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Cell transformation by Polyomavirus middle T (MT) oncoprotein involves binding and activation of several cytoplasmic proteins that participate in growth factors-induced mitogenic signal transduction to the nucleus. We have previously reported that the AP-1 transcriptional complex is a target for MT during cell transformation. To analyse the interactions between MT and cellular proteins that are required for constitutive AP-1 activation, we compared wild type and transformation-defective MT mutant cell lines. High AP-1 activity, assessed by gel mobility shift assays, displayed by MT-overexpressing cells, is dependent on MT binding to phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (P13K). Treatment with wortmannin (a specific P13K inhibitor) leads to decreased AP-1 activity. Supershift and Western blot analysis with specific antisera, indicate that JunB and cJun, but not cFos or FosB are present in the AP-1 complex. The results confirm the AP-1 complex as a downstream MT target and indicate that AP-1 activation may not be sufficient for cell transformation, since two transformation-defective MT mutants (250phe and MT322) display high AP-1 activity.

Several hydrazine derivatives (HD) tested so far have pharmacological activities, but many also have toxic side effects, including carcinogenesis. Their toxicity has been ascribed to carbocations (via formation of azoxy intermediates), alkyl radicals or reactive oxygen species. Cytotoxicity and transformation by carbocations is widely accepted, but the role of alkyl radicals is still questioned. We have investigated the cytotoxicity of HD to mouse fibroblasts in three activation systems in which enhanced alkyl radical formation is demonstrated by electron spin resonance/spin-trapping. Cytotoxicity was assayed by inhibition of [3H-methyl]thymidine uptake into DNA of Balb/c 3T3 and/or Myc 9E fibroblasts (normal Balb/c 3T3 cells over-expressing the c-myc proto-oncogene). Based on the results obtained in the cytotoxicity assays we also investigated the transforming potential of procarbazine (PCZ) and methylhydrazine (MeH) activated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using the Myc 9E cell line, which aims at the activation of a second cooperating oncogene. Our results show that: (i) cytotoxicity of HD to mouse fibroblasts is increased by HRP activation of MeH, phenelzine and PCZ, which displayed enhanced alkyl radical formation, but not of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), which did not produce increased alkyl radical formation under these conditions; (ii) cytotoxicity of neutrophil-activated MeH (producing a 10-fold higher concentration of methyl radicals), is more pronounced than DMH; (iii) MeH and DMH activated by prolonged auto-oxidation in 24-h incubations have comparable cytotoxicity and alkyl radical formation; and (iv) PCZ and MeH activation by HRP to alkyl radicals increased the transformation induced in Myc 9E cells. Taken together, our results strongly support a role for hydrazine-derived alkyl radicals in HD-induced cytotoxicity and cell transformation.

In order to study the role played by known and novel genes in growth control and neoplasia, we here compare the pEX and pGEX bacterial expression systems for recombinant oncoprotein production and for generation of specific antisera. The results of five pEX (MS2-c-Fos, MS2-Fra-1, MS2-JunD, bgal-c-Jun and bgal-JunB) and two pGEX [glutathione S-transferase (GSH)-JE/MCP-1 and GST-JunD] fusion-protein productions are presented. Higher (15-43-fold) yields are obtained with the pEX system, but only the pGEX system allows separation of the protein of interest from the fusion moiety by digestion with specific proteases. The degree of fusion-protein purification, as assessed by SDS/PAGE, is similar for both systems. Proteins produced by both systems were successfully used in the generation of specific antisera. The choice between the pEX and pGEX systems is dependent upon the specific recombinant protein produced.

We have previously described a dramatic phenomenon of phenotypic reversion (tumor to normal) caused by glucocorticoid hormones in C6/ST1 rat glioma cells, but not in their hormone-resistant C6/P7 counterpart. Blind cDNA cloning was adopted to search for glucocorticoid-regulated gene sequences responsible for this phenotype reversion. Differential hybridization and differential display of RNA were used in parallel to isolate a number of cDNA clones that were characterized by DNA sequencing and Northern blot analysis. This approach was coupled to the analysis of known growth control genes (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, other kinases). Glucocorticoid target genes isolated from this cell system are likely to be good anti-tumor candidate molecules which can be used in tumor therapy and anti-tumor drug design.

Polyomavirus, a DNA tumor virus, expresses three viral oncoproteins (large, middle and small T antigens), causes malignant transformation in cell culture and induces multiple tumors in vivo. The middle T (MT) antigen seems to play an essential role in transformation and tumorigenicity. The observation that MT-overexpressing cell lines are able to grow in the absence of PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) led several laboratories to study the mechanism underlying MT-induced growth deregulation and the signal transduction pathway used by this viral oncoprotein. A number of cellular proteins were shown to be common to both the normal PDGF mitogenic pathway and the MT transforming pathway. The expression of some PDGF primary response genes (fos, jun, myc, JE, KC) was shown to be rendered constitutive by MT overexpression. Using MT mutants, important domains for binding and activation of cytoplasmic proteins were mapped. Wild type and mutant MT cell lines are used in our laboratory to analyze the expression and activity of the PDGF early response genes during cell transformation and correlate them with activation of specific cytoplasmic proteins. In addition to abrogating the PDGF requirement for growth, activation of cellular proteins caused by MT results in cell lines that have an altered morphology and are able to form colonies in agarose. These changes may be due to alterations in connexin 43 and other cell surface proteins.

A number of gene products involved in the control of cell proliferation fall into one of two classes: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The same gene products have also been associated with malignant growth (tumors) caused by radiation, chemicals and tumor viruses. Here we describe our attempts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying polyomavirus-induced cell transformation and the anti-tumor activity of glucocorticoid hormones. Wild type and mutant polyomavirus middle T (MT) overexpressing cell lines, generated with retroviral vector constructs, were used to investigate the role played by peptide growth factor primary response genes (fos, jun, myc, JE, KC) in viral transformation and to map the transduction pathway of the mitogenic signal of MT. Overexpression of MT leads to increased AP-1 (Fos/Jun) transcriptional complex activity. Transformation defective mutant analysis allowed the identification of sites in the MT molecule that are crucial for this activity. Two different approaches were used to investigate the molecular basis for glucocorticoids anti-tumor activity, namely: blind cloning of cDNAs and analysis of growth control genes in C6 glioma cell variants that are either hypersensitive (C6/ST1) or unresponsive to glucocorticoids (C6/P7). Four different glucocorticoid-regulated cDNA sequences were isolated using differential hybridization. A number of differentially expressed sequences were isolated from glucocorticoid-treated C6/ST1 cells by differential display (DDRT-PCR) and are currently being characterized. Expression of known growth control genes in C6/ST1 cells allowed the identification of important candidates for glucocorticoid hormone targets.

The C6 rat glioma cell line is response to glucocorticoid hormones. C6 variants that are hyper-responsive (ST1) and resistant (P7) to hormone treatment have been derived previously. Glucocorticoid treatment of ST1 cells leads to complete reversion of the transformed phenotype and loss of tumorigenic potential. Production of C type retrovirus particles is also induced by glucocorticoids in ST1 cells. Cloning of the genes regulated by glucocorticoids in this cell system was used here as a strategy to uncover the gene products involved in the transformed-to-normal phenotypic change. Construction of a cDNA library from glucocorticoid-treated ST1 cells and screening by differential hybridization resulted in the isolation of three cellular sequences that code for rat metallothioneins (C27 and C41) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (C36). Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of these genes was dramatically induced by hydrocortisone in ST1 but not in P7 cells. Viral genomic RNA was used to isolate and characterize retrovirus-related sequences that could also be responsible for the phenotypic reversion phenomenon.

The products of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun play important roles in cell growth control, differentiation, and malignant transformation. Purified oncogenic proteins are essential tools in cell growth control studies. Here we describe the production of mouse cFos and cJun oncoproteins in Sf9 insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. The mouse c-fos cDNA was subcloned into two different baculovirus expression vectors, namely pVL1392 and pVLMH6, to generate, respectively, nonfusion and His-fusion cFos oncoproteins in insect cells. The products were characterized by immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and ability to bind to the in vitro translated JunB protein to form the AP-1 complex. A His-cJun fusion protein was also produced in insect cells using the pVLMH6 baculovirus vector. Coexpression of cFos and cJun in insect cells yielded functional AP-1 complexes as judged from gel retardation assays. The results point to the possibility of using insect cells for structural and functional studies of different Fos/Jun AP-1 complexes.

The use of the baculovirus system to produce recombinant proteins is based on the high level of protein production and the possibility to obtain, in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells, recombinant proteins with the post-translational modifications found in the native proteins. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a recombinant baculovirus containing the mouse c-fos gene. The c-fos cDNA was subcloned into the pVL1392 baculovirus transfer vector. The recombinant plasmid (pVL1392.fos) was introduced into Sf9 insect cells by co-transfection with viral wild-type DNA. Upon selection and characterization of a viral recombinant clone, Sf9 cells were infected with this virus stock and the cFos protein expression was detected by immunological methods using an anti-cFos polyclonal antiserum.

Glucocorticoid hormones modulate the actions of peptide growth factors and constitute important therapeutic tools as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agents. The C6 rat glioma cell line responds to glucocorticoids with changes in morphology and growth block. The hyper-responsive ST1 cell variant displays a dramatic phenotypic reversion under the influence of these hormones. Thus, the transformed and tumorigenic cells reversibly change to a normal and non-tumorigenic phenotype. In addition, the cells also produce a C-type retrovirus. We used poly A+ mRNA from ST1 cells that had been treated with hydrocortisone to generate a cDNA library that was then screened, by differential hybridization, for glucocorticoid-responsive cellular sequences. The retroviral genomic RNA was used to generate a viral-specific probe. Cross hybridization led to the isolation of at least 4 cDNA clones of which 3 are cellular sequences and one corresponds to a retroviral gene. These clones were characterized by DNA sequencing and Northern blot hybridization analysis.

We report the results of an extensive kinetic analysis of the effects of ACTH, cAMP derivatives (dibutyryl cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP) and phorbol ester (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate) on the expression of fos and jun gene family members at the mRNA (Northern hybridization) and protein levels (immunoprecipitation and indirect immunofluorescence) in the mouse Y-1 adrenocortical cell line. FOS and JUN proteins are induced by ACTH independently of cell cycle stage. c-Fos, fos-B, fra-1, fra-2, c-jun, and jun-B genes are induced by ACTH, the kinetic profiles for mRNAs and respective protein products being similar, except for a 1-h protein delay. Jun-D mRNA is an exception, being constitutively expressed. However, JUN D protein is induced by ACTH. phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate closely mimics these inductive effects of ACTH. On the other hand, cAMP derivatives are not effective in inducing the fos and jun genes, except for fra-2 mRNA, JUN D protein, and to some extent JUN B protein. Clearly, ACTH is endowed with the versatile capability of modulating fos and jun gene expression, suggesting that AP-1 transcription factors play a role in ACTH mechanisms of action. ACTH receptors are likely to activate signaling routes other than the classical cAMP/protein kinase A in order to induce FOS and JUN proteins.

Inactivation of the Rb (retinoblastoma) tumor suppressor gene is associated with hereditary and sporadic cases of retinoblastoma and other Rb-related tumors. Early diagnosis and genetic counseling heavily depend on practical methods for the detection of Rb deletions and mutations in high-risk families. Here we report on the use of a pair of primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a 945-bp fragment from intron 17 of the Rb gene (T.L. McGee, G.S. Cowley, D.W. Yandell and T.P. Dryja, 1990, Nucleic Acid Research, 18: 207). Xbal digestion of the PCR product reveals 2 allelic versions: a single 945-bp fragment (allele 1) or 2 fragments of 315 and 630 bp (allele 2). We used total genomic DNA (blood and tumors) to investigate the power of this PCR-Rb-Xbal-RFLP in the identification of both segregation and loss of heterozygosity of the Rb gene. In one family studied (family 1A) in which 2 generations were affected, it was possible to localize the mutated Rb gene to Xbal-Rb allele 2. The assay of loss of heterozygosity of the Rb gene is available for all Xbal-Rb allele 1-2 individuals, so that analyses may be applied in large scale investigation of the participation of Rb gene in tumor development. We conclude that PCR-Rb-Xbal-RFLP is a practical and powerful tool for oncology research and genetic counseling.

An endopeptidase capable of metabolizing a number of neuropeptides and generating [Met5] and [Leu5] enkephalin from enkephalin-containing peptides is secreted by glioma C6 cells. This neutral endopeptidase that is likely to be a thiol protease, has a Mr of 71KDa and is effective only towards oligopeptides. Its specificity towards neuropeptides is identical to that of soluble endopeptidase 22.19. Moreover, when a partially purified preparation of enkephalin-generating enzyme secreted by glioma C6 cells was submitted to immunoblotting, an antiserum against purified brain endopeptidase 22.19 recognized a single band at Mr of 71 KDa. These data suggest that the soluble endopeptidase 22.19 may be secreted by glioma C6 cells thus allowing its participation in the biotransformation of opioid peptides in the CNS.

The effects of glucocorticoid hormones on the expression of the growth factor-inducible genes JE, KC, and c-myc were analyzed in parental BALB/3T3 and polyomavirus middle-T antigen-transfected cell lines. Northern (RNA) blot hybridization and run-on transcription analysis showed that (i) glucocorticoid hormones selectively inhibit JE and KC expression at the transcriptional level and (ii) the downregulatory effect of glucocorticoids on JE and KC expression is partial for serum-stimulated and middle T antigen-transformed cells and total for quiescent and exponentially growing cells. Gel mobility assays using AP-1 oligonucleotides showed a positive correlation between glucocorticoid downregulating effect and presence of the AP-1 complex. JE and KC downregulation by means of the AP-1 complex may play a role in the actions of glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory and antitumor agents. The ability of glucocorticoids to downregulate JE and KC was used to investigate the relevance of these genes to the mitogenic response to serum growth factors. Hydrocortisone did not alter the basal DNA synthesis level displayed by quiescent 3T3 cells, but it potentiated both the mitogenic effect of platelet-derived growth factor and c-myc induction by serum growth factors. Upon serum restimulation, untreated and dexamethasone-treated quiescent 3T3 cultures entered the S phase after an identical time lag (G1). These results suggest that (i) JE and KC are not necessary for the G0----G1----S transition and (ii) c-myc overexpression is likely to be the basis for the potentiating effect of glucocorticoids on serum growth factors.

Polyoma virus (Py) causes neoplastic transformation in vitro and multiple tumors in vivo. The role played by large and middle T antigens (LT, MT) and their mechanisms of action are focused here. Py-transformed Balb-3T3 cells become independent of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) for growth. JE, c-fos, c-jun and c-myc are 'immediate early' genes induced in response to PDGF. To test whether these cellular genes play a role in malignant transformation by Py, we generated a number of transfectant cell lines overexpressing LT, MT or both. Characterization of these cell lines revealed that: (a) MT but not LT causes morphological transformation, ability to grow in agarose suspension; (b) cooperation between LT and MT is evident in vitro, however, high and simultaneous LT and MT expression does not warrant tumorigenic potential; (c) MT expression does not correlate with tumorigenic potential but alters the probability of eliciting tumors; (d) JE and c-myc (but not c-fos or c-jun) are constitutively expressed in MT transfectants. MT induction is followed by c-myc induction 1.5 h later. We conclude that some of the 'immediate-early' genes may play pivotal roles in Py transformation.

We report the generation of stable transfectant cell lines by DNA-mediated transfection that overexpress viral and/or cellular oncogenes. Expression of heterologous genes (FBJ- and FBR-v-fos, polyoma large and middle T) was confirmed by Northern hybridization, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. We also describe the isolation of two retinoblastoma cell lines from human tumors. Neuronal and glial markers were used to confirm the origin of these cell lines. Oncogene transfectant and retinoblastoma cell lines will be used to assess Rb expression and the possible role of its gene product in cell proliferation control and neoplasia.

We had previously shown that hydrocortisone (Hy), a glucocorticoid hormone, regulates the expression of the transformed phenotype of rat C6 glioma cells. The hormone reversibly renders C6 cells dependent on anchorage and high Ca2+ concentration for growth. We had also isolated Hy-resistant C6 variants in agarose suspension cultures. Here we report that Hy-resistant variants selected in high (1.8mM) Ca2+ medium become growth-arrested in low (30 microM) Ca2+ medium upon hormone treatment. We conclude that Hy-induced anchorage dependence and Hy-induced high Ca2+ requirement for growth of C6 glioma cells, are two independent phenotypes.

The growth regulation of cultured mouse fibroblasts and functional adrenal cells was studied. Variants of mutants from these cell lines were obtained. The effects of classical hormones (insulin, hydrocortisone and adrenocorticotropin) and of growth factors (EGF and PF) were analysed. These hormones stimulate or inhibit the entry of cells into S phase. However G1 cells become irreversibly committed to DNA synthesis 5 hours before entering S phase.

EJ-A is a Balb-3T3 transfectant cell line that bears a small number of EJ-ras oncogene copies/cell, has low EJ-ras expression, and resembles the parental cell line in displaying a non-transformed phenotype. The glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone reversibly induces transformation traits in EJ-A cells, namely: 1) morphological transformation; 2) increased growth rate and saturation density; 3) reduced G1 length; and 4) independence of the FGF requirement to initiate DNA synthesis. Western blot analysis revealed that dexamethasone does not increase the p21ras protein intracellular level. beta-IFN, added to the culture medium, does not suppress the dexamethasone-induced growth stimulation and morphological transformation. Therefore, glucocorticoid hormones can complement low EJ-ras expression to transform Balb-3T3 cells, by a mechanism that is likely to be independent of p21ras increase and beta-IFN decrease.

Early and transient expression of proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc is involved in the mitogenic response to PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor). We used DNA-mediated transfection to approach the role played by these genes in cell growth control by PDGF and in growth deregulation (neoplasia). Cloned pFBJ-2 (v-fos) and glucocorticoid-inducible mouse c-myc were co-transfected with a neo genetic marker to allow a neutral selection on the basis of resistance to the neomycin derivative geneticin G418. pFBJ-2 transfection was found to interfere with the number of G418-resistant (G418r) colonies. By using a v-fos-deleted pFBJ-2 construct, the deleterious effect was attributed to v-fos coding sequences. Cellular fos gene disruption, by homologous recombination with exogenous v-fos, is proposed as the basis for the deleterious effect. Co-transfection with MMTV-H3-c-myc effectively counteracts the negative effects of v-fos. Different from the parental line or single myc or fos transfectants, double myc/fos transfectants are morphologically transformed. Double transfectants still retain the PDGF requirement for growth in monolayer cultures.

In BALB/c-3T3 cells, expression of the c-myc gene is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Using mouse mammary tumour virus promoter: c-myc recombinant plasmids, 3T3 sublines were constructed in which hydrocortisone was the primary determinant of myc mRNA content. The c-myc gene product is an intracellular mediator of the growth response to PDGF though probably not the only one. Both the human and the mouse c-myc genes stimulate clonal growth of 3T3 cells in PDGF-free medium suggesting new strategies for analysis of oncogenes which do not function in focus formation assays.

ST1, a hydrocortisone-hypersensitive variant of the C6 rat glioma cell line, produced viral particles upon treatment with this glucocorticoid hormone. The virus was identified as type C RNA tumor virus by: a) morphology; b) 3H-uridine labelling; c) banding in sucrose density gradient; d) reverse transcriptase activity. Hydrocortisone uniquely shut off ST1 cells' transformed phenotype and turned on viral particles production.

1. Peptide growth factors and products of some oncogenes are likely to be active in common regulatory pathways that control the cell cycle. 2. Cell transformation by DNA-mediated transfections with cloned oncogenes is an approach that can provide insight into the mechanisms of both growth factor action and cell cycle regulation. 3. This paper deals with this approach, summarizing and discussing transfection experiments of mouse c-myc and human c-Ha-ras-1 cloned oncogenes into mouse embryo Balb-3T3 cells.

Hydrocortisone at physiological concentrations reversibly inhibits DNA synthesis in ST1 cells (a line of mouse fibroblasts possessing 40 chromosomes and derived from Swiss 3T3 cells). This inhibitory activity is a property of glucocorticoids, but the beta-OH of C-11 of glucocorticoids is not essential for the inhibition. The steroid hormone restores to ST1 cells dependency on serum, density, and anchorage for growth. When injected into nude mice, ST1 cells generated malignant invasive fibrosarcoma. Injections of dexamethasone into tumor-bearing animals blocked tumor growth. The steroid hormone seems to induce a reversible transition between a transformed and a "normal" phenotype. ST1 cells treated or untreated with hydrocotisone are not responsive to fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or prostaglandin F2alpha whereas they are responsive to a factor that is a contaminant in bovine serum albumin.

Cell lines established in culture have been tested for their ability to enter a resting state upon serum step-down. The reentry of resting cells into a proliferative state has been studied. This transition between states of resting and of proliferation is considered a manifestation in cell cultures of physiologic growth regulatory mechanisms. The regulatory effects of hormones and hormone-like peptide growth factors on the resting-proliferative transition are analyzed.

The effect of EJ-ras oncogene dosage on the phenotype of Balb/3T3 transfectants was analyzed with respect to: a) peptide growth factors' requirement; b) relaxation of cell cycle control; c) tumorigenic potential. Mouse embryo-derived Balb/3T3 cells were transfected with the mutated form of the human c-Ha-ras-1 (EJ-ras) along with a genetic marker (neo gene). Transfectants displaying high EJ-ras expression presented a relaxed cell cycle control, required only insulin to initiate DNA synthesis and were highly tumorigenic. On the other hand, low expression EJ-ras transfectants required both competence (FGF) and progression factors (EGF and insulin) exactly like the parental cells. But, upon serial cultivation, these transfectants became fully transformed and highly tumorigenic without EJ-ras amplification and/or overexpression. Therefore, low EJ-ras expression primes the cells to become tumorigenic but neither overrides the cells' requirement for competence growth factor nor deregulates the cell cycle.

We undertook a comparative study of the effects of the hormone hydrocortisone (Hy) on C6 glioma cells grown in monolayer and in suspension in cultures. We found Hy reversibly renders C6 cells anchorage- and serum-dependent for their growth. In monolayer cultures, Hy was found to inhibit cell cycle traversing exclusively at G1 phase. In agarose suspension, Hy was found to block colony development. Hy-resistant variants were selected and isolated in agarose suspension. Examination of these variants showed that cells selected for Hy-resistance in suspension can be Hy sensitive when anchored to a solid substrate. We conclude that resistance to Hy in suspension and resistance to it in monolayer culture are two independent phenotypes.

The preparation of active protein or proteins extracted from pituitary glands is called PF (pituitary factor). PF stimulates initiation of growth in different types of cells: 3T3 mouse fibroblast WI-38 human fibroblasts, Y-1 mouse adrenal cells and C-6 rat glial cells. Proteases like trypsin and thrombin showed no growth promoting activity under the conditions of PF assay. PMSF (phenilmethyl sulfonyl fluoride) treatment did not inactivate PF. No protease activity was detected in PF using BAPNA, azocasein and azoalbumin as substrates. It is then suggested that PF growth promoting activity is not due to proteases present in the preparation. Preliminary results are presented indicating that a functional rat pituitary cell line (GH3) might secrete a growth factor in culture.

Y-1 adrenal cells responded to serum step down by a several fold decrease in DNA synthesis. Serum starved cells resumed DNA synthesis upon serum step up. ACTH and cAMP inhibited DNA synthesis both at low and high serum concentrations, a fact previously known. Pituitary, brain and liver crude extracts stimulated DNA synthesis in serum starved cells. Purified pituitary factors preparations contained two activities: one specific for Y-1 cells and another active with both fibroblasts and Y-1 cells. The kinetics of restimulation of DNA synthesis by serum and pituitary factors was studied. DNA synthesis restimulation occurred after a lag of 11 hours. This lag did not vary irrespective of the type of stimulator or its concentration. Cells entered S phase continuously at a rate which increased with increasing concentrations of the stimulator. Cells became refractory to the inhibitory action of ACTH five hours before entering S phase. The implications of these data to the understanding of cell growth control are considered.

We have shown that glucocorticoids reversibly change the growth control of rat C6 glioma cells from a transformed to a normal pattern. Here we report that the glucocorticoid hormone hydrocortisone (Hy) modulates structure and function of cell surface and cytoskeleton. The hormone is shown to cause: (a) increased flattening and adhesion to solid substrates and to fibrin layers, (b) inhibition of the cell shape change triggered by catecholamines and cAMP, (c) extensive fibronectin deposition on normally fibronectinless cells' surface, and (d) microtubule rearrangement. Comparison of Hy-hypersensitive and Hy-resistant variants showed that microtubule rearrangements correlate with the growth control change induced by Hy, whereas fibronectin deposition does not.