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The new San Mames Stadium, recently awarded in the World Architecture Festival as the best Sports building completed in 2015, is the new home of football team Athletic Club of Bilbao. After the new stadium was finished, IDOM was commissioned by the Club to assess potential upgrades in the roof with the aim of improving the spectators’ comfort on rainy days. The selected solution, the erection of a cable-roof extension which increases the roof spans by 13–23m, was eventually carried out during the summer break of 2016. This paper describes the assessment process carried out by IDOM, focusing on the 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of wind flow and Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) for the original stadium roof and for different roof alternatives. The performance of each potential alternative is evaluated and compared under different rain events. The wind-flow patterns are determined by steady-state RANS simulations, whereas the WDR trajectories are estimated by means of Lagrangian particle tracking. Field measurements of wind velocities and wetting patterns on the stands were also taken during the whole assessment process in order to correlate the results obtained from the CFD analyses. Furthermore, some wind tunnel testing were also performed in parallel in order to assess, in a qualitative way, the effects of each potential alternative on the wind-flow patterns and compare them with the CFD results.

The Canada France Hawaii Telescope Corporation (CFHT) plans to repurpose its observatory on the summit of Maunakea and operate a new wide field spectroscopic survey telescope, the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE). MSE will upgrade the observatory with a larger 11.25m aperture telescope and equip it with dedicated instrumentation to capitalize on the site, which has some of the best seeing in the northern hemisphere, and offer its user community the ability to do transformative science. The knowledge and experience of the current CFHT staff will contribute greatly to the engineering of this new facility. MSE will reuse the same building and telescope pier as CFHT. However, it will be necessary to upgrade the support pier to accommodate a bigger telescope and replace the current dome since a wider slit opening of 12.5 meters in diameter is needed. Once the project is completed the new facility will be almost indistinguishable on the outside from the current CFHT observatory. MSE will build upon CFHT's pioneering work in remote operations, with no staff at the observatory during the night, and use modern technologies to reduce daytime maintenance work. This paper describes the design approach for redeveloping the CFHT facility for MSE including the infrastructure and equipment considerations required to support and facilitate nighttime observations. The building will be designed so existing equipment and infrastructure can be reused wherever possible while meeting new requirement demands. Past experience and lessons learned will be used to create a modern, optimized, and logical layout of the facility. The purpose of this paper is to provide information to readers involved in the MSE project or organizations involved with the redevelopment of an existing observatory facility for a new mission., 23 pages; Proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2018; Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VII

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) project aims to build a 10-meter class telescope that will be fully dedicated to spectroscopic exploration of the universe. With an ability to simultaneously measure thousands of objects with a spectral resolution range spanning from 2,500 to 40,000, this one-of-a-kind facility will offer unique scientific opportunities to the astrophysics community in the study of the chemistry and dynamics of the Cosmos. Maunakea is one of the best sites in the world for astronomy and, at the same time, a culturally and environmentally sensitive area. The location of the current 3.6m Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) is arguably one of the best observation points in Maunakea, and thus, it was resolved to minimize impact on the site by redeveloping the 3.6 meter CFHT Telescope and using their former facility building and telescope pier to build and host a larger 10-meter class telescope for the MSE Project. The MSE – CFHT Corporation entrusted IDOM with the Conceptual Design of the MSE Telescope. The telescope design developed by IDOM features a novel architecture that combines well-proven and robust technologies, integrated in a telescope assembly that delivers optomechanic and mechatronic performances exceeding the 10-meter class telescopes currently in operation. The developed solution offers a very high stiffness-to-mass ratio that leads to optimal seeing performance. It also incorporates a high efficiency seismic protection system and other remarkable features.

During the last recent years, designs for several giant telescopes ranging from 20 to 40m in diameter are being developed: European Extremely Large Telescope Telescope (TMT). (E-ELT), Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and Thirty Meter It is evident that simple direct up-scaling of solutions that were more or less successful in the 8 to 10m class telescopes can not lead to viable designs for the future giant telescopes. New solutions are required to provide adequate load sharing, to cope with the large-scale derived deflections and to provide the required compliance, or to respond to structure-mechanism control interaction issues, among others. From IDOM experience in the development of the Dome and Main Structure of the European Extremely Large Telescope and our participation in some other giant telescopes, this paper reviews several design approaches for the main mechanisms and key structural parts of enclosures and mounts/main structures for giant telescopes, analyzing pros and cons of the different alternatives and outlining the preferred design schemes. The assessment is carried out mainly from a technical and performance-based angle but it also considers specific logistical issues for the assembly of these large telescopes in remote and space-limited areas, together with cost and schedule related issues.

The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), formerly the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), is a solar telescope currently under construction at the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site in Maui, Hawai’i. When completed, it will be the largest solar telescope in the world, with unprecedented abilities to view details of the Sun.The DKIST dome is the large moveable structure about 26m in diameter and 22m high, which protects the telescope and its instrumentation. During the observation, it rotates together with telescope and positions by means of a large moveable shutter the aperture through which the telescope observes with millimetric accuracy, protecting the telescope and its delicate instrumentation from the wind shaking and the solar radiation.The proposed design is based on a multi-sector shutter system arrangement with an innovative crawler drive system (IDOM patent) assembled on two steel fabricated arch girders. These arch girders supported on a steel fabricated base ring and stiffened by a set of vertical and horizontal steel trusses, the secondary structure. Beneath the base ring a set of bogies with steel wheels allows the rotation of the whole structure.This structure has been designed and optimized so as to ensure the appropriate mechanism- structure interaction and to withstand the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures as defined by ASCE 7-05 for the Site. The later has become a significant design driver as Hawaii is both a hurricane prone area and a seismic active region.This paper describes the design proposed by IDOM for this mechanism and how it has been implemented through the different phases of the Project: Design, Fabrication, Factory Assembly and Testing, Packaging and Transport and Site Assembly and Testing.

The E-ELT as a whole could be classified as an extremely challenging project. More precisely, it should be defined as an array of many different sub-challenges, which comprise technical, logistical and managerial matters. This paper reviews some of these critical challenges, in particular those related to the Dome and the Main Structure, suggesting ways to face them in the most pragmatic way possible. Technical challenges for the Dome and the Main Structure are mainly related to the need to upscale current design standards to an order of magnitude larger design. Trying a direct design escalation is not feasible; it would not work. A design effort is needed to cross hybridize current design standards with technologies coming from other different applications. Innovative design is therefore not a wish but a must. And innovative design comes along with design risk. Design risk needs to be tackled from two angles: on the one hand through thorough design validation analysis and on the other hand through extensive pre-assembly and testing. And, once again, full scale integrated pre-assembly and testing of extremely large subsystems is not always possible. Therefore, defining a comprehensive test plan for critical components, critical subsystems and critical subassemblies becomes essential. Logistical challenges are linked to the erection site. Cerro Armazones is a remote site and this needs to be considered when evaluating transport and erection requirements. But it is not only the remoteness of the site that needs to be considered. The size of both Dome and Main Structure require large construction cranes and a well defined erection plan taking into account pre-assembly strategies, limited plan area utilization, erection sequence, erection stability during intermediate stages and, very specifically, efficient coordination between the Dome and the Main Structure erection processes. Managerial issues pose another set of challenges in this project. Both the size of the project and its special technical characteristics require specific managerial skills. Due to the size of the project it becomes essential to effectively manage and integrate a large number of suppliers and fabricators, of very different nature and geographically distributed. Project management plans need to cope with this situation. Also, extensive on site activities require intensive on site organization in line with large construction management strategies. Finally, the technical edge of the project requires deep technical understanding at management level in order to be able to take sound strategic decisions throughout the project in terms of the overall project quality, cost and schedule.

This paper presents four different approaches to the solution of the non-linear static-equilibrium problem in complex linkages, including rigid and elastic elements. The error function is based on the potential of the system, and includes rigid elements by means of non-linear constraints. To this end use is made of Lagrange multipliers, along with the primal-dual method, penalty functions and weighted stiffness, comparisons being made between them. A Newton-Raphson method is used in seeking function minima for equilibrium positions. This procedure is also directly applicable to the other linkage and multibody position problems.

During the E-ELT Dome and Foundations FEED Study, IDOM developed a Base Control System for protection of the E-ELT Main Structure against the effect of high level earthquakes. The proposed design was aimed to provide an effective isolation during heavy seismic events, whereas in normal observation conditions it presented a high stiffness to avoid interferences with the pointing accuracy of the telescope. In a subsequent phase, a representative prototype was envisaged by IDOM, in close collaboration with GERB, to evaluate the performance of this system, correlate the results from prototype testing with the behaviour predicted by a calculation model and finally validate the design conceived during the FEED Study. The assessment of the results from the prototype tests has been focused on checking the level of compliance with the demanded requirements: 1) the Base Control System isolates the upper structure from ground in case of high magnitude seismic events; 2) in operational conditions, the system -by means of Preloaded Devices (PLDs)- provides a stiff interface with the ground; 3) regarding the performance of the PLDs, the finite element model simulates accurately the non-linear behaviour, particularly the zero crossing when the direction of the excitation changes; 4) there is no degradation of the stiffness properties of the seismic devices, after being submitted to a heavy seismic event. The prototype was manufactured by GERB and pseudo-integrated tests were performed on a shaking table at the premises of the Institute of Earthquake Engineering (IZIIS) in Skopje, Macedonia.

During the last two years a modified baseline design for the E-ELT was developed. The aim of this revision was both to achieve a significant cost saving and to reduce risk on major items. The primary mirror diameter was slightly reduced to 39 m and the total height of the telescope also decreased accordingly. This paper describes the work performed by IDOM under contract with ESO to review the EELT dome and foundations design to match the modified baseline. Detailed design and construction planning, as well as detailed cost estimates were updated for the 39-metre baseline design. In June 2011, ESO Council formally endorsed this modified design as the E-ELT revised baseline. Key redesign drivers are explained and final redesign details of all major subsystems are outlined. In general, the original compact dome design philosophy is maintained and adapted to the new dimensions. Cost optimisation strategies are applied throughout the detailed design update process. Special attention is also given to some specific new items now included in the modified baseline, such as the special ad-hoc seismic base isolation system for the telescope foundation.

As a continuation of the Preliminary Design of the Dome for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) proposed by IDOM, the Detail Design for the E-ELT Dome has been developed with the objective of optimizing the design to minimize the manufacturing, erection and operation costs. The proposed design is based on a hemispherical dome tightly fitted to the dome design volume to minimize the enclosed volume and consequently the cost. The large observing slit, large as compared to the dome diameter, is covered by means of two horizontal biparting doors. This paper summarizes the most significative changes in the design and the approach followed by IDOM for the detailed design process, with emphasis in the construction process. The design work presented in this paper has been performed under contract with the European Southern Observatory (ESO).

The baseline design for the enclosure of the E-ELT is based on a spherical dome concept. This dome is tightly fitted to the TRV so that its surface, the enclosed volume and consequently the system overall cost are minimized. The large slit that is required for observation-as compared to the enclosure volume-, much larger than in smaller telescopes, poses a big challenge to the design. This affects the slit covering system design, for which dynamic issues must be carefully considered in order to prevent operation problems, as well as the dome structure and other mechanisms such as the windscreen and the crane, that have to cover a large 45m span. This paper presents a design that solves all these difficulties in both a cost-effective and reliable way. The design work presented in this paper has been performed under contract with the European Southern Observatory.