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Background: The Trichuris eggs are collected from naturally infected sheep. Natural antihelmintics such as herbal medicines are needed as an alternative, such as natural compounds from endemic plants. Aim: This present study aims to evaluate the ovicidal activity and cytotoxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa (EECL) and Camelia sinensis (EECS) as a biological anthelmintic against the egg of Trichuris sp. Methods: The Trichuris eggs are collected from naturally infected sheep. CMC-Na solution 1% was used as control. The treatments were 0.12% EECL; 0.24% EECL; 0.15% EECS; 0.30% EECS; combination of 0.12% EECL and 0.30% EECS; combination 0.24% EECL; and 0.15% EECS. Ovicidal activity testing by microscopic examination of eggs treated using different concentrations of EECL extract, EECS and a combination of them. They were exposed for various times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and incubated at room temperature. Results: The study shows that combination of Curcuma longa extract and tea extract exhibits good ovicidal anthelmintic activity against the Trichuris sp. in sheep. Cytotoxicity examination using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Based on MTT data processed using regression analysis, the obtained LC50 from administration of EECL, EECS and a combination of both in a ratio of 1:1, 2:2, 1:2 and 2:1. The combination of EECL extract and EECS with the highest concentration produced cell viability of 28.46%, 17.25%, 56.01%, and 46.47%, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the most cytotoxic ingredient is found in the combination of EECL and EECS (2:2) at 17.25% and the safest is in the ratio (1:2) at 56.01%. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(6.000): 1467-1475]

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Bali cattle rumen containing plastic waste and its impact on tissues and health risks. A total of 100 Bali cattle were investigated after being slaughtered at several traditional slaughterhouses in Denpasar City. Rumen samples were examined for any plastic waste, meanwhile blood, liver, kidney, lungs, spleen, intestine, and myocardium were collected for evaluation of heavy metals content and histopathological examination. The heavy metal measurement was performed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Those tissues for histopathological examination were fixed in buffer neutral formalin (BNF) and then evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The results of the examination reported 9 rumens (9%) containing plastic waste. The hematological profile showed leucocytosis and the content of lead (0.841 ± 0.522 ppm). Histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, and intestine, were found in various types of degeneration, inflammation, and mild necrosis. In conclusion, the prevalence of plastic waste in the rumen of Bali cattle was 9%, with leucocytosis, lead content was 0.841 ± 0.522 ppm, and various histopathological lesions such as congestion, inflammation, and fatty degeneration in parenchymous tissues.

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an infectious disease that is endemic and has a significant impact on dairy farming in Indonesia. In reducing the impact caused by FMD, proper handling by veterinarians is necessary. The peripheral blood smear can be used as a data reference to give priority to the right treatment for cattle with FMD. This study aimed to describe the appearance of peripheral blood smears in cattle with FMD. The study data were obtained from 15 cattle with FMD at KPSBU Lembang, West Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The morphological profile of the blood was examined using the peripheral blood smear method. Morphological abnormalities found in the peripheral blood smear of red blood cells were anisocytosis (microcytosis and macrocytosis), poikilocytosis (achanthocytosis and echinocytosis), and hypochromasia. Different morphological abnormalities of leukocytes can be caused by anorexia due to FMD secondary to lack of nutritional intake. To determine an effective and efficient treatment, it is recommended that veterinarians refer to the results of this study.

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds produced in plants as secondary metabolites. Flavonoids have favorable biochemical effects on multiple diseases and other bioactivities. This study aimed to isolate the active compounds contained in malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) leaves and analyze toxic properties using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method in Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae. This study used malacca leaf powder with ethyl acetate solvent then macerated. Ethyl acetate extract was concentrated and fractionated, then toxicity tests were carried out. Extracts from the evaporation results were further fractionated using solvent petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. Then the ethyl acetate fraction was hydrolyzed using reflagged with 7% sulfuric acid for two hours, then the filtrate was extracted with ethanol solvent. The obtained fraction washed with aquades and dried using a vacuum desiccator. The toxicity test results showed that the flavonoid compound of malacca leaves was not toxic with a value of LC50 > 1000 ppm, an increase in the concentration of the extract was followed by an increase in the average mortality of larvae.