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545 p., La actividad vitivinícola del jerez en El Puerto de Santa María ha generado un paisaje singular. La presente investigación se centra en la caracterización de la escala urbana de este paisaje desde que comienza su construcción, a inicios del siglo XIX, hasta la actualidad. El principal objetivo es la caracterización y valorización de la realidad territorial y urbana del jerez como un paisaje patrimonial, concentrando este estudio en el caso portuense. Con este fin se ha seguido una metodología puente que ha permitido abordar las cuestiones paisajísticas del fenómeno analizado desde el campo de la arquitectura y el urbanismo. A este respecto se ha estructurado la investigación en seis grandes bloques de conocimiento que, siguiendo la metodología y nociones de paisaje planteadas desde organismos internacionales, se corresponden con los aspectos a tener en cuenta a la hora de caracterizar un paisaje concreto. Destacándose entre ellos las cuestiones relativas a la caracterización del medio físico, la articulación territorial, las actividades antrópicas, y la percepción del paisaje.El primer bloque se concentra en la fundamentación teórica y metodológica necesaria para la comprensión del fenómeno paisajístico aplicado al caso de estudio: el paisaje urbano del jerez. Teniendo en cuenta que se trata de un estudio de paisaje de la producción en la escala funcional del mismo. El segundo está dedicado a la caracterización del medio sobre el que se desarrolla este paisaje en sus diversas escalas y a la articulación territorial del Marco en el que se enclava. El tercer bloque se concentra en el análisis de la actividad vitivinícola del jerez en el tiempo y en el estudio de los elementos materiales inmuebles que conforman el paisaje bodeguero portuense. Por otro lado, el cuarto bloque se corresponde con el análisis de la construcción del paisaje del jerez en El Puerto de Santa María a través de los distintos procesos urbanos que lo configuran, estableciendo relaciones entre los p

582 p., Esta investigación profundiza en el proceso de transformación de las iglesias guipuzcoanas a lo largo delsiglo XVI, con la intención de contribuir a paliar, al menos parcialmente, el vacío historiográfico existente en torno a un fenómeno arquitectónico que, habiendo mantenido su integridad hasta nuestrosdías, constituye el gran referente de la arquitectura histórica de la provincia de Gipuzkoa.Por un lado, a través del análisis de un número significativo de ejemplos (aquellas iglesias parroquialescorrespondientes a la mayoría de los núcleos poblacionales constituidos como villas a comienzos delsiglo XVI), se ha planteado el desarrollo de una visión aproximada del contexto general de dicho procesoconstructivo, tratando de caracterizar la casuística y las características de un fenómeno de tales dimensiones. Para ello se ha profundizado en el contexto socio-político, económico y demográfico de la sociedad guipuzcoana desde finales del siglo XV, centrándose de manera específica en aquellos documentos contractuales o de peritación, extraídos de las fuentes documentales, que permitan caracterizar los procesos constructivos de estas iglesias.Por otro lado, y a través de un análisis más específico, se ha tratado de contextualizar este fenómeno en el paisaje de la arquitectura tardogótica, identificando los mecanismos de diseño o control formal de dichas edificaciones mediante una comparativa con las reglas recogidas en los documentos más importantes detradición de la arquitectura tardogótica, como son, los tratados tardogóticos alemanes de finales del sigloXV y principios del siglo XVI y la parte atribuida a Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón en el Compendio de Arquitectura de Simón García. Para ello, se ha analizado la relación histórica, desde la Antigüedad hasta el siglo XVI, de los mecanismos de la expresión gráfica arquitectónica como herramientas de control previo de la forma, a través de la interrelación entre el dibujo arquitectónico, los trazados proporcionales y los trazados

322 p., La adopción de la metodología BIM (building information modelling) Information modelcomo tecnología especializada en estructurar la información de los edificios en representaciones 3D ha sido ampliamente testada en la fase de diseño y construcción, pero no tanto en la fase de operación y mantenimiento. Además, su implementación en la gestión del ciclo de vida se ha desarrollado principalmente en edificios de nueva planta que han sido diseñados y construidos usando BIM.La tesis plantea un modelo conceptual de las características que tendría el proceso de implantación BIM para su uso en la gestión de la fase de operación y mantenimiento de edificios universitarios existentes que no cuenten con modelos BIM previos. El método de investigación seguido es el DSRM (design science research methodology) que plantea un proceso cíclico de desarrollo, mejora continua y evaluación que se materializa en un artefacto que da solución a un problema. El problema sería la gestión de la información relativa a operación y mantenimiento, y el artefacto, el modelo conceptual de implantación BIM como método de gestión de datos.

211 p., La investigación se centra en la innovación de arquitecturas entretejidas de pequeña escala, mediante la generación de nuevas formas con cestería de tira plana de madera de castaño (TPMC), que es la técnica predominante en Euskal Herria. Para potenciar los procesos del pensamiento, la tesis propone preservar y rescatar la manualidad y la artesanía, como laboratorio de procesos aplicados al proyecto en la asignatura de Geometría.Se han confeccionado diferentes artefactos en el laboratorio de experimentación creado específicamente para esta tesis. Esto ha dado como resultado un método para que el alumnado pueda crear nuevas formas entretejidas con TPMC. Este método ha sido implementado en la confección de diferentes artefactos y ha sido validado en un taller específico con el alumnado.Se ha podido comprobar que, al confeccionar modelos con las manos, el alumnado desarrolla importantes habilidades para su formación en arquitectura, mientras completa el aprendizaje en las formas geométricas.

498 p., Tesi honen xedea nafar erret gazteluen aztarnak eta arkitektura aztertzea da. Horretarako, bi ikerketa paralelo eta elkarlotuak egin ditugu.Alde batetik, nafar erret gazteluen errolda bat egin dugu, eta bakoitzaren zenbait datu bildu dugu datu base batean, aztarnen egoera, eraikuntza mota, materiala, kokapen mota eta abar. Datu horien bidez GIS mapa batzuk osatu ditugu, nafar erret gazteluen ikuspegi orokor bat edukitzeko, eta gazteluen eraikuntza tipologia eta lurraldearekiko duten antolamendua aztertu dugu.Eta bestetik, nafar erret gaztelu horietatik hoberen kontserbaturiko eta gehien gertatzen den tipologiako gaztelu bat sakonago ikertu dugu, Loarre-ko nafar erret gaztelua. Ikerketa honen helburua zera izan da, tipologia orokorreneko gaztelu bakar bat sakonago aztertzea tipologia horretako gazteluak hobeto ulertzeko. Azken batean, Loarre-ko gazteluaren bilakaera eta eraikuntzatik ateratako ondorioak, tipologia bereko edo antzekoei ere hein handi batean aplikatu ahal zaie, gazteluen eraikuntzak estandar minimo batzuk betetzen baitzituen. Loarre-ko gazteluan, Arkitekturaren Arkeologia baliatuz, fotogrametria bat burutuz, bere horma eta egiturak irakurriz, gaztelu honek izan zituen eraikuntza faseak aztertu ditugu, eta hauen hipotesi mailako kronologiak eman ditugu ere.Beraz, ikerketa hau nafar erret gazteluen ikuspegi orokor bat da, hau da, gaztelu sarearen testuingurua ulertzen hasteko nahi bat baino ez da. Baita ere, gazteluen hormen aztarnak esan nahi digutena entzuten hasteko deialdi bat, Loarre-ko gazteluaren adibideak garbi utzi duen bezala. Azpimarratzekoa baita, arkitektura dela garai horretatik heldu zaigun elementu objektibo bakarrenetakoa.Azken batean, ikerketa hau hastapenako lan bat baino ez da, arkitektook arkeologiaren betaurrekoak jantzirik, nafar erret gazteluak ikuspegi global batez ulertzen has gaitezen.

The electrification of mobility is a promising solution to effectively reduce CO2 emissions in urban areas. The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and solar energy is a practical approach for mitigating the strain on power grids and storing surplus energy. However, the selection of sites for EV charging stations (EVCS) integrated with renewable sources is challenging. This study aims to develop a scalable and highly spatially explicit methodology for identifying optimal locations for EVCS powered by photovoltaic (PV). A novel decision framework for EVCS site selection is put forward, entailing the design of a parametric solar tool, and integrating PV and EV systems to power EVCS. This GIS-based methodology can be used to evaluate the parameters and constraints for EVCS placement, estimate solar rooftop potential, and integrate them into the power grid. The local solar energy potential complements the installation of additional on-street charging points in power substations. Results show that the city centre and a small region in the east are the most suitable locations for installing EVCS in Bilbao. Moreover, the results demonstrate the potential for charging 16% more EVs through a grid-connected PV system without increasing the capacity of the distribution substations of a district in

Overheating in buildings is a growing challenge in temperate climates, even in those where the traditional design focus was on protecting from cold and winter energy savings. This paper addresses a collateral problem that arose during the study of overheating in a residential Passivhaus building in Bilbao, northern Spain. Specifically, the local climate of three laundry spaces was investigated, where high daytime and nighttime temperatures were recorded. An extensive monitoring campaign was carried out with different durations up to more than 21,000 h over four years, and the collected data were compared with outdoor climatic conditions. The results allowed for characterizing the thermal behavior of these semi-outdoor spaces and show the magnitude of the problem, quantifying it. Laundry spaces were confirmed to be hotter and dryer than the outdoor climate almost always. The mean average difference between the monitored rooms and the exterior was quantified to be around positive 5 °C during both daytime and nighttime. Extreme heat events were documented, with maximum temperatures above 50 °C and temperature differentials of up to 15.85 °C. In addition, this article comments on the impact of overheating these laundry spaces on the interior of the dwellings, pointing out the differences between the assumptions made during the design phase of the project and the observed or measured reality. Questions were raised about the possible implications of the peculiar performance of these semi-outdoor spaces on the mechanical heat recovery ventilation system (MHRV). The data presented in this article revealed and quantified a design flaw that went unnoticed by all agents involved in the planning, design, and construction of the 361-apartment project. The inability to predict the behavior of the studied spaces has had a negative impact on building performance during the summer months and has prevented the implementation of strategies that could have been beneficial in other peri

Trabajo Fin de Master en Estructuras, Construcción y Diseño en Madera (Título propio UPV/EHU), [ES]La utilización del entramado ligero de madera como técnica constructiva se presenta como una valiosa oportunidad en Costa Rica, un país comprometido con políticas carbono neutrales y abundantemente provisto de plantaciones forestales que brindan materia prima de calidad. Esta técnica ofrece un gran potencial en zonas de alta amenaza sísmica, por su excelente desempeño frente a cargas dinámicas. El sistema se fundamenta en diafragmas de forjados y muros, siendo estos últimos cruciales para resistir el cortante generado por la actividad sísmica. Con el objetivo de aprovechar este potencial, es crucial investigar, adaptar y proponer un sistema constructivo de entramado ligero que se ajuste a las maderas locales y a los sistemas de anclajes comúnmente utilizados disponibles en el mercado. La presente investigación se propone analizar el comportamiento dinámico de los muros de entramado ligero y las conexiones claves del sistema. Se aborda el estudio mediante el análisis de curvas de respuesta, energía disipada y ductilidad de las conexiones, utilizando normativas vigentes. El laurel (Cordia alliodora), una especie autóctona ampliamente presente en plantaciones forestales y con propiedades físico-mecánicas adecuadas, ha sido seleccionada para la fabricación del entramado de madera de los muros. Para arriostrar el conjunto del bastidor se emplea el contrachapado (plywood) como tablero estructural. Se fabrican tres especímenes, uno de los cuales se somete a carga monotónica, y dos a cargas cíclicas quasi-estaticas, según la norma ASTM E2126. Se analizan parámetros como la rigidez estructural, desplazamiento máximo y disipación de energía. Los ensayos incluyen uniones tablero-montante y la escuadra de tracción, tipo hold-down, elementos críticos en la resistencia de estos muros ante fuerzas laterales. El análisis global, basado en investigaciones previas y datos de resistencia según códigos de referencia (UNE-EN 1995, CSCR 20120 y SDPWS 2015), arroja resultados positivo, [EN]The use of light timber frame as a construction technique represents a valuable opportunity in Costa Rica, a country committed to carbon-neutral policies and abundantly supplied with forest plantations that provide high-quality raw materials. This technique shows great potential in high seismic threat zones due to its excellent performance against dynamic loads. The system is based on floor and wall diaphragms, with the latter being crucial for resisting the shear forces generated byseismic activity. To harness this potential, it is crucial to adapt and propose a timber frame construction system that aligns with local woods species and commonly used anchoring systems available in the market. This research aims to analyse the dynamic behavior of light timber frame walls and key connections within the system. The study involves analysing response curves, dissipated energy, and ductility of connections, following current regulations. Laurel (Cordia alliodora), a native species widely present in forest plantations with suitable physical and mechanical properties, has been chosen for the construction of the wood framing of the walls. Plywood is used as the structural board to brace the entire frame. Three specimens are fabricated, one subjected to monotonic load and two to quasi-static cyclic loads, following ASTM E2126. Parameters such as structural stiffness, maximum displacement, and energy dissipation are analysed. Tests include plywood-stud connections, and the hold-down angle brackets, critical elements in the resistance of these walls to lateral forces. The overall analysis, based on previous research and strength data according to reference codes (UNE-EN 1995, CSCR 20120, and SDPWS 2015), shows positive results, demonstrating that the system is suitable for seismic zones due to its good performance and ductility. Comparison with previous studies suggests that wood species has a limited influence on the dynamic behavior of the structure. For the system correct

[ES]Los hospitales de nuestro entorno tienen un aspecto muy próximo al de los laboratorios científicos, alejado del ámbito humano, y no resultan especialmente acogedores. Es por ello que con este Trabajo Fin de Máster se pretende investigar el papel que pueda ejercer la madera en el proceso de humanización de la arquitectura hospitalaria y estudiar cómo hacerlo posible. Para ello se hace una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura publicada sobre el tema estudiando sus convenientes e inconvenientes, haciendo especial hincapié en lo que se refiere al comportamiento higiénico de la madera debido a la importancia de esté en un entorno hospitalario. De la misma manera, se dedica un apartado especial al estudio de los requerimientos técnicos a cumplir por el material en cuanto al fuego y las opciones que para ello nos ofrece el mercado actualmente. Para cerrar el apartado más teórico del trabajo, se hace una recopilación de referentes que han usado en mayor o menor medida la madera en el ámbito hospitalario en los últimos años. A modo de conclusión, se vuelca todo lo investigado mediante la resolución práctica de un caso teórico, el proyecto de la estructura realizada en madera de la ampliación del hospital San Eloy de Barakaldo., [EU]Gure inguruko ospitaleek zientzia laborategien antz handia dute, giza eremutik urrun, eta ez dira bereziki erosoak. Hori dela eta, Master Amaierako Lan honek zurak ospitale arkitekturaren humanizazio prozesuan eduki dezakeen eragina ikertzea eta berau nola gauzatu aztertzea du helburu. Horretarako, gaiari buruz argitaratutako literaturaren berrikuspen bibliografikoa egin da abantailak eta desabantailak aztertuz, zuraren portaera higienikoari arreta berezia eskainiz honek osasungintzan duen garrantzia dela eta. Era berean, materialak suari dagokionean bete beharreko eskakizun teknikoei eta horiek bete ahal izateko merkatuak eskaintzen dituen aukerei atal berezia dedikatu zaie. Lanaren arlo teorikoena bukatzeko, azken urteetan zura neurri handiago edo txikiagoan erabili duten osasungintza arloko erreferentzien bilduma jaso da. Ondorio gisa, aurretik ikertutako guztia kasu teoriko baten ebazpen praktikoaren bidez borobiltzen da, Barakaldoko San Eloy ospitalearen handipenaren zurezko egituraren proiektua., [EN]Hospitals around us look very much like science laboratories, far from human ambit, and they are not particularly welcoming. That is the reason why this Master's Thesis aims to investigate the role timber could play in the process of hospital architecture humanisation and how to formalize it. To this end, a bibliographical review of the published literature is made, studying its advantages and disadvantages with special emphasis on the hygienic behaviour of wood due to its importance in a hospital environment. In the same way, a special section is dedicated to technical requirements wood needs to fulfil in terms of fire and the solutions the market currently offers. To close the more theorical portion of the document, a compilation of hospital architecture references that have used timber to a greater or lesser extent in recent years. As a conclusion, all the research previously done is presented through the practical resolution of a theoretical case, San Eloy Hospital's ampliation's timber structure project.

582 p., La presente Tesis Doctoral explora las complejas relaciones de Trade-off que resultan de incluir elconsumo energético como criterio de diseño de las instalaciones de transporte vertical; estudiando laincidencia que el porcentaje de compensación de la carga máxima en cabina y el número de ascensoressimultáneamente en operación tienen sobre el consumo total diario, la calidad en el servicio, etc. Paraello, esta investigación asume un enfoque heterodoxo, abordando el consumo energético de losascensores como resultado de la concurrencia de dos fenómenos: por un lado el consumo de losequipamientos electromecánicos de naturaleza determinística; y por otro lado el fenómeno de tráficode naturaleza estocástica. En términos formales, la presente investigación constituye un argumentode plausibilidad, basado en una prueba constructiva de existencia por medio de la cual se determinaun conjunto de soluciones que aproximan a la Frontera Pareto Eficiente, la cual en último términodescribe las relaciones de Trade-off que priman entre los diversos objetivos antagónicos. Comoresultado, esta Tesis propone y demuestra una metodología de dimensionamiento de los sistemas detransporte vertical, que responde a la naturaleza estocástica del tráfico y la cual incluye el pronósticodel consumo energético diario como criterio de diseño.

319 p., Desarrollo un procedimiento de análisis multicriterio de las condiciones ambientales de diseño, funcionales y climáticas de espacios públicos como son las plazas, así como una herramienta2 metodológica de evaluación de la calidad y diversidad microclimática y de utilización de estos espacios.Esta herramienta metodológica de análisis y evaluación del espacio permitirá:- Determinar la calidad del diseño en lo referente al fomento de la utilización de los espacios y mejora de la experiencia ambiental.- Caracterizar la diversidad microclimática entendida como opciones de localización y uso bajo variadas condiciones climáticas.- Caracterizar la diversidad de utilización entendida como las posibilidades de ocupación de los espacios en condiciones ambientales diversas a través del cruce de las variables microclimáticas, de diseño y de usos urbanos.

The effectiveness of positive energy building (PEB) design largely depends on a balanced approach between building design and energy performance. The current common architectural process is lacking guidelines to address the impact of early design decisions in achieving the energy positive building goals. A selection of case study office buildings with an intended architectural diversity provide homogenized real data for this research. The aim is to find connections among four fields that are relevant for the PEB design process: building geometry, location, energy consumption and building integrated photovoltaics. The interrelations among them are synthesized in several novel key performance indicators (KPIs) that conclude, i.a., that only buildings with a roof-to-façade area ratio higher than 28% may achieve a 100% self-sufficiency. The PV area corresponding to 15% of the envelope is a necessary starting threshold to achieve a self-sufficient PEB. The installed power capacity of the PV system should be above 30 Wp/m2c. The main contribution is a decision-making framework that can be sequentially applied providing useful limits, thresholds and figures that guide towards effective architectural decisions for PV system integration in the early PEB design process.

The construction sector, responsible for 37 % of global greenhouse gas emissions and 36 % of global energy consumption, is transitioning towards a low-carbon and low-energy model. Measuring and optimising Operational Energy and related emissions in the use phase of buildings has entered both markets and regulations. However, the Embodied Energy within construction materials and respective maintenance and end-of-life processes is still in the research phase. Moreover, Global Warming Potential baselines per built square metre need to be defined in the construction sector, integrating operational and embodied impacts. This research has the main goal of identifying for the first time the Whole Life Carbon (WLC) emissions of the average Spanish residential buildings of the period 1981–2010, broken down into Embodied Carbon (EC) and Operational Carbon (OC). For this purpose, first, a regular average and homogenised average of existing European baselines was performed; next, the average Spanish residential building has been defined and modelled with a real sample from year 2013, and its emissions calculated as Scenario 0; and finally, five new scenarios have been compared in order to understand variations in WLC and their EC and OC contributions. This research shows for the average multifamily building apartment in Spain, with a mean net floor area of 73.1 m2, a WLC baseline of 1944 kg CO2-eq·m−2, 30.8 % (559 kg CO2-eq·m−2) being EC, and the remaining 69.2 % OC. In Scenarios 1 to 3, the following are identified: a WLC reduction of 26.0 % (9.2 % EC) by using wood window frames, 0.8 % (2.7 % EC) by laying a wood inner floor, and 16.1 % (1.0 % EC) by insulating walls with recycled cork. All three items are calculated together in Scenario 4, giving a 36.9 % WLC reduction (9.5 % EC). Finally, Scenario 5 was modelled upon Scenario 4 materials, complying with the upcoming European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive as if built in 2021, reaching a potential WLC reduction of

Previous research has shown that differences in preferences, habits, and uses can exist in buildings with similar characteristics, which can influence building performance, energy efficiency, and the well-being of occupants. Among this diversity, those residing in social housing have specific socio-economic and cultural characteristics. This study aims to provide evidence of the diversity of thermal preferences and heating-related behaviours in public social rental housing. It also seeks to develop a methodology for identifying behavioural and occupancy patterns that can be applied in building simulation programs and building stock management. To identify occupancy and heating patterns, quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were applied. The data was collected from a variety of sources, including sensors and surveys. Advanced statistical methods were used to analyse the data and identify patterns and trends. The study was conducted in 58 dwellings of a public social rental housing building in northern Spain. The results showed a lack of association between perceived and monitored thermal comfort. Additionally, variability in the use of the dwelling has been found among similar socioeconomic profiles. The analysis of behavioural diversity revealed six clusters based on energy consumption behaviour, including occupancy patterns and heating usage. The patterns obtained can be integrated into building performance simulation programs, resulting in a more nuanced and accurate representation of energy consumption patterns. Moreover, these patterns can provide valuable insight into the diversity of energy consumption behaviours. This can be leveraged to unlock new opportunities for energy savings, efficiency gains, and enhancing the well-being of occupants across a variety of use cases.

There is extensive scientific evidence showing that the characteristics of the urban and residential environment directly affect people’s quality of life and health. In this framework, numerous building renovation policies have been developed in Europe, mainly focused on improving energy efficiency. However, we are dealing with a multifactorial and multicausal phenomenon of a complex system where competent institutions need quantitative diagnosis mechanisms that consider this holistic vision when making decisions and prioritizing interventions. Regarding this, the present research develops the potential of the multi-criteria methodology in a first proposal, which integrates social, energy, environmental and spatial aspects linked to the relationship between housing and the effects on the health of its inhabitants. It is a multidimensional method based on systematized and exportable vulnerability indices, which applies indicators that have been calculated using cadastral data and a typomorphological characterization of the residential stock. The analysis of the results through geostatistical techniques of autocorrelation and clustering applied to the case study of Donostia-San Sebastián shows that the proposed methodology is effective in achieving the objectives set. The associated GIS tool has proved to be agile and replicable.

The need to improve the energy performance of European buildings is beyond all doubt, as indicated by the different regulatory determinations on energy and climate change adopted by different public administrations in recent years. The primary actions have focused on improving the thermal enclosure of buildings; the placement of new energy-efficient skins on their exterior façades is consequently beginning to deconfigure, distort, homogenize and globalize the city in an alarming manner. In the case of Spain, the lack of a specific regulation on how to proceed when renovating the vast majority of residential buildings without heritage protection is leaving the ultimate decision in the hands of owner associations. It is therefore urgent to endow municipal administrations with a tool enabling them to regulate and control the transformation of a city’s image before it is too late. To that end, a pioneer methodology is proposed to classify the unprotected building stock of a municipality with a view to future renovation actions, depending on the degree of their vulnerability and the greater or lesser need to protect their image and the other pre-existing features. As a theoretical case study to test the proposed methodology, the locality of Errenteria, Spain, was chosen, demonstrating that it is an effective tool easy to apply in any city nationwide, regardless of the respective location, size and management capacity.

Publish/subscribe is a mature communication paradigm to route and deliver events from publishers to interested subscribers. Initially conceived for large scale systems, e.g., the Internet, it has been used more recently in new scenarios, e.g., wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), where mobility and dynamicity are the norm. The loose-coupling and asynchronicity of publish/subscribe makes it an interesting choice for IoT scenarios, i.e., each node in an IoT network can choose a different role depending on its location, capabilities, etc. This paper presents MFT-PubSub, a fully mobile and fault tolerant content-based publish/subscribe protocol. Our proposal is a purely reactive solution for mobility in a publish/subscribe system without any kind of limits on the mobility patterns of the nodes. A wireless ad hoc network is created without the need of any previous connections or knowledge on the nodes. Handling the mobility, be it physical or logical, of both clients and brokers. We prove the validity of our solution by experimentation, and compare it with AODV, a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networking. The simulations show an improvement on message delivery rate over previously used protocols.

City densification and greening are two priority urban-policy objectives, for the coming years, aimed at making cities more resilient to climate change, slowing the spread of urbanization and improving the quality of life in cities. These are sometimes contradictory objectives that require fine and deep analysis to create approaches and methods that combine them. The most recent research has presented so-called small urban green spaces (SUGSs) as a viable alternative to achieve this double objective. This was the starting point of this research, which used GIS digital analysis and microscale fieldwork to study the possibilities of greening an excessively dense and low-quality urban space in the city of Pamplona (Spain). The results thereof showed that the urban structure of this neighbourhood contains a large number of small spaces with no specific use or function—residual, surface and vertical spaces—and that are simply undefined remnants between buildings and streets, or party walls that were never built. Only these surface spaces occupy a total area that is twice the size of the existing green spaces. Based on these results, this work explores the possibility of increasing the green areas of the neighbourhood through new SUGSs and the creation of a green corridor that increases environmental and social connectivity and the quality of life in the studied space.

Urban parks are places that have significant impact on the physical and mental health of citizens, but they are also for safeguarding biodiversity and thus fostering human–nature interactions in the everyday landscape. The exploration of these spaces through social media represents a novel field of research that is contributing to revealing patterns of visitor behavior. However, there is a lack of comparable research from a non-anthropocentric perspective. What if we could use social media as a more-than-human communication medium? This research aims to reveal the possibility of communicating the urban forest’s voice through the examination of the official Twitter account of a metropolitan park in Tokyo. To this end, an analysis of the content of the messages is carried out, focusing on the narrative voice from which the message is told, the protagonists, the action performed, the network of actors deployed, and the place where it occurs. It is found that the majority of these messages are delivered from a non-human perspective, where plants, animals, or meteorological agents behave deploying complex networks of more-than-human interaction. The current study reveals the latent potential of non-humans as possible agents within the realm of social media, which can mediate the relationships between humans and their environment. It introduces a layer that can be incorporated into future lines of research, as well as provides a model case that illustrates a good practice in the management and communication of urban green spaces.

Non-motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD) appear early and have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients, but few studies have evaluated their predictive potential with machine learning algorithms. We evaluated 9 algorithms for discriminating PD patients from controls using a wide collection of non-motor clinical PD features from two databases: Biocruces (96 subjects) and PPMI (687 subjects). In addition, we evaluated whether the combination of both databases could improve the individual results. For each database 2 versions with different granularity were created and a feature selection process was performed. We observed that most of the algorithms were able to detect PD patients with high accuracy (>80%). Support Vector Machine and Multi-Layer Perceptron obtained the best performance, with an accuracy of 86.3% and 84.7%, respectively. Likewise, feature selection led to a significant reduction in the number of variables and to better performance. Besides, the enrichment of Biocruces database with data from PPMI moderately benefited the performance of the classification algorithms, especially the recall and to a lesser extent the accuracy, while the precision worsened slightly. The use of interpretable rules obtained by the RIPPER algorithm showed that simply using two variables (autonomic manifestations and olfactory dysfunction), it was possible to achieve an accuracy of 84.4%. Our study demonstrates that the analysis of non-motor parameters of PD through machine learning techniques can detect PD patients with high accuracy and recall, and allows us to select the most discriminative non-motor variables to create potential tools for PD screening.

The most recent regulations, as well as the scientific studies, remark the importance of the evaluation of the entire life cycle on building renovations, relative to the environmental impact and economic feasibility, making the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) the prioritizing analysis. The objective of the study is to develop a simplified methodology for the environmental and economic assessment of residential building renovations with life cycle approach. For this, a script-based tool-kit is developed: the first tool optimizes the thickness of envelope insulation based strategies; the second tool is for the prioritization of strategies by assessing their environmental performance and economic feasibility. In order to follow the objective, the development of the two tools is presented: both tools follow a parallel scheme where the input parameters are required by an excel file and the calculation script provides the results automatically by exporting the results excel file. The evaluation provides the quantification of the relative environmental improvement with the net energy ratio (NER), and the economic feasibility by the financial indicator of internal rate of return (IRR). The tool-kit is applied in a case study of a multifamily residential building. The results show, on the one hand, that the usability of the tool-kit can be determinant in the decision-making of stakeholders; and in the other hand, the importance of carrying out a dynamic assessment, taking into account the variation of the results caused by the uncertain parameters that differ in time. Moreover, the tool-kit can assist the development of cost-effective decarbonisation strategies.

This study investigates the possibility of using municipal solid waste incineration fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material to replace part of the clinker in cement. Life cycle assessment has shown that the partial replacement of clinker with blast furnace slag (CEM III) reduces cement’s global warming potential by ~30%, while replacing clinker with fly ash reduces it by up to 55%. When using CEM III as the control binder in cement in which 55 wt% of the clinker was replaced with hydrothermally treated fly ash, the flexural strength decreased by ~60% and the compressive strength by ~65%. When the fly ash was mixed with calcined and vitrified demolition materials, flexural strength decreased by ~30% and compressive strength by ~50%. The hardening of the hydraulic binders fixed the heavy metals in the municipal solid waste incineration fly ash.

Nowadays, considering society’s highly demanding lifestyles, it is important to consider the usefulness of relaxation from the perspective of both psychology and clinical practice. The response towards relaxation (RResp) is a mind-body interaction that relaxes the organism or compensates for the physiological effects caused by stress. This work aims to automatically detect the different mental states (relaxation, rest and stress) in which RResps may occur so that complete feedback about the quality of the relaxation can be given to the subject itself, the psychologist or the doctor. To this end, an experiment was conducted to induce both states of stress and relaxation in a sample of 20 university students (average age of 25.76±3.7 years old). The electrocardiographic and electrodermal activity signals collected from the participants produced a dataset with 1641 episodes or instances in which the previously mentioned mental states take place. This data was used to extract up to 50 features and train several supervised learning algorithms (rule-based, trees, probabilistic, ensemble classifiers, etc.) using and not using feature selection techniques. Besides, the authors synthesised the cardiac activity information into a single new feature and discretised it down to three levels. The experimentation revealed which features were most discriminating, reaching a classification average accuracy of up to 94.01±1.73% with the 6 most relevant features for the own-collected dataset. Finally, being restrictive, the same solution/subspace was tested with a dataset referenced in the bibliography (WESAD) and scored an average accuracy of 90.36±1.62%.

383 p., La minería del hierro en Bizkaia gozó de gran importancia a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX,debido al interés que mostró la siderurgia europea por el excelente mineral de hierro vizcaíno. La explotación a gran escala fue tal, que a finales del siglo XIX el agotamiento de los minerales más preciados era una realidad, obligando a las empresas mineras a calcinar el carbonato de hierro en los hornos de calcinación. Durante casi un siglo no cesó la construcción de los citados hornos, que fueron evolucionando en forma, dimensión y material, al mismo tiempo que se adaptaban a los nuevos recursos tecnológicos y optimizaban el proceso de calcinación.Actualmente existen en Bizkaia veinte hornos de calcinación correspondientes a diferentes sistemas constructivos, lo que permite mostrar, mediante los más representativos, la evolución que sufrieron estas estructuras mineras durante décadas. El horno de calcinación de la mina Demasía a Complemento del Coto Minero Covarón de Muskiz cuenta con una estructura cúbica de mampostería de piedra de finales del siglo XIX. En el mismo coto minero se encuentran los hornos de calcinación de la mina Complemento, que fueron levantados con una estructura troncocónica de piedra a principios del siglo XX.Los hornos de calcinación de la mina Segunda del Coto Minero Ollargan de Arrigorriaga, sin embargo,fueron construidos en las primeras décadas del siglo XX con una estructura troncocónica de ladrillo.Finalmente, los hornos de calcinación de la mina Catalina del Coto Minero Sarachaga de Sopuerta, con su estructura troncocónica de ladrillo con chimenea y tolva de descarga inferior, fueron construidos en las últimas décadas del siglo XX.El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es la identificación de cada uno de los hornos de calcinación que todavía se conservan en Bizkaia, para posteriormente realizar un estudio histórico-constructivo pormenorizado de los más representativos, poniendo en valor estas estructuras mineras y consolidando los h

176 p., Esta tesis se centra en identificar los factores que hacen poco realistas las propuestas de detección de ataques en red (NIDS) y detectores de malware en Android. En el área de NIDS, se han estudiado la aplicabilidad en entornos reales de las técnicas de IA propuestas hasta 2019. Todo ello siguiendo el proceso de descubrimiento de conocimiento en bases de datos (KDD) como guía. En la detección de malware en Android, hemos propuesto un marco de evaluación común, inexistente hasta ahora en la literatura, basado en cinco factores determinantes del realismo de estos sistemas. Se han comparado 10 detectores del estado del arte usando este marco como referencia y concluyendo que representan propuestas optimistas e irrealistas. En base a estos hallazgos, este trabajo ha contribuido en la propuesta de detectores de malware realistas centrándose en dos ejes fundamentales: la actualización eficiente de modelos de IA para el manejo del concept drift, y la propuesta de un detector basado en IA y robusto a ofuscación, cuyo objetivo es evadir la detección. Todo este trabajo ha derivado hacia una conclusión principal, la falta de reproducibilidad en éstas dos áreas de la detección de amenazas en sistemas de información, lo que ralentiza el avance científico hacia soluciones mas realistas.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a cutting-edge tool, simultaneously accelerating, securing, and enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of patients. An exemplification of this capability is evident in the analysis of peripheral blood smears (PBS). In university medical centers, hematologists routinely examine hundreds of PBS slides daily to validate or correct outcomes produced by advanced hematology analyzers assessing samples from potentially problematic patients. This process may logically lead to erroneous PBC readings, posing risks to patient health. AI functions as a transformative tool, significantly improving the accuracy and precision of readings and diagnoses. This study reshapes the parameters of blood cell classification, harnessing the capabilities of AI and broadening the scope from 5 to 11 specific blood cell categories with the challenging 11-class PBC dataset. This transformation facilitates a more profound exploration of blood cell diversity, surpassing prior constraints in medical image analysis. Our approach combines state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, including pre-trained ConvNets, ViTb16 models, and custom CNN architectures. We employ transfer learning, fine-tuning, and ensemble strategies, such as CBAM and Averaging ensembles, to achieve unprecedented accuracy and interpretability. Our fully fine-tuned EfficientNetV2 B0 model sets a new standard, with a macro-average precision, recall, and F1-score of 91%, 90%, and 90%, respectively, and an average accuracy of 93%. This breakthrough underscores the transformative potential of 11-class blood cell classification for more precise medical diagnoses. Moreover, our groundbreaking “Naturalize” augmentation technique produces remarkable results. The 2K-PBC dataset generated with “Naturalize” boasts a macro-average precision, recall, and F1-score of 97%, along with an average accuracy of 96% when leveraging the fully fine-tuned EfficientNetV2 B0 model. This innovation not only elevate

El palacio Guevara de Segura, construido por el teniente del mayordomo mayor de Isabel la Católica, representa el único ejemplo de arquitectura palaciega castellana del siglo XV construido en Gipuzkoa. Pese a esa relevante particularidad y a su declaración como monumento histórico-artístico nacional, hasta la fecha no se ha ahondado en su caracterización arquitectónica, profundamente transformada a lo largo de cinco siglos. Esta investigación plantea una aproximación al proyecto original a través de una restitución gráfica que explique las sucesivas transformaciones de la obra, identificándolas por fases cronológicas. Con objeto de comprender el hecho singular de su construcción, se ha analizado la particular relación entre su promotor y el contexto de la arquitectura palaciega castellana de la época. Asimismo, se ha realizado una búsqueda exhaustiva de referencias documentales gráficas y notariales, de carácter descriptivo, con objeto de perfilar la identidad arquitectónica y simbólica de la obra.

498 p., Tesi honen xedea nafar erret gazteluen aztarnak eta arkitektura aztertzea da. Horretarako, bi ikerketa paralelo eta elkarlotuak egin ditugu.Alde batetik, nafar erret gazteluen errolda bat egin dugu, eta bakoitzaren zenbait datu bildu dugu datu base batean, aztarnen egoera, eraikuntza mota, materiala, kokapen mota eta abar. Datu horien bidez GIS mapa batzuk osatu ditugu, nafar erret gazteluen ikuspegi orokor bat edukitzeko, eta gazteluen eraikuntza tipologia eta lurraldearekiko duten antolamendua aztertu dugu.Eta bestetik, nafar erret gaztelu horietatik hoberen kontserbaturiko eta gehien gertatzen den tipologiako gaztelu bat sakonago ikertu dugu, Loarre-ko nafar erret gaztelua. Ikerketa honen helburua zera izan da, tipologia orokorreneko gaztelu bakar bat sakonago aztertzea tipologia horretako gazteluak hobeto ulertzeko. Azken batean, Loarre-ko gazteluaren bilakaera eta eraikuntzatik ateratako ondorioak, tipologia bereko edo antzekoei ere hein handi batean aplikatu ahal zaie, gazteluen eraikuntzak estandar minimo batzuk betetzen baitzituen. Loarre-ko gazteluan, Arkitekturaren Arkeologia baliatuz, fotogrametria bat burutuz, bere horma eta egiturak irakurriz, gaztelu honek izan zituen eraikuntza faseak aztertu ditugu, eta hauen hipotesi mailako kronologiak eman ditugu ere.Beraz, ikerketa hau nafar erret gazteluen ikuspegi orokor bat da, hau da, gaztelu sarearen testuingurua ulertzen hasteko nahi bat baino ez da. Baita ere, gazteluen hormen aztarnak esan nahi digutena entzuten hasteko deialdi bat, Loarre-ko gazteluaren adibideak garbi utzi duen bezala. Azpimarratzekoa baita, arkitektura dela garai horretatik heldu zaigun elementu objektibo bakarrenetakoa.Azken batean, ikerketa hau hastapenako lan bat baino ez da, arkitektook arkeologiaren betaurrekoak jantzirik, nafar erret gazteluak ikuspegi global batez ulertzen has gaitezen.

More than half of patients with high spinal cord injury (SCI) suffer from episodes of autonomic dysreflexia (AD), a condition that can lead to lethal situations, such as cerebral haemorrhage, if not treated correctly. Clinicians assess AD using clinical variables obtained from the patient’s history and physiological variables obtained invasively and non-invasively. This work aims to design a machine learning-based system to assist in the initial diagnosis of AD. For this purpose, 29 patients with SCI participated in a test at Cruces University Hospital in which data were collected using both invasive and non-invasive methods. The system proposed in this article is based on a two-level hierarchical classification to diagnose AD and only uses 35 features extracted from the non-invasive stages of the experiment (clinical and physiological features). The system achieved a 93.10% accuracy with a zero false negative rate for the class of having the disease, an essential condition for treating patients according to medical criteria.

527 p., Alison eta Peter Smithson gerraosteko arkitekto ingelesek Fonthilleko Abadiatik gertu asteburuak eta oporraldiak igarotzeko eraiki zuten Upper Lawn etxeak (Tisbury, Wiltshire, 1959-62-82) zeharkatzen duen paisaiaren eta arkitekturaren arteko hartu-eman, joan-etorri eta bereizte-lur hartzean datzan doktorego-tesiak; zatiaren eta osotasunaren, eskuraezin eta eskuragarriaren, ikusezin eta ikusiaren, arrotzaren eta lekukoaren, gorputzaren eta inguratzen duenaren artean, jakintzat ematen diren ezaugarriak zalantzan jartzen ditu eta atzealdea, bazterrekoa eta azpialdea aurreratzen, erdiratzen eta goratzen duen arkitekturaren irakurketa fenomeniko bat erakusten du: arkitekturari aurreratzen zaion aurrearkitektura.

This research aims to enter the miniature refrigeration machine sector with the objective of designing a small scale unit while maintaining a competitive coefficient of performance (COP), comparing with a Peltier plates system. To this end, a research of the current technology was carried out in order to obtain indicative values on the scales that were being worked on and their application. After the previous research, a refrigeration cycle was designed in EES (engineering equation solver). From this design, different conclusions were obtained: (1) The correct sizing of the compressor revolutions together with its displacement is crucial for the equipment to be able to provide the desired cooling capacity. (2) In order to obtain the desired cooling capacity in the microscale refrigeration system, the heat exchangers must have fins. (3) Of the analysed refrigerants, R600a is the best choice, as it shows favourable characteristics (high COP and low compression ratio) when working in this type of cycle.

n the context of the current planetary environmental and social emergency, it is essential to seek strategies for sustainable development. In line with the Social Development Goals (SDG), these strategies must facilitate action from an energy perspective and give citizens a central role. Given that global challenges must be addressed through local action, the transition towards energy decentralisation through Local Energy Communities (LEC) is of central importance. The general objective of this research is to identify characteristics that are key in order for a LEC to act as a driver of local sustainable development and social innovation. This paper has deepened knowledge around these structures in order to identify the keys to their effective operation. Attention is also focused on actions carried out by these communities in the field of energy and beyond. This research corroborates that while some of them only engage with energy, others are more integrative. These latter implement a number of different actions - in line with SDGs- that promote local sustainable development. This study concludes that LECs are high-potential structures that can act as drivers of local sustainable development.

[EN] The use of decision trees considerably improves the discriminating capacity of ensemble classifiers. However, this process results in the classifiers no longer being interpretable, although comprehensibility is a desired trait of decision trees. Consolidation (consolidated tree construction algorithm, CTC) was introduced to improve the discriminating capacity of decision trees, whereby a set of samples is used to build the consolidated tree without sacrificing transparency. In this work, PCTBagging is presented as a hybrid approach between bagging and a consolidated tree such that part of the comprehensibility of the consolidated tree is maintained while also improving the discriminating capacity. The consolidated tree is first developed up to a certain point and then typical bagging is performed for each sample. The part of the consolidated tree to be initially developed is configured by setting a consolidation percentage. In this work, 11 different consolidation percentages are considered for PCTBagging to effectively analyse the trade-off between comprehensibility and discriminating capacity. The results of PCTBagging are compared to those of bagging, CTC and C4.5, which serves as the base for all other algorithms. PCTBagging, with a low consolidation percentage, achieves a discriminating capacity similar to that of bagging while maintaining part of the interpretable structure of the consolidated tree. PCTBagging with a consolidation percentage of 100% offers the same comprehensibility as CTC, but achieves a significantly greater discriminating capacity.

Arkitektura proiektua Salvatierran.

Arkitektura proiektua Bilbon.

Proyecto arquitectónico de reutilización de la fábrica Artiach.

This experimental work addressed the thermal control a roof-top collective building antenna meant to control home equipment in smart buildings. The antenna was placed inside a concentric quasi-cylindrical cavity maintained at low temperature. Cooling was provided by a Water-Copper nanofluid saturated porous matrix placed between the antenna and the enclosure. The ratio of the thermal conductivity of the porous material to that of the water varied from 4 up to 41.2. The nanoparticles volume fraction varied between 0% and 5%. The main result was a new semi-empirical correlation that allows for the determination of the antenna's average surface temperature as a function of the governing parameters: ratios of nanofluid to water and porous media to water thermal conductivities, nanoparticles volume fraction, and Rayleigh number. The applicability of the correlation was illustrated for a practical application case. It was found that, for some cases, the proposed thermal control system improves power dissipation by a factor of 33% as compared with the case of pure water (2 kW versus 1.5 kW).

Evidence shows that people have a major impact on building performance. Occupants’ impact is especially important in social housing, where their occupants may present greater vulnerabilities, and their needs are not always considered. This study aims to analyse the socio-demographic influence in social rental housing concerning hygrothermal comfort and energy consumption in a case study located in Vitoria, Spain during the first 4-month period of 2020 and 2021 (during and after COVID-19 lockdown). An innovative data management system is included, where the users and administration can see in real-time the temperature and consumption in the dwellings. A 2-phase method has been applied; phase 1 is associated with outdoor climate conditions, building properties and social profile. Phase 2 determined the results in energy consumption, indoor hygrothermal comfort and occupant energy-use pattern. The results show that the comfort levels and energy consumption vary according to the analysed social profiles, as well as the heating activation periods and domestic hot water system usage. In conclusion, socio-demographic characteristics of social housing households influence the hygrothermal comfort of their dwellings, occupants’ behaviour and heating and domestic hot water energy consumption.

[ES]El empleo de balas de paja en sistemas constructivos de edificaciones junto con un entramado ligero de madera, sin tableros estructurales como garantía de arriostramiento, plantea la necesidad de estudiar estos sistemas frente a los esfuerzos horizontales habituales, como el viento, para los que los edificios deben estar dimensionados. En los sistemas mixtos (entramado de madera-fardo de paja-revoco) prefabricados, la capacidad a estos esfuerzos esta comprobada por el fabricante de los módulos. En los sistemas construidos “in situ”, en los que las propiedades del fardo de paja y la ejecución por parte de los operarios resultan poco homogéneos, resulta de gran interés, estableciendo una limitación minima en la densidad de los fardos, y siguiendo una exhaustiva guía de construcción propuesta en base a materiales y procedimientos empleados, hallar la capacidad de arriostramiento de cada uno de los dos sistemas. En el presente trabajo, se han ensayado dos sistemas constructivos mixtos muy empleados en la actualidad en edificación unifamiliar como son el sistema de Columna, con un entramado de madera relleno de fardos de paja y revestimiento de mortero de Cal, y el sistema CUT (Cell Under Tensión) modificado. Para su empleo en edificación de baja altura, se ha obtenido una rigidez para cada uno de los sistemas muy competitiva, resultando más rígido, con una mínima diferencia, el sistema CUT modificado., [EN]The use of straw bales in construction systems of buildings together with a light frame wood, without structural boards as a guarantee of bracing, raises the need to study these systems against the usual horizontal stresses, such as wind, for which buildings must be dimensioned. In prefabricated mixed systems (timber frame-straw bale-plaster), the capacity to these stresses is tested by the module manufacturer. In systems built “in situ”, in which the properties of the straw bale and the execution by the operators are not very homogeneous, it is of great interest, establishing a minimum limitation on the density of the bales, and following an exhaustive construction guide proposed based on materials and constructive procedures, find the bracing capacity of each of the two systems. In the present work, two mixed construction systems widely and currently used in single-family buildings have been tested; the column system, with a wooden framework filled with straw bales and lime mortar lining, and the CUT system (Cell Under Tension) modified. A very competitive rigidity has been obtained for each of the systems, for use in low-rise buildings, making the modified CUT system more rigid, with a slight difference. For low-rise buildings, very competitive stiffness has been obtained for each of the systems, making the modified CUT system more rigid, with a slight difference.

[EN] The organisational life cycle assessment (O-LCA) and the social organisational life cycle assessment (SO-LCA) of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU were conducted. The data presented in this paper support the calculation of the environmental and social footprint of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU for year 2016 [1] , and may be used as a reference for future calculations of the environmental and social footprint of higher education institutions and other organisations. This dataset provides detailed information on the UPV/EHU and the boundaries considered; on the compilation and quantification of the life cycle inventory (LCI) which included a transport survey conducted in summer 2018-; and on the modelling process followed for the calculation of the environmental and social footprints, based on the ecoinvent 3.3 database [2] and PSILCA-based Soca v1 add-on [3 , 4] , and carried out with the openLCA free software [5] . The dataset also includes the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results provided by the CML (baseline, 2015) [6] and ReCiPe (endpoint (H), 2008) [7] LCIA methods and post-processed social impacts provided by the Social Impacts Weighting Method [3] , disaggregated by subprocesses and impact locations. Data is provided for the reference year (2016), and some aggregated data is also provided for alternative scenarios that were explored in order to check pathways to reduce social and environmental impacts of the academic activity of the UPV/EHU [1]

The decarbonisation of buildings is a crucial milestone if European cities mean to reach their mitigation targets. The construction sector was responsible for 38% of the GHG emissions in 2020. From these emissions, 11% is calculated to be currently embodied in building materials. In this context, an evaluation from a life cycle perspective is becoming increasingly necessary to achieve the objectives set. Currently, there are different building rating systems (BRS) at European level that allow the evaluation of the degree of sustainability of buildings. During this study, the authors have evaluated to what extent and how the most extended five BRS (NF Habitat HQE, VERDE, DGNB, BREEAM, and HPI systems) in the European framework have integrated the life cycle methodology during their evaluation process. Four methodologies have been used in the research in order to analyse these five systems: quantitative assessment, multi-level perspective, mapping–gap analysis, and expert interviews. Although each methodology has produced different results, the need to harmonise the evaluation criteria at the European level, the insufficient consistency of data software, and the availability of skilled LCA professionals for wider LCA market penetration, among others, should be highlighted. The quality and harmonised data of construction products is required for LCA to give aggregated and transformative results.

The aim of the study is to obtain fast digitalization of large urban settings. The data of two university campuses in two cities in northern Spain was captured. Challenges were imposed by the lockdown situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which limited mobility and affected the field work for data readings. The idea was to significantly reduce time spent in the field, using a number of resources, and increasing efficiency as economically as possible. The research design is based on the Design Science Research (DSR) concept as a methodological approach to design the solutions generated by means of 3D models. The digitalization of the campuses is based on the analysis, evolution and optimization of LiDAR ALS points clouds captured by government bodies, which are open access and free. Additional TLS capture techniques were used to complement the clouds, with the study of support of UAV-assisted automated photogrammetric techniques. The results show that with points clouds overlapped with 360 images, produced with a combination of resources and techniques, it was possible to reduce the on-site working time by more than two thirds.

Residential building inspections are periodically required by public authorities. However, current approaches to storing and viewing data concerning an inspection are often collected in reports whose form and limited content hamper the rigorous assessment of the building’s state of conservation and subsequent repair of the identified damage and alterations. This research proposes a method for documenting and displaying inspection-related information in BIM models to generate a dynamic information model. Damage is spatially located by means of a parametric family, which collects the necessary information about each instance of damage and enables agile and up-to-date information extraction. The proposed method was validated in a residential building situated in San Sebastián, with a scenario designed to demonstrate its ability to support the diagnosis of causes and decision making regarding maintenance. This work demonstrates the advantages of the parametric representation of information on damage and alterations in a BIM model, which facilitates the management of a residential building’s life cycle by means of a digital twin of the building. The results shown in this research may be very interesting for researchers as well as for those whose work involves the rehabilitation of residential buildings.

In the last decade, several European directives have been established to contribute to the 2020, 2030 and 2050 energy saving targets and impose energy efficiency requirements for new construction, existing buildings and building renovation operations. One of the ways to achieve said objectives is to rely on the most demanding energy efficiency labels existing in Europe, such as Passivhaus, and to implement similar concepts into the national energy regulations of European countries based on a high-performance thermal envelope (high insulation and high-performance windows), high airtightness and high-performance heat-recovery ventilation systems, and solar heat harvesting. This energy conservation concept has shown to be effective for houses with low-density occupation in cold climates, but may cause severe overheating problems in denser collective housing in temperate and hot climates with higher solar radiation. To assess this impact, five flats in three developments from different periods that range from no insulation at all to a nZEB, Passivhaus-certified high-rise are compared in this paper, using data from a monitoring campaign during the summer of 2020. The results show and quantify the strong impact the evolution of the energy saving regulatory trend has had on summer indoor comfort, which may in some cases lead to previously unnecessary air conditioning for cooling and, ultimately, be counterproductive towards the end goals of reducing energy consumption and greenhouse-effect gas emissions and mitigating climate change.

379 p., ORDER, in the field of architecture, is associated with the notion of classical order; with a regular and planned arrangement of matter based on a series of rules. A notion of order which is insufficient by it self to explain the complexity inherent in the human notion of house. To write about THE ORDER OF THEHOUSE requires thinking about this concept in a broader way Opening it up to other factors that come together in the inhabiting of a building in a place. ORDER is therefore approached here as the characterisation of a system that integrates many other systems in relation to each other because of their coincidence in space and time. Some of these constitutive systems are here observed and described. As contributors to architectural ORDER, they shape its internal STRUCTURE.To explore this field, this thesis, first examines concepts around the necessary CONSTRUCTIVE ORDER, and then describes in more detail other factors that complement it, grouped in two large chapters, entitled ENVIRONMENTAL ORDER and INTERNAL ORDER. The first of these describes the contributions to THE ORDER, which are produced from the elaboration of a specific relationship between the built object and its environment. The second describes those contributions to THE ORDER,which are produced from the human condition it self. That is to say, how ideas, desires and emotions condition architecture.

Over the last decades, the environmental situation of the planet has worsened. Much of the pollution and energy consumption is attributed to cities, which are expected to increase in size and population in the coming years. It is therefore necessary to develop systems to make them more sustainable and resilient. In this regard, different agendas, strategies, and regulations have been published, such as the 2030 Agenda. The current research carried out a surveillance and foresight process at the European level in the field of the sustainable city, analyzing actions accomplished, ongoing, or forthcoming from 2014 to the present (2020) and coming years. The objective is to identify the potential niches and opportunities for decision making to develop successful projects in this sector. The study concludes that one of the most promoted themes is related to the environment, highlighting nature and biodiversity in cities to improve environmental quality and achieve the decarbonization necessary to fight climate change. Furthermore, society plays an important role, emphasizing the need to promote the population’s inclusion and empowerment. It also underlines the promotion of urban regeneration, which should include energy transition and digitalization to create smart cities, with local circular economies.

Tomo I 600 p. Tomo II 218 p., A lo largo de su reconocida trayectoria, el arquitecto y profesor portugués Fernando Távora (1923-2005) proyectó la recuperación de numerosos edificios antiguos, consiguiendo adaptar los usos y los espacios a los requisitos contemporáneos (funcionales, tecnológicos, estéticos, etc.) con respeto hacia los valores históricos, arquitectónicos y paisajísticos de las preexistencias. Considerando su labor como un ejemplo universal y atemporal para la reutilización adaptativa de las construcciones tradicionales, la presente tesis doctoral ahonda en su pensamiento y estrategias operativas, de manera que sus principios de intervención puedan extrapolarse a otros casos y contextos. La investigación busca definir la génesis y evolución de su pensamiento, aproximándose en primer lugar a las circunstancias socio-políticas, al panorama arquitectónico nacional e internacional y a la propia figura del arquitecto. Todos ellos son factores determinantes que repercutieron en la visión de Fernando Távora sobre la arquitectura, la historia y el patrimonio. Por ende, se abordan múltiples facetas de su periplo vital y profesional, en las que se apoya su propuesta de una tercera vía y que también subyacen a su modo de concebir la intervención en lo construido (el contexto familiar, la formación recibida, las lecturas e intereses teóricos, los viajes, los congresos, la docencia y sus teorías sobre el patrimonio). Asimismo, se han revisado las ideas y obras de arquitectos coetáneos (Lúcio Costa, Ernesto N. Rogers, José A. Coderch y Alison y Peter Smithson), cuya comparación sugiere la existencia de paralelismos, influencias, simetrías y divergencias en el modo de entender y abordar la intervención patrimonial.Por otra parte, se han seleccionado siete casos de estudio de diverso tipo (conjuntos agrícolas, casas señoriales y casas urbanas), algunos poco conocidos o inéditos, cuyo proceso de intervención revela nuevas perspectivas e interpretaciones sobre el trabajo y pensamiento del arquitecto

211 p., La investigación se centra en la innovación de arquitecturas entretejidas de pequeña escala, mediante la generación de nuevas formas con cestería de tira plana de madera de castaño (TPMC), que es la técnica predominante en Euskal Herria. Para potenciar los procesos del pensamiento, la tesis propone preservar y rescatar la manualidad y la artesanía, como laboratorio de procesos aplicados al proyecto en la asignatura de Geometría.Se han confeccionado diferentes artefactos en el laboratorio de experimentación creado específicamente para esta tesis. Esto ha dado como resultado un método para que el alumnado pueda crear nuevas formas entretejidas con TPMC. Este método ha sido implementado en la confección de diferentes artefactos y ha sido validado en un taller específico con el alumnado.Se ha podido comprobar que, al confeccionar modelos con las manos, el alumnado desarrolla importantes habilidades para su formación en arquitectura, mientras completa el aprendizaje en las formas geométricas.

Object detection is an essential capability for performing complex tasks in robotic applications. Today, deep learning (DL) approaches are the basis of state-of-the-art solutions in computer vision, where they provide very high accuracy albeit with high computational costs. Due to the physical limitations of robotic platforms, embedded devices are not as powerful as desktop computers, and adjustments have to be made to deep learning models before transferring them to robotic applications. This work benchmarks deep learning object detection models in embedded devices. Furthermore, some hardware selection guidelines are included, together with a description of the most relevant features of the two boards selected for this benchmark. Embedded electronic devices integrate a powerful AI co-processor to accelerate DL applications. To take advantage of these co-processors, models must be converted to a specific embedded runtime format. Five quantization levels applied to a collection of DL models are considered; two of them allow the execution of models in the embedded general-purpose CPU and are used as the baseline to assess the improvements obtained when running the same models with the three remaining quantization levels in the AI co-processors. The benchmark procedure is explained in detail, and a comprehensive analysis of the collected data is presented. Finally, the feasibility and challenges of the implementation of embedded object detection applications are discussed.

319 p., Desarrollo un procedimiento de análisis multicriterio de las condiciones ambientales de diseño, funcionales y climáticas de espacios públicos como son las plazas, así como una herramienta2 metodológica de evaluación de la calidad y diversidad microclimática y de utilización de estos espacios.Esta herramienta metodológica de análisis y evaluación del espacio permitirá:- Determinar la calidad del diseño en lo referente al fomento de la utilización de los espacios y mejora de la experiencia ambiental.- Caracterizar la diversidad microclimática entendida como opciones de localización y uso bajo variadas condiciones climáticas.- Caracterizar la diversidad de utilización entendida como las posibilidades de ocupación de los espacios en condiciones ambientales diversas a través del cruce de las variables microclimáticas, de diseño y de usos urbanos.