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A Community Service Program (PkM / Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat) have been carried out named “The Utilization of Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA / Tanaman Obat Keluarga) among Mothers in Nglanggeran Village, Patuk District, Gunung Kidul Regency, D.I. Yogyakarta”. This PkM activity aims to provide information to the Women Farmers Group (KWT / Kelompok Wanita Tani) in Nglanggeran Village about the benefits of family medicinal plants that can be planted around the house. This activity was carried out in May 2022. Education was carried out using the modified CBIA (Active Person Learning Method). The CBIA method facilitates participants to be active in learning the material through small group discussions led by a facilitator. The results of group discussions are written in working papers and presented to the plenary among groups. The results showed that: 1) participants still considered the use of herbs to have no side effects at all; 2) they are used to using popular medicinal plants to treat minor health complaints, such as crushed dadap leaves to treat fever, squeezed turmeric water for stomach pain, lime juice and soy sauce for cough medicine, and bay leaf decoction for gout. The mothers' response to holding this event was very enthusiastic, so it was necessary to carry out further activities in the form of training on TOGA processing to maintain family health.

Swamedikasi merupakan upaya pertama dan terbanyak dilakukan masyarakat untuk mengatasi keluhan kesehatannya. Selama pandemi COVID-19 sebanyak 70% pasien dengan penyakit kronis mangkir dari kontrol rutin dan 12% melewatkan proses pengobatannya sehingga meningkatkan angka kematian sebanyak 1,3%. Beberapa dampak yang terjadi akibat dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap perubahan perilaku health seeking ini menjadi dasar dilakukannya penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap intensi swamedikasi di kalangan masyakarat di masa pandemi COVID 19. Faktor intensi ditinjau menggunakan kerangka teori Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel dipilih dengan teknik Cluster Sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 144 responden. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan regresi linear berganda. Dari hasil penelitian ini variabel attitude (p value ≤ 0,05) dan perceived behavioral control (p value ≤ 0,05) menunjukkan adanya kontribusi parsial terhadap intensi swamedikasi. Sedangkan subjective norm (p value ≥ 0,05) secara parsial tidak berpengaruh terhadap intensi swamedikasi. Konstruk perceived behavioral control merupakan faktor yang paling berkontribusi dalam intensi swamedikasi (β= 0,017). Hasil uji F menunjukkan bahwa attitude, subjective norm, dan perceived behavioral control secara simultan berkontribusi sebesar 26,4% terhadap intensi swamedikasi (p value ≤ 0,05, F hitung > F tabel, R Square = 0,264). Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Yogyakarta dalam menyusun program promosi kesehatan terkait swamedikasi yang baik kepada masyarakat.

INTISARI Swamedikasi atau pengobatan sendiri lazim dilakukan masyarakat. Namun, swamedikasi juga berisiko terkait pengenalan gejala, pimilihan obat, dan penggunaannya yang keliru. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggali persepsi tentang perilaku swamedikasi di kalangan masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Responden adalah masyarakat di Dusun Semawung, Daleman, Kutoarjo, Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah. Data diperoleh dengan teknik wawancara yang dilakukan dengan panduan wawancara terstruktur, yang disusun berdasarkan kerangka Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Pertanyaan wawancara memuat konstruk TPB yang terdiri dari: Behavioural Beliefs (keuntungan dan kerugian swamedikasi), Normative Beliefs (orang yang mendukung dan yang tidak menyetujui swamedikasi), dan Control Beliefs (fasilitator dan hambatan swamedikasi). Data dianalisis secara analisis konten. Sebanyak 25 responden diwawancarai. Temuan studi kualitatif ini mengungkap bahwa swamedikasi itu diyakini mudah dilakukan, cepat, dan cocok mengatasi keluhan (Behavioural Beliefs). Anggota keluarga mendukung dan hampir tidak ada yang tidak setuju dengan Tindakan swamedikasi (Normative Beliefs). Kurangnya pengetahuan tentang obat merupakan faktor penghambat (Control Beliefs). Berdasarkan temuan tersebut maka perlu dilakukan penentuan determinan ketidakrasionalan swamedikasi dan dirumuskan strategi intervensi untuk peningkatan kerasionalan perilaku swamedikasi di kalangan masyarakat.

Pendahuluan: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), akhir-akhir ini diketahui sebagai salah satu mediator yang memicu proses inflamasi setelah terjadi iskemia di otak. Saat ini telah dikenal beberapa reseptor HMGB1 yang memerantarai proses inflamasi diotak yaitu RAGE, TLR2 dan TLR4. Ikatan HMGB1 dengan reseptornya akan menyebabkan kerusakan neuron otak yang memberikan konstribusi perburukan defisit neurologi klinis. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa kadar HMGB1 meningkat secara signifikan pada pasien stroke dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Studi lain menunjukkan bahwa kadar HMGB1 yang tinggi setelah iskemia otak akan memperluas area infark. Tujuan: untuk mengetahui adanya korelasi antara kadar HMBG1 dalam serum dengan derajat fungsional neurologik yang diukur dengan NIHSS pada pasien stroke trombotik akut. Metode: Telah diukur kadar HMGB1 pada 43 pasien stroke trombotik akut yang di rawat di ruang saraf RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya periode September 2012 sampai Januari 2013 diukur kadar HMGB1 dengan metode ELISA - Sandwich menggunakan Indirect Capture Re Capture dan diukur derajat fungsional neurologik dengan NIHSS. Hasil: Rerata usia subyek penelitian ini 60.40 ± 9.346 tahun. Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 24 wanita dan 19 pria. Rerata kadar HMGB1 serum adalah 62.57± 54.164 ng/ml. Rerata nilai NIHSS adalah 6.47 ± 3.261. Terdapat korelasi positif dengan kekuatan lemah antara kadar HMGB1 serum dengan nilai NIHSS pada pasien stroke trombotik akut yang bermakna secara statistik (r = 0.353 dan p = 0.02) Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi positif antara kadar HMGB1 dalam serum dengan derajat fungsional neurologik yang diukur

Research and development of the COVID-19 vaccine give hope to all people to stop the COVID-19 pandemic in the world. This literature review explores the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine used in Indonesia and discusses Indonesia's current vaccination process. The primary databases for the reviewed articles were PubMed and Mendeley. Others are official websites, such as World Health Organization (WHO); COVID-19 and National Economic Recovery Committee in Indonesia (KPCPEN); the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NA-DFC–in Bahasa Indonesia: BPOM) of the Republic of Indonesia; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Clinical Trials.gov, COVID-19 vaccine Tracker, the Indonesian regulations, and guidelines regarding COVID-19. The inclusion criteria of the searched articles were those published from December 2019 to April 30, 2021, and those which discussed vaccines' types, efficacy, and safety. Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination is quite high (65%). Refusal was related to vaccine safety (30%); effectiveness (22%); distrust of vaccines (13%); fear of side effects (12%); and religious reasons (8%). The COVID-19 vaccines planned by the Indonesia Government have gone through clinical trials phases I to III. The Coronavac vaccine efficacy showed seroconversion that occurred was 92.4% to 97.4%, and no severe side effects have been reported. The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 efficacy was 66.7% to 76.0%, and none of the tested participants was hospitalized, serious side effects were very small (0.9% to 1.1%). The mRNA-1273 efficacy was 94.1%, and its reactogenicity was mild to moderate. The BNT162b2 efficacy was ≥ 92%, and no severe or specific safety concerns have occurred. The efficacy of the BBIBPCorV vaccine has not been established. Ongoing phase I, II, and III clinical trials will provide more information on safety and immunogenicity for the BBIBP-CorV. Three of the six vaccines have obtained EUA from BPOM and approval from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI). A health promotion program about the safety, efficacy, and the 'halal' of the COVID-19 vaccine; acceleration and ensuring access to the COVID-19 vaccination program are urgent to end this pandemic immediately.

Swamedikasi untuk mengatasi demam merupakan tindakan yang lazim di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. Namun demikian, swamedikasi yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dapat menimbulkan masalah terkait penggunaan obat, karena kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit yang diderita dan obat yang digunakan, serta bagaimana menggunakannya dengan tepat. Oleh karena itu, kajian literatur ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang swamedikasi untuk demam. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan pada data-base Google Scholardan portal Garuda. Kriteria inklusi literatur yang dicari adalah artikel yang tercapai lima tahun terakhir dan yang membahas pengetahuan masyarakat tentang swamedikasi demam. Terdapat empat literatur yang ditemukan dari pencarian dan kriteria kriteria inklusi. Hasil kajian terhadap empat literatur menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan masyarakat tentang swamedikasi demam termasuk dalam kategori baik dan cukup

This short report aimed to describe the impacts of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) integration on the Pharmacy education (PE) landscape in the ASEAN region. This report synthesised literature, included journal articles and articles on web pages, and was directed to identify gaps regarding PE harmonisation in the ASEAN region. Later, the authors added the COVID-19 pandemic effects, as this report was written during the outbreak. This report describes two essential points of PE harmonisation, i.e. 1) Variations of PE programmes among ASEAN state members; 2) Contributions of forums involving PE institutions in the ASEAN region. Several gaps were identified in this report. How prepared are the pharmacists and educators? How could the existing PE forums contribute to the collaboration and harmonisation among PE institutions in the region? What can be learned from this current pandemic situation to move forward to the harmonisation in the post-pandemic era?

Industrial revolution 4.0 is the process of digitizing the industry that leds health services in the era of application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) called e-health. The application of ICT in Pharmacy is known as e-pharmacy. The role of pharmacists in Drug Information Services by utilizing ICTs has an effect on e-health literacy which ultimately supports the success of patient therapy. This is very important for patients with chronic diseases who are receiving treatment for a long time, one of which is asthma patients. Therefore, this study aims to explore pharmacist perceptions regarding the use of the internet and social media for drug information services, with a case study of services in asthma patients. This research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data is collected by interviews using an interview guide that has been validated in a professional judgment. Interviews were conducted with pharmacist participants who provided pharmacy services to asthma patients, who were selected purposively in March to July 2019. Data from interviews were transcribed verbatim, then a thematic analysis was performed. Ethical clearance has been obtained under number 945/ C.16/ FK/ 2019. The results of the study mention the use of the internet and social media indicate the potential capabilities of pharmacists in health services and also the challenges of transformation to the role of pharmacists in the e-pharmacy era. This study also mentions the urgency of establishing regulations regarding e-pharmacy that is driven by the violation from the internet and social media use. Improvement of ICT infrastructure in the pharmacy field as well as the pharmacist's contribution on the provision of drug information for chronic diseases, including asthma, are urgently required.

Drug compounding is still carried out throughout the world, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. Drug compounding from the solid dosage formed by splitting or crushing the tablet might change the stability, pharmacokinetic profile, and drug irritation. Most of the pharmacist in Indonesia had a limited time to do a risk assessment for potential incompatibility and instability of drug combination in compounding preparation. This article was aimed to provide an overview of compounding practice in divided powder preparation in Indonesia and as a case study of potential incompatibility and instability of an extemporaneous preparation. This study is an observational study using a case study. The consideration in selecting the case is the prescription that is most frequently prescribed in five months of the study period will be chosen. Risk assessment of technical risk in compounding was conducted using a matrix based on the Handbook on Extemporaneous Preparation. Analysis of instability and incompatibility potency was conducted based on the literature review (descriptive analysis). There were 666 prescriptions that needed compounding preparation. The most frequently prescribed formula was the combination of cetirizine tablets, ketotifen tablets, and cyproheptadine tablets that must be crushed to be divided powder. The combination has instability potency. The instability might be prevented by proper packaging and storing. A pharmacist must be able to understand the physical and chemical properties of each drug that is prescribed to determine the potential instability and incompatibility that may occur in the compounding order. Furthermore, the pharmacist must decide the most appropriate solution to overcome the incompatibility or instability that occur. This is the part of quality assurance of compounding preparations, so that patients will get safe and effective drugs, and can prevent medication errors.

Remaja memiliki kecenderungan senang bereksplorasi dengan mencoba berbagai jenis produk kosmetika. Namun demikian, keamanan harus menjadi pertimbangan dalam pemilihan dan penggunaan produk kosmetika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan profil penggunaan kosmetika di kalangan remaja putri. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif, yang merupakan studi pendahuluan (preliminary research) dari studi yang lebih besar tentang perilaku penggunaan kosmetika di kalangan remaja putri. Responden penelitian adalah siswa putri SMK INDONESIA Yogyakarta. Data dikumpulkan dengan panduan wawancara terstruktur dalam bentuk google form kepada 294 responden. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat 19 jenis sediaan kosmetika untuk wajah. Alasan menggunakan kosmetika diantaranya untuk merawat kulit wajah (87%), menambah kepercayaan diri (8%), mengikuti trend (2%), menghilangkan jerawat (1%), agar kulit tidak kusam (1%), dan penghargaan pada diri sendiri (1%). Sumber informasi produk kosmetika diperoleh melalui media sosial (32%), teman (23%), internet (20%), saudara 17%, dan iklan TV (8%). Tempat membeli produk kosmetika diantaranya toko/swalayan (59%), online shop (27%), dan klinik kecantikan (14%). Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menggali faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku penggunaan kosmetika di kalangan remaja putri dan aspek keamanan dari kosmetika yang banyak digunakan.

This study determined the predictors of intention to obtain HPV vaccination among Thai female college students. The participants of this study were Thai female college students aged 18 - 26 years who were unvaccinated (N = 191). The study used a cross-sectional survey conducted from October to November of 2018. Seven predictors were included in the conceptual framework and analyzed for their relative contribution using multiple regression. The questionnaire reliability was > 0.80 for each construct, except knowledge (0.714). Significant predictors for intention to obtain HPV vaccine were found to be attitude to obtain HPV vaccination (β = 0.31, p < 0.001); perceived behavioral control (β = 0.31, p < 0.001); and perceived susceptibility (β = 0.22, p = 0.005), accounting for 40 % of its variance. Increasing intention to obtain the vaccine of HPV among Thai female college students should focus on enhancing positive attitudes toward obtaining the HPV vaccination, boosting perceived behavioral control, and increasing perceived susceptibility to its infection and diseases. HIGHLIGHTS Significant factors that influence the intention for receiving HPV vaccine were described Attitude, perceived behavioral control, and perceived susceptibility are important factors for HPV vaccination in young Thai females The intention to get vaccination should be focusing on enhancing all these factors

The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in health sector which is called e-health, and e-pharmacy in pharmacy area, has become popular. However, research regarding the use of ICT in pharmaceutical care service especially from the pharmacists’ views in the Indonesia context is still limited. Such research can be conducted using a validated questionnaire. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and test a questionnaire to measure pharmacists’ perspective regarding the use of internet and social media for pharmaceutical care service. This is a descriptive study. The questionnaire is called PIMSAN, which stands for “Penggunaan Internet dan Media Sosial untuk Pelayanan Kefarmasian”. The validity test was conducted through a professional judgement method applied a qualitative approach using a professional agreement and a quantitative approach using items content validity index (I-CVI). The clarity of language in the items of the questionnaire was tested by expert judgement and to users, i.e. three pharmacists. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured by 35 pharmacists in individual pharmacies and 35 pharmacists in chain pharmacies. The Cronbach Alpha value was applied to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Results of the first round of content validity test showed that a professional agreement had not yet been obtained and the I-CVI was 0.74. At the second round, a professional agreement had been achieved with I-CVI of 0.98, therefore the questionnaire was stated as valid with 45 questions. The clarity language testing with the expert was completed within one round only. The language tests with users (pharmacist) were completed within two rounds. The value of the Cronbach Alpha was 0.852 for both testing in individual and chain pharmacies. Based on the results, it can be stated that the PIMSAN questionnaire is valid and reliable. Therefore, the PIMSAN can be used as an instrument for a study examining pharmacists’ perspective regarding the use of internet and social media for pharmaceutical care service in community pharmacies in Indonesia context.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Unhealthy lifestyle tends to elevate the risk of MS. People in rural area might not have adequate access to information on healthy lifestyle. Hence, this study aimed to explore association between knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) on healthy lifestyle and cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors among rural adults in Yogyakarta Province. This is an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. Samples were recruited purposively in two sub-villages, i.e.: Tanjung and Dlingseng in Banjaroyo, Kalibawang, Kulonprogo. Inclusion criteria were healthy adult people in between 30 to 75 years old. Those who were pregnant and those who did not complete the data were excluded. Data collection was conducted during May to June 2018. Data on KAP were gathered using a questionnaire. Data on CVD risk factors were collected through measurements of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and total cholesterol (Chol). Data were analyzed descriptively using Spearman correlation. Of the 124 respondents, 64.5% were female, 56.5% have high level of knowledge, 66.1% have positive attitude, and 67.7% have healthier lifestyle practices. The profiles of CVD risk factors are as follows: 55.6% are general obese; 65% of female’s WC and 25% of male’s WC are central obese; median systole is high, but diastole is normal; median FBG and Chol are normal. In this study, some of the risk factors have positive correlation with KAP. This might be caused by social desirability bias, the phenomenon of intention not translated into action, and recall bias in the KAP measurements.

This study explored knowledge, perceptions, and awareness related to COVID-19 among Indonesian adults during the outbreak's escalation period. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling. Data were gathered using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of questions about knowledge, perceptions, and awareness regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analyzed descriptively. The total number of respondents was 559. The males were 282 (50.4%). The mean age was 35 years old (range: 18 to 60 years). Most of the respondents had sufficient knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic. Positive perceptions regarding COVID-19 prevention were also expressed by more than 90% of the respondents. More than 90% of the respondents had awareness regarding the COVID-19 spread. This study shows adequate knowledge, perceptions, and awareness regarding the COVID-19 widespread in Indonesia. Given the increase of the cases day by day, people should be encouraged to receive the COVID-19 vaccination.

Tuberkulosis merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Pada tahun 2016, WHO menemukan angka kejadian TB kurang lebih 10,4 juta, dan untuk Indonesia dilaporkan sebesar 156.723 kasus. Meskipun penyebaran Mycobacterium tuberculosis di susunan saraf pusat tercatat hanya 1%, namun memiliki tingkat kecacatan dan kematian yang tinggi, sehingga menuntut adanya tatalaksana yang efektif untuk mengatasinya. VE-chaderin dan laminin merupakan protein adhesin yang berfungsi mengendalikan permeabilitas pembuluh darah dan mempertahankan integritas blood brain barrier , sehingga kedua protein adhesin tersebut dapat menjadi salah satu target terapi tuberkulosis otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek paparan M. tuberculosis secara inhalasi terhadap ekspresi laminin dan VE-chaderin pada sel endotel blood brain barrier . Penelitian ini menggunakan mencit Balb/c ( Mus musculus ) yang diinfeksi oleh M.tuberculosis strain H37Rv secara inhalasi. Jaringan otak diperiksa menggunakan metode imunohistokimia dengan antibodi mt-38, antibodi VE-chaderin dan laminin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya invasi M . tuberculosis pada mikroglia jaringan otak mencit, diiketahui juga adanya peningkatan ekspresi laminin, sedangkan VE-chaderin tidak menunjukkan adanya perubahan. Proses masuknya M . tuberculosis ke otak diduga terjadi melalui proses diapedesis atau melalui peningkatan ekspresi laminin tanpa perubahan pada VE-chaderin dan reseptor laminin diduga sebagai tempat berikatan yang memungkinkan bakteri tersebut masuk ke jaringan otak.

The community service program reported in this paper aims to educate people about benefits of herbs and how to process herb raw materials for medication. This community service program was conducted in December 2016. The program involved 25 leaders of housewife communities (Kader PKK) in Bulusulur Village, Wonogiri, Central Java. The education was conducted using the CBIA (Cara Belajar Ibu Aktif) method. The CBIA supports the participants to be active during the education process. Results of the active learning through the CBIA method showed participants knowledge as folows: (1) participants were able to mention that herbal medicines are safe, have no side effects, can be easily obtained around their house; (2) they commonly used herbal for medication more than 4 times per month, obtained from their garden or local market; (3) they were able to mention the benefits of herbs commonly used; for example, temu lawak for stomachache, kunyit for pre-menstrual pain. However, they were not able to differentiate categories of herbal medicines which were produced by herbal manufacturers, such as Jamu, Obat Herbal Terstandar, and Fitofarmaka. Their knowledge about benefits of herbs was limited to those which were available in their garden. They also appreciated the demonstration of producing Bir Jawa and Sambiloto cookies.

Findings of the preliminary survey showed a high proportion of geriatric people in Dusun Mergan, Sendangmulyo, Sleman, which leads to high risk of cardiovascular and other degenerative diseases. This community service program aimed to identify the health status of Mergans people through health screening and to help them to maintain their health. This program was conducted in collaboration between the Faculty members and students of Pharmacy Faculty of Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta (USD). There were two consecutive periods; the first was in 7th of May and the second was in 22nd of October 2018. Health education, health screening, and health examination were conducted in each period. There were 93 people involved in the first period and 64 people in the second; however, only 32 persons who completely attended the two meeting periods. The program resulted data of 60.7% Mergans people with a risk of dyslipidemia, and 59.0% with hyperglycemic. There was no significant difference between the first and the second periods of examination of glucose level, cholesterol, and uric acid. Therefore, it is urgent to educate people in Mergan Village to promote and maintain a healthy lifestyle in order to decrease morbidity of degenerative disease in the community.

Sindrom metabolik merupakan sekumpulan tanda yang dicirikan dengan kondisi dislipidemia, peningkatan tekanan darah dankadar glukosa darah puasa serta kegemukan daerah perut. Sindrom metabolik telah menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan di negaraberkembang. Penelitian menunjukan ada peningkatan prevalensi sehubungan sindrom metabolik, tetapi sebagian besar kajian dilakukandi daerah perkotaan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi sehubungan sindrom metabolik, di populasi dewasa yangberusia di atas 40 tahun di daerah pedesaan di Yogyakarta dengan cara menilainya. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan potonglintang yang dilaksanakan antara bulan Mei−Juni 2015 di Cangkringan Yogyakarta. Pengambilan data meliputi sosiodemografi melalui:wawancara, pengukuran antropometrik dan tekanan darah, serta kadar glukosa darah serta profil lipid. Responden penelitian terdiridari 50 laki-laki dan 50 perempuan dewasa usia ≥40 tahun. Batasan sindrom metabolik, menggunakan patokan International DiabetesFederation (IDF). Prevalensi sindrom metabolik berdasarkan patokan IDF di daerah pedesaan di Cangkringan Yogyakarta sebesar 25%.Sindrom metabolik, lebih banyak ditemukan di perempuan (32%) daripada laki-laki (18%). Komponen terbanyak dari sindrom metabolikadalah peningkatan tekanan darah di semua responden penelitian, kemudian diikuti dengan komponen kegemukan perut dan kadarHDL yang rendah di perempuan, sedangkan di laki-laki diikuti dengan hipertrigliseridemia. Prevalensi sindrom metabolik cukup tinggidi daerah pedesaan Yogyakarta khususnya bagi perempuan. Pencegahan terhadap sindrom metabolik menjadi keutamaan kesehatanmasyarakat dalam menurunkan penyakit kardiovaskular di daerah pedesaan di Yogyakarta.

Siswa sekolah menengah merupakan kelompok remaja yang rentan di masa pandemi COVID-19 ini, terutama terkait model aktivitas berkelompok dan wacana pembelajaran tatap muka yang akan diberlakukan. Oleh karena itu, perlu upaya peningkatan kepatuhan dalam menjalankan protokol kesehatan (prokes) pada kelompok sasaran ini. Tujuan dari kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini adalah untuk peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang protokol kesehatan 5M di kalangan siswa SMK Kesehatan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Metode kegiatan dilaksanakan dengan edukasi secara daring dalam bentuk webinar menggunakan platform Zoom meeting dan penayangan video edukasi prokes. Kegiatan ini diikuti oleh 84 peserta (response rate 84%). Peningkatan pemahaman peserta tentang materi edukasi diukur secara kuantitatif dengan pemberian pre-test dan post-test. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan peserta secara signifikan sebelum dan setelah edukasi (p < 0,05) dengan selisih – 6,50 (IK 95%, -8,11 sampai -4,94). Hal menarik lain yang mengemuka adalah antusiasme peserta terhadap program vaksinasi COVID-19. Dari kegiatan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa edukasi tentang prokes dapat meningkatkan skor pengetahuan siswa SMK Kesehatan.

Terapi penyakit Diabetes Mellitus (DM) bertujuan untuk mengontrol kadar glukosa darah dan mencegah komplikasi. Intervensi tenaga kesehatan mendukung kepatuhan penderita DM dalam menggunakan obatnya demi tercapainya keberhasilan terapi. Intervensi dapat berupa follow up, media pengingat, pillbox, pelatihan, media booklet, dan packaging obat khusus. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan memaparkan dampak intervensi tenaga kesehatan terhadap kepatuhan minum obat hipoglikemik pada pasien DM tipe 2 (DMT2). Metode pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui Google Scholar. Kriteria inklusi literatur yang dipilih yaitu artikel yang memuat: 1) intervensi tenaga kesehatan terhadap terapi pasien DMT2 di Indonesia, 2) desain studi intervensi dijelaskan secara rinci, 3) terdapat pengukuran parameter kepatuhan penggunaan obat hipoglikemik dan/atau kadar gula darah, sebelum dan setelah intervensi, 4) berupa artikel primer. Pemilihan literatur dilakukan oleh dua orang rater dengan nilai Kappa Cohen sebesar 0,939. Sejumlah 14 artikel terpilih dikaji. Hasil kajian literatur menunjukkan bahwa kejadian DMT2 banyak terjadi pada wanita, dewasa hingga lansia. Intervensi tenaga kesehatan yang dilakukan meliputi home care, pemberian informasi, konseling, maupun dengan alat bantu tertentu. Semua literatur yang dikaji menunjukkan peningkatan kepatuhan dan/atau perbaikan kadar gula darah. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa intervensi tenaga kesehatan berdampak pada peningkatan kepatuhan minum obat hipoglikemik dan berpengaruh terhadap kadar glukosa darah yang lebih baik pada pasien DMT2

Prevalensi abnormalitas profil lipid cukup besar pada masyarakat pedesaan. Pengukuran profil lipid (kolesterol total (KT), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), dan trigliserida (TG)) di laboratorium membutuhkan implementasi teknologi kesehatan sedangkan di daerah pedesaan kurang tenaga medis dan permasalahan ekonomi. Pengukuran antropometri yang mudah, tidak invasif, ekonomis, dan dapat dilakukan oleh tiap individu diharapkan dapat memprediksi abnormalitas profil lipid bagi masyarakat pedesaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengobservasi korelasi pengukuran antropometri dengan abnormalitas profil lipid di daerah pedesaan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Pengukuran antropometri meliputi Body Mass Index (BMI), lingkar pinggang (LP), dan rasio lingkar pinggang panggul (RLPP). Kriteria inklusi adalah penduduk Kecamatan Cangkringan, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta berumur 40–60 tahun, tidak ada riwayat penyakit kardiometabolik, tidak edema, dan konsumsi obat - obatan terkait kardiometabolik. Lokasi penelitian dipilih menggunakan klaster random sampling. Sampel penelitian dipilih secara purposive sampling dan diperoleh besar sampel 100 responden. Analisis data menggunakan Kolmogorov-Smirnov , Mann-Whitney , dan Spearman . Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan korelasi antara BMI (r= –0,286; p=0,044), LP (r= –0,410; p=0,003), dan RLPP (r= –0,365; p=0,009) terhadap HDL pada kelompok wanita. Terdapat juga korelasi antara BMI (r=0,325; p=0,021), LP (r=0,394; p=0,005), dan RLPP (r=0,368; p=0,009) terhadap trigliserida pada kelompok wanita. Terdapat korelasi antara BMI terhadap KT (r=0,285;p=0,045), LDL (r=0,344;p=0,014), dan TG (r=0,446; p=0,001). Parameter LP pria memiliki korelasi terhadap HDL (r= –0,355; p=0,011) dan TG (r=0,488; p=0,000). Parameter RLPP pria memiliki korelasi terhadap seluruh profil lipid; terhadap KT (r=0,287; p=0,043), LDL (r=0,338; p=0,016), HDL (r=0,316; p=0,025), dan TG (r=0,359; p=0,011). Kesimpulan, pada kelompok wanita pengukuran anthropometri memiliki korelasi terhadap HDL dan TG, sedangkan parameter RLPP lebih sensitif pada kelompok pria.

The obesity index is a parameter that describes general and central obesity. Obesity prevalence tends to increase in the rural areas of Indonesia. The increased prevalence of obesity is correlated with increased cardiovascular prevalence and diabetes. Dyslipidemia is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is closely related to obesity. Obesity is an accumulation of excessive triglyceride levels and stored in adipose tissue that can contribute to the onset of coronary heart disease. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. Research subjects were the rural community in Bonjoroyo village, Kulonprogo Regency, DIY which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The data obtained were obesity index data (Body Mass Index/BMI, Waist Circle/LP, Waist Round/RLPP Ratio, Body Waist Ratio/RLPTB) and triglyceride levels which were then analyzed statistically with normality test and continued with correlation Spearman test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that BMI, LP, and RLPTB measurements were significantly positively correlated with moderate-to-weak correlation strength in fasting blood triglyceride levels (r:0.435; p:0.000; r:0.362; p:0.002; r:0.347; p:0.004) in males. Measurements of BMI, LP, and RLPTB were positively correlated with a weak correlation strength against fasting blood triglyceride levels (r: 0.193; p: 0.028; r: 0.226; p: 0.010; r: 0.214; p: 0.014) in females. The RLPP obesity index did not show significant correlations to fasting triglyceride levels in rural communities.

Introduction: Community pharmacists are one of the most frequently accessed health professionals who can be involved in the provision of ongoing asthma management within the primary care setting. The aim of this study was to identify patients' views regarding current asthma care provided by their pharmacists and their perspectives on future pharmacy-based asthma services.Methods: This is a qualitative approach with an interview guide. Asthma patients were purposively selected. Interviews were conducted from April to June 2017. Patient's opinions about asthma and its management and their experiences regarding asthma care provided by pharmacists were collected. Data were analyzed using content analysis.Results: Thirty-three interviews were conducted. Asthma literacy was low. There was dis-engagement with the health care system, with only a few participants trusting conventional health care professionals. Alternative medicine systems and practitioners were better trusted and participants had strong preferences for family/peer involvement in their asthma care. Participants also had misunderstandings regarding their asthma disease and medications. Participants had experienced little pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacists but would welcome it in the future.Conclusion: Given the accessibility of community pharmacy venues and readiness of the profession for more involved care of chronic disease patients, it may be recommended that Indonesian community pharmacists should adopt the provision of pharmaceutical care models for asthma. Such pharmaceutical care models need to incorporate patients' unique sociocultural health beliefs, preferences for alternative medicines and family/social peer involvement as well as stronger collaboration between pharmacists and physicians.

Background. Ischemia on the cells and the lack of supply of glucose, will trigger a Ca2 + influx into the cell and increased expression of glutamate. Result in mitochondrial Ca2 + Influx be "overloaded". Glucose metabolism then switched to the anaerobic process that makes ATP increasingly depleted and there acidosis. This situation makes the neuron cell apoptosis triggered to occur. Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Neuron cell apoptosis is thought to have a strong connection to the tuberculosis infection in the brain. Objective. To determine the number of cells undergoing apoptosis neurons in brain tissue of mice. Methods. This study is a semiquantitative by comparing the number of cells undergoing apoptosis neurons in the three groups of samples. Observations apoptosis of neuronal cells in the brain tissue of mice was conducted using TUNEL staining technique (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) are seen in a microscope with a magnification of 1000x. Results. The results showed that neuronal cells undergo apoptosis in brain tissue infected with M.tb for 8 and 16 weeks were marked with brown color in the cell nucleus. Neuron cell apoptosis were observed at M.tb-infected brain tissue for 16 weeks. Conclusion. The longer the M.tb infection can affect the increase in the number of neuronal cell apoptosis.

One of the effects of the disorders of nervus VII (n. Facialis) is the damage of facial muscle. The research is needed in order to detect or as the therapies aids on the damage of the VII nerve by measuring the strength of maximum contraction, to help a therapy or detect the damage which caused by the decreasing of the VII nerve function. These measurement is taken from the difference on myofibrin when the contractions, because when the contraction happen, the myofibrin will distend and the difference can be detected as the strength of contraction. From the result of the comparison, EMG with the test result is the shift muscle movement amount of 1.367 up to 4.460. The mean value of rest muscle is in the range of 0.635 with interval at+0.463, on the move muscles the mean value of the muscle moving is in the range of 3,563 with interval at+1,069. This test is linear with the data EMG

Background Over recent years the pharmacy profession in Indonesia has adopted a stance of pharmaceutical care to expand their scope of practice. Asthma management presents a key opportunity for pharmacists to test expanded roles in health service provision. There is however no exploratory work on the willingness, experience or future practice needs of Indonesian pharmacists in the realm of specialised asthma service provision. Objectives The objectives of this study were to explore Indonesian pharmacists' experiences, perspectives, and needs regarding the provision of pharmaceutical care for asthma patients in Indonesia. Methods The study utilised conventional qualitative content analyses with two stages, i.e.: deductive analyses and inductive concept development. Data were collected using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Method. FGDs were conducted using a topic guide and by facilitators trained in FGD conduct. FGDs were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim prior to analysis. A maximum variation sampling methods targeted pharmacist across various settings of practice within Yogyakarta Indonesia. Results Nine focus groups with 103 pharmacist participants were conducted, with an average of 11 participants in each group. Inductively derived concepts that emerged included: willingness to adopt asthma service provision roles, pragmatism in recognising essential barriers/facilitators in adopting such roles, reflections regarding practice gaps and barriers to interprofessional collaboration mainly in relation to doctors. Inductive data analysis indicated clear differences in responses between hospital and non-hospital pharmacists. Key barriers to service provision included lack of training, lack of supportive professional frameworks, time and lack of reimbursement channels for services. Participants urged for a visionary leadership to facilitate pharmacists' role expansion into health services provision in Indonesia. Conclusions Indonesian pharmacists were willing to adopt change and reported universally recognised barriers and facilitators to changing roles, especially in the provision of asthma care. Given this universality of pharmacists expressions, it may be suggested that the experience of researchers and academics who have expended time and effort in developing and implementing asthma care models in other countries should be, to some extent, transplanted to regions where pharmacy organisations are now considering adopting roles additional to medicines supply.

This observational cross-sectional study is aimed at exploring prevalence and patterns of SM in Yogyakarta. A cluster random sampling technique was applied to select 640 adults in Yogyakarta between March and May 2010. From a total of 559 completed questionnaires, 247 (44%) respondents who had self-medicated during two previous weeks were included in subsequent analysis. Among these respondents, 50%had self-me-dicated once, 33% twice and 17% more than two times. Eighty-six percent of respondents had consumedmodern medicines while the rest 14% had used traditional ones. The drug for SM was obtained from pharmacies (42%), groceries (35%), drug stores (7%) and combination of those three sources (16%). Most of the respondents (99%) were recovered from their illnesses or at least experienced a symptom relieve after SMs. Forty-five percent respondents stated that they will visit a physician when they see no improvement after SM, while the rest said they will visit primary health centers (20%) and hospitals (5%) orrepeat their SM (5%). Information about the medicines areobtained from advertisements (32%), physicians (17%), friends (17%) and pharmacists (5%). The motivation for SM are previous experience of being relieved (24%), perception that they haveminor illnesses (22%), quick and easy (17%) and cheap (13%). Above findings indicate a business opportunityof pharmacies and a challenge to improve the role of pharmacists in assisting people regarding the selection of medicines for SM.

The aim of the study is to explore the needs of patients regarding information about DMSM that will lead to improve patient’s knowledge, attitude and practice on DMSM and also to explore the view of pharmacists on their role and responsibility in providing patients information and education about DMSM. This is an observational study with a qualitative approach, which was conducted in Yogyakarta. People with DM and caregiver who purchased prescriptions in a pharmacy; and pharmacists who work in community pharmacy are involved in the study. They were selected using a non-random convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using in depth interviews and then were analysed using a content analysis technique. Seventeen DM patients and seven pharmacists were interviewed. The patients stated that DMSM information provided by pharmacist is not sufficient yet. They expected more indepth information regarding DMSM. Based on Pharmacist’s point of view, an overload of managerial works and lack of access on reliable sources of information of DMSM are seen as the main barriers to provide sufficient information and education on DMSM. In conclusion, efforts to improve quality of information and education provision regarding DMSM for patients are urgently required.

Objective: Prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease has increased in both urban and rural areas Indonesia. High body fat percentage (BF%) is associated with a high cardio metabolic risk. The apolipoproteins (Apo) B/Apo A-1 ratio is a better risk predictor for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to explore the relationship of BF% and Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio among rural adults in Yogyakarta Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 40 men and 62 women (40-60 y old). Those who had cardiometabolic diseases, edema or currently taking cardio metabolic medicines were excluded. Information about sociodemographic details was obtained by using a self-administerd questionnaire. The questionnaire also assessed smoking status, reproductive history and medical history. Anthropometric measurement, apo B, Apo A-1, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure were measured. Results: The prevalence of high BF% was 12.7% and 6.9% in men and women, respectively. There was negative correlation between BF% and apo A-1 and positive correlation between BF% and apo B as well as BF% and apo B/apo A-1 ratio. A significant weak correlation was observed between BF%-apo B/apo A-1 ratio in women (r: 0.280; p: 0.027).Conclusion: BF% is associated with apo B/apo A-1 ratio among women adults in rural area of Yogyakarta Indonesia findings support the importance of using BF% to predict cardiovascular disease in rural area.

Antibotika banyak diresepkan pada pasien anak. Penggunaan antibiotika yang berlebihan berkontribusi pada resistensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penggunaan antibiotika pada pasien anak rawat inap di sebuah rumah sakit pemerintah di Yogyakarta menggunakan metode DDD (Defined Daily Dose). Jenis dan rancangan penelitian adalah deskriptif cross-sectional,dengan data retrospektif. Data penggunaan antibiotika diperoleh dari 249 rekam medik periode rawat Januari – Juni 2013 yang dipilih dengan metode simple random sampling. Data yang diambil meliputi profil pasien, diagnosis, dan peresepan antibiotika. Kuantitas penggunaan antibiotika dihitung dengan rumus DDD 100 patient-days. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif.Hasil penelitian menemukan 28 jenis antibiotika yang diresepkan, dengan total nilai DDD 100 patient-days sebesar 41,99. Nilai DDD tertinggi yaitu ampisilin (10,33) dan merupakan antibiotika yang paling sering diresepkan (13,9%).Dapat dikatakan bahwa pemilihan antibiotika di rumah sakit tersebut masih belum selektif. Kata kunci : antibiotika, metode DDD (Defined Daily Dose), pasien anak

Writing groups for doctoral students are generally agreed to provide valuable learning spaces for Ph.D. candidates. Here an academic developer and the eight members of a writing group formed in a Discipline of Public Health provide an account of their experiences of collaborating in a multicultural, multidisciplinary thesis writing group. We consider the benefits of belonging to such a group for Ph.D. students who are operating in a research climate in which disciplinary boundaries are blurring and where an increasing number of doctoral projects are interdisciplinary in nature; in which both academic staff and students come from enormously diverse cultural and language backgrounds; and in which teamwork, networking and collaboration are prized but not always proactively facilitated. We argue that doctoral writing groups comprising students from diverse cultural and disciplinary backgrounds can be of significant value for postgraduates who wish to collaborate on their own academic development to improve their research writing and communication skills; at the same time, such collaborative work effectively builds an inclusive, dynamic research community. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Although antibiotics are prescription-only medicine in Indonesia, they can be purchased without prescription. This qualitative study elicited beliefs about nonprescribed antibiotics use informed by the theory of planned behavior to develop a questionnaire for an expanded theory of planned behavior survey. Twenty-five (N = 25) adults with experience of using nonprescribed antibiotics were interviewed. Content analysis was applied. Participants reported that the use of nonprescribed antibiotics was advantageous in term of saving time and money and of reducing the number of medicines that need to be purchased, in contrast to a perception of what occurs with medical prescriptions. Potential adverse effects, poor health outcomes, and antimicrobial resistance were the perceived disadvantages. Facilitators of such use were the availability of over-the-counter antibiotics and successful experience in using antibiotics. Medication for children was the perceived barrier to such use. Family members and friends, especially those with health education background, approved of such use.