. Many of these differed by genetic distances >3% in the 16S gene. In the Ranomafana area in the southern central east of Madagascar, two mitochondrial lineages differing by 1.2–1.8% in 16S occurred in close syntopy across multiple sites. A phylogeny of representative samples based on multiple mitochondrial genes supported three main mitochondrial clades within B. blommersae, with lineages from the (i) north, (ii) north and northern central east, and (iii) southern central east, respectively. In addition, one lineage from Sainte Luce in the south-east was sister to all other species of Blommersia, and thus clearly not belonging to B. blommersae, to which it has been tentatively assigned previously. Except for the Sainte Luce population, most of the mitochondrial lineages did not show a concordant and consistent differentiation in Rag-1 and no obvious morphological differences were detected among the lineages. We therefore refrain from taxonomic conclusions for them at this time, although indications exist that the populations from the northern central east and southern central east may show certain differences in relative note duration of advertisement calls, which require further study. However, the Sainte Luce individuals were highly divergent in 16S (>10%) and Rag-1, phylogenetically isolated, and characterised by differences in colour pattern. This lineage represents the most evolutionarily divergent species of Blommersiaknown to date and is herein formally named and described as Blommersia dupreezisp. nov.

Abstract:Political engagement, particularly in the United States, has become increasingly contentious, contemptuous, and divisive. Politicians and political parties wage ideological warfare, using rhetoric, misinformation, and attempts to silence and belittle one another in competitive strife. These politicized forms of striving for superiority are—within an Adlerian framework—predictable results of a lack of Gemeinschaftsgefühl, or "community feeling." This article provides an Adlerian conceptualization of divisive sociopolitical trends and identifies their manifestations in current political discourse. Specific attention is given to the use of politicized contempt as a mistaken method of competitive striving. The article also proposes that the Adlerian community must model healthy political engagement by acting out Gemeinschaftsgefühl in political discourse with each other and the community at large.

Memory T cells in inflamed skin express the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a glycosylated epitope defined by the mAb HECA-452. We previously reported that on T cells, CLA occurs almost exclusively on the protein backbone of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). T cells exhibiting the CLA isoform of PSGL-1 can tether and roll on both E- and P-selectin, while T cells expressing PSGL-1 without the CLA epitope do not bind E-selectin, though they may bind P-selectin. We show here that circulating neutrophils and monocytes, and cultured blood dendritic cells, also express CLA almost entirely as an isoform of PSGL-1. These cells all tether and roll on both E- and P-selectin. A chimeric fusion protein incorporating the 19 N-terminal amino acids of mature PSGL-1 exhibited HECA-452 immunoreactivity and supported rolling of CHO cells expressing either E- or P-selectin. These findings indicate a site for the CLA modification within the distal tip of PSGL-1, previously shown to be critical for P-selectin binding and to mediate some, but not all, of the E-selectin binding of PSGL-1. We hypothesize that the types of circulating leukocytes discussed above all use CLA/PSGL-1 to tether and roll on E- and P-selectin along the vascular endothelium.

The biologically acitve entity termed allogeneic effect factor, which is produced by alloantigen-activated T cells and has been shown to regulate triggering and differentiation of B lymphocytes in vitro, has previously been demonstrated to possess antigenic determinants coded by genes in the I region of the H-2 gene complex of the mouse. The studies presented here provide evidence that allogeneic effect factor also possesses antigenic determinants identical or cross-reactive with beta2-microglobulin. These observations suggest an important role for beta2-microglobulin in the mechanism of cell-cell interactions and the consequences of such interactions on lymphocyte triggering and differentiation.

Primary anti-influenza A cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow (B) lymphocyte-dependent responses in inbred mice were used as an in vivo model system to study the effects of the immunosuppressive fungus metabolite cyclosporin A (CyA). Five consecutive daily oral applications of CyA, with the first being given 1 or 2 h before virus inoculation of the animals, caused a complete blockage of induction of anti-influenza T killer cells and a partial reduction of cytotoxic B lymphocyte activities. Adoptive cell transfer experiments revealed that incapability to respond was due neither to humoral factors nor to the generation of suppressor cells. The tolerance state appeared to be specific for influenza A; cytotoxic T lymphocytes against allogeneic cell surface determinants could be stimulated in immunosuppressed mice. CyA treatment abolished virus-specific and cross-reactive anti-influenza killer T cell responses. Suppression was of short duration: less than 1 week for B cell-dependent functions, and between 1 and 2 weeks for T killer cell responses. Animals appeared to be normal with regard to both of these cellular activities for 4 weeks after tolerance induction. Thus, the data indicate that CyA exerted preferential effects on killer T cells. Moreover, evidence was presented that CyA treatment during an ongoing influenza infection did not increase sensitivity to that virus. Mice with no measurable cytolytic anti-influenza T killer cell activities but significant B cell responses, although partially diminished by the drug, were completely protected against the lethal effects of influenza infection.

The studies presented herein have focused on the biological and biochemical properties of a nonspecific mediator produced by populations of activated T lymphocytes during short-term in vitro reactions with foreign alloantigens. We have analyzed the activity of the unseparated and of chromatographically separated fractions of the supernatants from such cultures on the in vitro responses of mouse lymphocytes to soluble and macrophage-bound DNP-carrier conjugates and also to particulate heterologous erythrocytes. The results demonstrate that a highly active protein moiety, termed allogeneic effect factors (AEF), in the mol wt range of 30,000–40,000, is capable of acting directly on B lymphocytes, in the presence of antigen, probably to effect triggering and subsequent differentiation and proliferation to antibody-forming cells in vitro. The active molecule, although not manifesting specificity for antigen, does exhibit some strain-specific properties suggesting a possible relationship to cell surface antigens or other gene products coded in the major histocompatibility gene complex.

Inoculation of mice with live influenza virus results in the induction of cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and of bone marrow-derived (B) cells producing antiviral antibodies. An assay system was developed to evaluate both types of immune responses on a cellular basis within the same lymphocyte pool with no need to separate out the different effector cell classes. The test system represented a modification of the 51Cr-release assay. T-cell activity was measured exclusively in the absence of active complement using targets that were compatible for determinants encoded by the mouse major histocompatibility gene complex, H-2. H-2-different and even xenogeneic target cells were lysed in the presence of either non-inactivated fetal calf serum or normal rabbit serum as a complement source. Cytotoxicity was mediated in the latter case by direct interaction of B-cell-produced immunoglobulin directed to viral antigens expressed by the target cell and complement. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mechanisms did not contribute to cytotoxicity in the test system described. It was demontrated that the cytolytic B-cell responses of one particular strain of mice (BALB/c) against different influenza A viruses were restricted to the immunizing virus on the effector cell level. In another strain of mice (C3H), B cells revealed a broad cross-reactive response resembling that of killer T cells.

The article presents the author's insights on enterprise risk management (ERM). It says that John Shorteed, International Organization for Standards member, says that the framework has been maturing and evolving. According to Francis Cianfrocca, chief executive officer (CEO) of Bayshore Networks, enterprises need protection rather than risk management. It cites the goals to implement ERM, which include avoiding silos, defining and balancing risk appetite, and achieving objectives at lower cost.

The article offers the insights of big data experts on the large-scale security analytics, including Bryan Fite of British Telecommunication (BT), Kim Jones of Vantiv, and Stefen Smith of Secure-Force. Fite says that the company suffers from a series of security breaches, wherein thieves are stealing the underground copper cable. Jones welcomes the ability of tools to access, analyze and aggregate information. Smith agrees with Jones that most businesses are not adopting big-data analytics.

The article discusses the hacking of personal information through smart televisions as more appliances become internet enabled. It states that hackers are able to access the settings in television, channel list, and also history of movies. It further states that user name, password and financial documents can also be retrieved by the hackers.

The article discusses the importance for business organizations to lower their risk as targets of computer hackers. It provides insight from several computer security experts on how hackers do the crime and their most common target. It also suggests strategies for business companies on how to make themselves less tempting targets to hackers by having outside organization that will regularly scan for open doors in their network.

The article offers information on the hacking of laptop of a poker, Jens Kyllonen, who won 2,5 million dollars in 2013. His laptop temporarily went missing from the hotel which was hosting a European Poker Tour event. Later it was found that his laptop was hacked and found a remote-access Trojan(RAT) in it. The attacker installed it from a USB memory stick and configured it to automatically start at every reboot. It mentions that RAT allows an attacker to control and monitor a laptop remotely.

The article focuses on the indictment of the masterminds behind the creation and distribution of the computer virus, Gozi Trojan. It states that based from the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York, Preet Bharara, the Russian national, Nikita Kuzmin was arrested in the U.S. in November 2010 and pled guilty to various computer intrusion and fraud charges in May 2011. Moreover, the two masterminds, Deniss Calovskis and Mihai Ionut Paunescu were also arrested in their own country.

The method developed for quantitative measurements of tropospheric OH radicals is based on the differential optical absorption spectroscopy with fast scanning of a narrowband, frequency‐doubled and power‐stabilized dye laser.

Induction of cross-protective immunity against serologically distinct subtypes of influenza A virus in mice was examined in an attempt to correlate cross-protection with heterotypic lymphocyte responses. Live and inactivated virus vaccines protected against the homologous subtype, but only whole virus protected against heterologous subtypes. Live virus vaccines provided better cross-protection than inactivated virus vaccines. A weak defense against heterotypic challenge generated by live H0N1 virus could be boosted by cross-stimulation with whole H3N2 virus and by restimulation with pathogenic H0Nl virus. Heterotypic protection persisted for at least five months. Live viruses induced cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells in normal mice. However, crossstimulation with heterologous virus was required to generate secondary cytotoxicity. Cross-reactive B lymphocytes were evident after inoculation with whole virus.

The article offers strategies for business companies on how to manage security risks as they grow. It provides insight from senior director of trust at EMC Davi Ottenheimer on the need for companies to avoid such risks as the best way to escape damaging attacks. It also advises the need for companies to look into the source of harm and deal with it by redefining controls and measures to better protect them.

The article discusses the demand of chief information officers, IT security professionals. The supply may not meet the demand in 2014. The shortage is due in part to rapid changes in the threat scenario. It takes time to identify and understand new technologies, the vulnerability they present and how best to adapt security controls to meet evolving threats. The demand at times lets unqualified people to pretend to be experts. Security training should be added to mainstream education.

The article discusses the study released by ID Analytics Inc. which reveals the more than 10, 000 identity (ID) fraud in the U.S. Study shows that wireless carriers have been recognized as the favorite target of fraudsters. Stephen Coggeshall, author of the study, adds that the low prosecution of attempted frauds serves as one of the reasons why fraud becomes an attractive business opportunity in poor economy.

The article focuses on the key findings of Solutionary Inc. third-quarter report regarding the trend of malware purveyor. Chief security strategist Don Gray says that 92 percent of malware was mass-produced, but in general for cybercriminals in the malware business, "the wider the net can cast, the better." The report also reveals one victim provoked to compromise websites and the browsers were redirected.

The article reports on the call of some members of the U.S. Congress for U.S. President Barack Obama to bypass the legislative body after its failure to pass the cyber-security legislation.

The article discusses the threats caused by malicious computer code generated by terrorist groups such as al-Qaida, as described by Janet Napolitano, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Napolitano believes that, other than al-Qaida and related groups, cybercrime poses the greatest danger to the country's security. She also cites the connection between the cybersecurity as a country and economic capability.

The article reports that according to Woody Leonhard of the periodical "InfoWorld," Microsoft Corp.'s Windows 8 leaves a cache of automatically collected accounts which are stored unencrypted on a Windows 8 client.

The article discusses the statement of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to cut the head of the hacking group LulzSec. It notes the arrest of the top members of the group, with its leader stressing that the group is secretly working with the government. However, experts point out that telling the damage caused due to the loose of affiliation of hacking groups is yet too early.