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[ES] Las abejas son un grupo extremadamente diverso con más de 1000 especies descritas en la península ibérica. Además, son excelentes polinizadores y aportan numerosos servicios ecosistémicos fundamentales para la mayoría de ecosistemas terrestres. Debido a los diversos cambios ambientales inducidos por el ser humano, existen evidencias del declive de algunas de sus poblaciones para ciertas especies. Sin embargo, conocemos muy poco del estado de conservación de la mayoría de especies y de muchas de ellas ignoramos cuál es su distribución en la península ibérica. En este trabajo presentamos un esfuerzo colaborativo para crear una base de datos de ocurrencias de abejas que abarca la península ibérica e islas Baleares que permitirá resolver cuestiones como la distribución de las diferentes especies, preferencia de hábitat, fenología o tendencias históricas. En su versión actual, esta base de datos contiene un total de 87 684 registros de 923 especies recolectados entre 1830 y 2022, de los cuales un 87% presentan información georreferenciada. Para cada registro se incluye información relativa a la localidad de muestreo (89%), identificador y colector de la especie (64%), fecha de captura (54%) y planta donde se recolectó (20%). Creemos que esta base de datos es el punto de partida para conocer y conservar mejor la biodiversidad de abejas en la península ibérica e Islas Baleares, [EN] Bees are a diverse group with more than 1000 species known from the Iberian Peninsula. They have increasingly received special attention due to their important role as pollinators and providers of ecosystem services. In addition, various rapid human-induced environmental changes are leading to the decline of some of its populations. However, we know very little about the conservation status of most species and for many species, we hardly know their true distributions across the Iberian Peninsula. Here, we present a collaborative effort to collate and curate a database of Iberian bee occurrences to answer questions about their distribution, habitat preference, phenology, or historical trends. In total we have accumulated 87 684 records from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands of 923 different species with 87% of georeferenced records collected between 1830 and 2022. In addition, each record has associated information such as the sampling location (89%), collector and person who identified the species (64%), date of the capture (54%) and plant species where the bees were captured (20%). We believe that this database is the starting point to better understand and conserve bee biodiversity in the Iberian Peninsula.

En Andalucía se realizan diversas actuaciones para la catalogación y conservación de la biodiversidad por parte del gobierno autonómico. Con respecto a las plantas, es notable la creación de una red de Jardines Botánicos asociados a espacios naturales protegidos. Estos jar- dines y áreas protegidas contienen una buena representación de la flora y de las especies amenazadas andaluzas, lo que supone un gran potencial para la investigación en biodiversidad. En este artículo se exploran las posibilidades que ofrecen estos jardines, dirigidas hacia la investigación y se muestran algunos resultados obtenidos. Estas investigaciones se dirigen por un lado hacia el pasado histórico que ha generado la actual diversidad evolutiva (filogenética) de la flora leñosa usando marcadores genéticos y genómicos. Por otro lado, la representación de flora amenazada en los jardines ha permitido conocer también su nivel de singularidad filogenética y compararla con su rareza basada en aspectos biogeográficos y ecológicos. Los Jardines Botánicos han proporcionado gran parte de las muestras de tejido vegetal para la extracción de ADN necesario para resolver las filogenias. Finalmente, se exponen posibilidades futuras de investigación para prevenir los efectos del cambio climático en los sistemas naturales de Andalucía, usando los jardines como estaciones de observación fenológica. La información sobre el pasado evolutivo es muy relevante para determinar su influencia en la respuesta de las plantas a los cambios que ya están aconteciendo., The regional government of Andalusia has developed several actions to catalog and conserve biodiversity. Focusing on plants, a remarkable action is the setting of a network of botanic gardens linked to protected natural areas. These gardens and protected areas contain a good representation of the flora and of endangered plant species of Andalusia, which represent a great potential for biodiversity research. This paper explores possibilities offered by these gardens for this research and shows some results obtained. First, these investigations focus on the historical past which determined the current evolutionary (phylogenetic) diversity of the woody flora by using genetic and genomic markers. Second, the representation of threatened flora in the gardens has allowed us to know their phylogenetic distinctness and to compare it with their rarity based on biogeographical and ecological aspects. Botanic gardens have supplied most of the samples for DNA extraction to resolve these phylogenies. Finally, future research possibilities to know the effects of climate change on the natural systems of Andalusia are presented, using the gardens as phenological observation stations. The information on evolutionary past will be very relevant to ascertain its influence on the plant response to current and future climate changes.

Anthocyanins are the primary pigments contributing to the variety of flower colors among angiosperms and are considered essential for survival and reproduction. Anthocyanins are members of the flavonoids, a broader class of secondary metabolites, of which there are numerous structural genes and regulators thereof. In western European populations of Lysimachia arvensis, there are blue- and orange-petaled individuals. The proportion of blue-flowered plants increases with temperature and daylength yet decreases with precipitation. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis to characterize the coding sequences of a large group of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, examine their expression and compare our results to flavonoid biochemical analysis for blue and orange petals. Among a set of 140 structural and regulatory genes broadly representing the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, we found 39 genes with significant differential expression including some that have previously been reported to be involved in similar flower color transitions. In particular, F3′5′H and DFR, two genes at a critical branchpoint in the ABP for determining flower color, showed differential expression. The expression results were complemented by careful examination of the SNPs that differentiate the two color types for these two critical genes. The decreased expression of F3′5′H in orange petals and differential expression of two distinct copies of DFR, which also exhibit amino acid changes in the color-determining substrate specificity region, strongly correlate with the blue to orange transition. Our biochemical analysis was consistent with the transcriptome data indicating that the shift from blue to orange petals is caused by a change from primarily malvidin to largely pelargonidin forms of anthocyanins. Overall, we have identified several flavonoid biosynthetic pathway loci likely involved in the shift in flower color in L. arvensis and even more loci that may represent the complex network of gene

Anthocyanins are the primary pigments contributing to the variety of flower colors among angiosperms and are considered essential for survival and reproduction. Anthocyanins are members of the flavonoids, a broader class of secondary metabolites, of which there are numerous structural genes and regulators thereof. In western European populations of Lysimachia arvensis, there are blue- and orange-petaled individuals. The proportion of blue-flowered plants increases with temperature and daylength yet decreases with precipitation. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis to characterize the coding sequences of a large group of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, examine their expression and compare our results to flavonoid biochemical analysis for blue and orange petals. Among a set of 140 structural and regulatory genes broadly representing the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, we found 39 genes with significant differential expression including some that have previously been reported to be involved in similar flower color transitions. In particular, F3′5′H and DFR, two genes at a critical branchpoint in the ABP for determining flower color, showed differential expression. The expression results were complemented by careful examination of the SNPs that differentiate the two color types for these two critical genes. The decreased expression of F3′5′H in orange petals and differential expression of two distinct copies of DFR, which also exhibit amino acid changes in the color-determining substrate specificity region, strongly correlate with the blue to orange transition. Our biochemical analysis was consistent with the transcriptome data indicating that the shift from blue to orange petals is caused by a change from primarily malvidin to largely pelargonidin forms of anthocyanins. Overall, we have identified several flavonoid biosynthetic pathway loci likely involved in the shift in flower color in L. arvensis and even more loci that may represent the complex network of gene