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Human trafficking grows and develops rapidly, with various motives and types of crimes. Various obstacles are faced in handling human trafficking cases, ranging from inadequate legal instruments to weak law enforcement. This study overviewed the International legal instrument on human trafficking cases, following the identification of the recent forms and issues in enquiring how International legal instruments deal with human trafficking. This study used legal research method by referring to International laws as the source of law in compiling this human trafficking research. This study found that various instruments and International cooperation have dealt with human trafficking cases. However, in various related studies, these different legal instruments did not have a clear and binding force when the issue occurs in the domestic state. In addition, human trafficking in various legal instruments also had many types, and all of them are interrelated. This study highlighted and concluded that in making various International legal instruments effective in this case, more intensive International cooperation was needed, both regionally and globally. KEYWORDS: Human Trafficking, Labor Human Rights, Criminal Law.

Corruption is one of the challenges for Indonesia, not only the issue of law enforcement, but also the problem of the impact and influence of corruption itself on society. The rise of corrupt behavior even down to the lowest layers in society makes law enforcement against corruption more severely difficult. Moreover, with the many cases of corruption and law enforcement that are dominated by political influence generates distrust in the community. On the other hand, the development of the region after regional autonomy actually makes corruption spread to almost all regions in Indonesia. There are many cases of regional heads caught in corruption, even down to the district and village level. This article examines the patterns of criminal acts of corruption involving local government officials as well as the factors underlying the rampant corruption in the regions. This article uses a qualitative method with a sociological juridical approach. The facts in the form of cases that occur are analyzed based on laws and regulations and applicable legal theory. Law enforcement against corruption in the regions in general is influenced by three important factors, namely the substance of laws and regulations, the resources of law enforcement officials as well as the infrastructure and supra structure, and the culture of the community. Keywords: Corruption, Local Officials, Causes.

Activities to religion are generally carried out by all religious communities in the world without limiting an activity in the process, because it can disrupt the worship process. But in its implementation, especially in Indonesia, the public is less aware of the importance of tolerating religious freedom in order to prevent religious conflicts in the concept of Human Rights. Historically, religious problems are a social problem because they involve the lives of people who cannot be separated from the study of social sciences. Therefore, the religious sciences are essentially parts of Sociology, Psychology and Anthropology. Whereas the issue of religious intolerance in Indonesia is a crucial problem, because these problems can divide the Indonesian people, even though religious problems are a problem that does not need to be exaggerated because in essence every religion teaches good things so that the issue of religious freedom of others is in vain. So from that a country needs to have a law to regulate the existing government system, one of which is to regulate religion in Indonesia. Religion in Indonesia itself has been regulated in chapter XI of Religion in Article 29 paragraph (2) where the State guarantees the independence of each resident to embrace their respective religion and to worship according to that belief. Not only about religious freedom, the context of violations concerning religion in Indonesia has also been regulated in law, but the public still underestimates the law because they themselves are also taboo on the laws that apply in Indonesia. Problems concerning religious intolerance can be prevented through counseling on vulnerable areas that will cause religious commotion, so that the pillars of nationality contained in the Pancasila can still survive and run as they should. This study analyzes the Protection of Religious Freedom in Indonesia in the perspective of Human Rights in Indonesia.  Keywords : Agama, intoleransi, konflik, kebe

This paper addresses an identified gap in knowledge about whether, and how, perceptions of corruption may influence personal income taxpayer compliance behaviour. It examines how perceptions of five forms of corruption may impact upon intentional tax underreporting behaviour by adopting a sequential mixed-methods approach. Initially, a qualitative phase was carried out by conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews with nine participants (three taxpayers, three tax agents and three tax officers). The secondand corephase of the research involved extensive data collection using a mixed-modes field survey conducted through 12 tax offices across four Indonesian regions. A total of 397 respondents were surveyed, comprising 196 self-employed and 201 employed taxpayers. Three principal findings have emerged from the data. First, as expected, the data from both the qualitative and quantitative phases suggest that high levels of perceived corruption were evident in Indonesia. Second, the quantitative findings clearly demonstrate that perceptions of corruption undermine taxpayers’ intention to report actual income. Third, the findings ultimately suggest that high levels of perceived general corruption (that is, abuse of entrusted power by public officials for private gain), grand corruption (that is, corruption involving high-level public officials) and grand tax-corruption (that is, corruption involving high-level tax officials) were influential on intentional tax underreporting behaviour. The present empirical results support the notions that perceptions of corruption are important determinants and have a negative impact upon tax compliance behaviour. The results also imply that combating corruption, especially grand corruption, would have a beneficial effect on voluntary tax compliance in Indonesia.

Optimizing of the spectroscopic features of rare earth (RE) doped inorganic glasses via tuneable growth of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) is demanding in plasmonic based nanophotonics. We report the gold (Au) NPs assisted sizeable enhancements in Er3+ luminescence in zinc-sodium tellurite glass. Glasses of the form 70TeO2-20ZnO-10Na2O-(x)Er2O3-(y)Au (x = 0.0 and 1.0 mol%; y = 0.0-0.6 mol% in excess) are synthesized via melt-quenching method and thoroughly characterized. Au concentration dependent variations in the physical and spectroscopic properties of glasses are determined. XRD data confirms the amorphous nature of all samples. UV-Vis-NIR spectra reveal seven absorption bands corresponding to the transitions from ground state (4I15/2) to 4I13/2, 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 2H11/2, 4F7/2 and 4F5/2 excited states of Er3+. TEM micrograph manifests the existence of non-spherical Au NPs with average size of 8.6 nm. Prominent surface plasmon band of Au NPs is evidenced around 629 nm. Furthermore, Au NPs display a SPR mediated strong absorption in the visible region. Room temperature visible down-conversion emission (under 425 nm excitation) reveal three significant peaks centred at 532 (moderate green represent 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 transition), 550 (weak green represent 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition) and 588 nm (strong green represent 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition). Glass containing 0.4 mol% of Au exhibiting the highest luminescence intensity is ascribed to the NPs local field enhancement and energy transfer between RE ions and NPs. Variations in the physical properties of glass are explained in terms of the alteration in structures and ligand interactions with Au NPs present in the glass network. The intense field amplification discerned in the vicinity of Au NPs is attributed to the charge accumulation at the surface of the NPs. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au NPs and energy transfer (ET) from NPs to Er3+ ions are primarily attributed for the observed spectral modification. It is