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Bu çalışmada, önemli eşya taşımak için kullanılan kâğıt-karton ambalaj kâğıtlarından üretilen paketleme ürünlerinin yanmaya karşı dirençli olmasını, olası yanma durumunda ise alevin ilerlemesini önlemek ve söndürme sırasında suyun ambalaj içerisine sızmasını engelleyerek ambalaj içerisindeki kıymetli evrak, eşya gibi malzemeyi en ekonomik ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde koruma amacıyla çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada, fluting kağıt hamurundan kağıt üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında yanma geciktirici (BA, BX ve AH) veya su itici kimyasal maddeler (Reçine ve AKD) ayrı ayrı kâğıt hamuru içerisine katılarak kâğıt üretimi gerçekleştirilmiş ve kâğıtların teknolojik özelliklerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Kâğıt hamuruna katılan yanma geciktirici kimyasalların kâğıtlara tutunamadığı ve süzülerek uzaklaştığı belirlenmiştir. Kâğıt hamuru için hazırlanan yanma geciktirici çözeltileri filtre kâğıtlarına uygulanmış ve filtre kâğıtlarında yanma geciktiricilerin tutunarak filtre kâğıtlarının yanma direnci değerlerinde gözle görülür iyileşmenin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Filtre kağıtlarına uygulanan yanma geciktirici kimyasallar arasında en iyi sonuçlar BX in kullanıldığı filtre kağıtlarında gözlemlenmiştir. AH suda çözünmemiş ve filtre kağıtlarında tutunarak en yüksek oranda ağırlık değişimine sebep olmuştur. Her iki su itici kimyasalın kullanımı ile üretilen kağıtların Cobb değerleri iyileşmiştir. Cobb değerlerinde en yüksek iyileşme AKD’nin en düşük oranda kullanılmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak su itici ve yanma geciktirici kimyasalların kağıt yüzeylerinde başarılı bir şekilde çalıştığı, fakat yanma geciktirici kimyasalların uygulama yönteminin uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

WOS:000543297100009 For quality printing results that require detail, the smooth paper surface, absorbency, color and gloss are of great importance. Since the desired surface properties cannot be obtained even in well-polished paper, smooth paper surfaces can be obtained by sizing and coating processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of calcium carbonate, added into the surface coating formulation, on liquid absorbency and printability of paper. Paper coating formulations were created by adding 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% calcium carbonate to an equal amount of cationic starch binder. The obtained coating formulations were applied to the surface of standard pieces of paper with a lab coater. Water absorbency and drop contact angle of all papers (base paper and surface-treated paper) were measured by using the sessile droplet method and then their surface energies were calculated. After the gloss and color changes of the test papers were determined, test prints were applied on their surface with offset printing ink. The effect of surface treatments on the printability characteristics of the paper was examined in detail. It was emphasized that the amount of calcium carbonate used in cationic starch should be optimized with regard to the absorbency and printability of the paper.

WOS:000486383100017 One of the keys to improving print quality is to experimentally characterize the paper surface, structure and printability to obtain quality control mechanisms. In multi-color prints, determining the differences in the acceptance of the next color ink by the surface of the paper or the ink film that was previously printed is important for print quality. The criteria, such as ink setting, adhesion, color, gloss and density, in the printing process, depend on the wettability and absorbency of the paper. The surface structure of the paper is the most important factor in determining the hydrophobic properties. In this study, wetting and absorption dynamics of the printed partially hydrophobized paper surface were investigated. The aim was to measure the effect of the printed ink film on the wetting (surface free energy) and liquid absorption behavior of the paper. Liquid absorption changes on printed/unprinted paper surfaces were measured by the sessile drop method, using a contact angle-measuring device. The surface energies of the papers were calculated and evaluated according to the surface contact angle of the droplet. Marmara University, Commission of Scientific Research Project (M.U. BAPKO)Marmara University [FEN-B-100615-0271] This work was supported by Marmara University, Commission of Scientific Research Project (M.U. BAPKO) under grant FEN-B-100615-0271.

Yenidogan, Semiha/0000-0002-1296-2392; WOS:000472622200012 In order to improve the surface characteristics of paper, surface sizing and surface coating are applied to the surface of the paper. Filling the pores on the surface with polymerized substances and flatting the surface are aimed in both operations. Test papers are either left for air-drying or they could be heated in an oven to dry more quickly. Other drying techniques may also affect printing, as well as the optical and physical qualities of the paper. In this study, starch-based sizing and calcium carbonated-starch-based coating operations were applied separately on paper surfaces. Some of the papers were allowed to dry at room temperature, and the others were dried in an oven. When the drying process was completed, paper gloss, water absorption and wettability qualities, as well as the CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of all the papers were evaluated. In the following stage of the study, solid tone printing was applied on the surfaces of the papers - that had been subjected to different drying processes - using cyan colored ink in an IGT C1 printability tester. The effects of air-drying and oven-drying techniques in surface coating and sizing operations on the physical and printability characteristics of the paper were evaluated.

Bu çalışmada, ofis (A4), kuşe, oluklu mukavva, NSSC (Nötral sülfit yarı kimyasal hamur), gazete ve karışım kâğıtları üzerine hamurlaştırma işlemleri yapılmıştır. Bu işlemin sonunda ise dövme ve ardından mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. İşlem sonunda ise elde edilen test kâğıtlarına ise bazı testler yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, kontrol amaçlı standart yüzdürme metoduna göre mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, sodyum hidroksit, hidrojen peroksit, sodyum silikat, oleik asit ve kalsiyum klorür ingede metoduna göre uyarlanarak kullanılmıştır.

Çalışmada, önce lazer baskı uygulanmış beyaz A4 ofis kâğıtları üzerinde hamurlaştırma işlemleri uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra ise hamurlaştırılan ofis kâğıtları üzerinde belirlenmiş oranlarda karışımlar hazırlanmıştır. Bu hamurlaştırma ve karışım hazırlama sürecinde ise farklı yüzde oranlarda kimyasal ve enzimden faydalanılmıştır. Kimyasal madde olarak oleik asit, sodyum hidroksit, sodyum silikat, kalsiyum klorür ve hidrojen peroksit kullanılmış ve enzim olarak ise selülaz, ksilanaz, amilaz ve ?-gluktonaz kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada daha sonra ultrases etkisine bakılmıştır. En sonunda ise hamur süspansiyonu yüzdürme yöntemi ile mürekkeplerinden uzaklaştırılması yapılmıştır. Tüm bu işlemler sonunda ise atık su analizleri yapılmıştır. In this study, first of all, pulping processes were applied on white A4 office paper which was applied laser printing. Then, mixtures were prepared in the proportions determined on the pulped office papers. In this pulping and mixture preparation process, different ratios of chemicals and enzymes were utilized. As chemical substances, oleic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, calcium chloride and hydrogen peroxide were used and cellulase, xylanase, amylase and ?-gluconase were used as enzyme. Then, ultrasound effect was examined. Finally, the pulp suspension was removed from the inks by flotation. At the end of all these processes, wastewater analysis was performed.

Günümüz sanayinin hızlı bir şekilde gelişme göstermesi, beraberinde su kirliliğini de getirmektedir. Özellikle günümüzde doğanın rastgele sanayi atık suları ile kirletilmesi canlı ve cansız her şeyi de etkilemektedir. Bu sorunun çözümü için suyu yoğun bir şekilde kullanan endüstriyel tesisler atık suyu arıtma tesislerinde arıttıktan sonra doğaya vermektedir. Kâğıt fabrikaları da suyu yoğun olarak kullanan endüstrilerin başında gelmektedir. Bu gibi tesislerde suyun arıtılması sonucunda atık çamur oluşmaktadır. Bu çamur geri yıkama suyu ile birlikte doğaya bırakılmaktadır. Burada âtıl durumda bulunan çamuru değerlendirerek ülke ekonomisine bir katkı sağlanması düşünülmektedir. Hem bu sayede atık çamurda tekrar geri dönüşüme girerek hem insanlar hem de doğa için faydalı bir duruma dönüşmüş olacaktır. Bu araştırmada atık kâğıt işleyen Kahramanmaraş Kâğıt Fabrikasından (KMK) üretim sonrası elde edilen atık çamur kullanılmıştır. Bu çamur içerisine çeşitli işlemlerden sonra kil, kalsiyum karbonat, nişasta, reçine vs eklenip malzeme üretilmiştir. Daha sonra bu malzemelere press uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra ise bu malzemelerin kurutulması sağlanmıştır. En sonunda ise bütün üretilen malzemeler için laboratuvar testleri yapılmıştır. Atık kâğıt karışımına belirlenen oranlarda katılan atık çamur ile yapılan testler sonucunda; kopma indis değeri ve patlama indis değerinde %5’ lik atık çamur katılımında max. değere ulaşmıştır. Diğer taraftan cobb ve hava geçirgenliği değerlerinde ise bir azalış meydana getirir iken kül değerinde ise bir artış meydana gelmiştir. Today, the increase of industry rapidly, water pollution was caused Especially, the pollution of nature with random industrial wastewater were affected all living and non-living organism. For the sollution of this problem, after treatment wastewater were purified by industrial mills used intensive water. The paper mills are also the one of the industries which use the water intensive. In these mills consisted of waste sludge. This sludge is left to nature with backwashing water. It is thought that it contributes to the national economy by evaluating the sludge in the waste way. In this way, waste sludge also by entering recycle will have transformed again a helpful case for both people and nature. In this study, waste sludge obtained from Kahramanmaraş Paper Mill (KMK), which processes wastepaper, was used. After various processes, clay, calcium carbonate, starch, resin etc. Were added to this slurry to produce the material. Then, press was applied to these materials. Then these materials were dried. Finally, laboratory tests were performed for all produced materials. As a result of the tests carried out with the waste sludge added to the wastepaper mixture in the specified ratios; breakage index value and burst index value of 5% of waste sludge participation max. has reached the value. On the other hand, cobb and air permeability values decreased while ash value increased.

Starch is a biopolymer that is used as a co-binder alongside synthetic petroleum based latex binders for paper coating applications, though it causes production downtimes due to the problems during cooking process, such as gelling; lack of full expansion of starch granules; increase in viscosity during cooling; bacteria growth in cooked starch and difficulties in viscosity control during storage. On the other hand, synthetic binders negatively affect paper recyclability and biodegradability. To overcome these problems, a new biopolymer binder has been introduced to the paper manufacturing, being used initially as a partial replacement for petroleum based synthetic latex polymers. This study reviews the recent developments of nanoparticle biopolymer binders, referred to as biolatex binders. These binders are shipped dry and can be dispersed in water without cooking requirement while improving paper quality and reducing costs of paper manufacturing. They also provide quality benefits, coater runnability improvements and new higher solids coating formulations for future product advancements.

In printing, the most important element is to obtain the correct substrate and ink combination. Transparent white and opaque white are used for the lightening of printing inks, but they are also an important component for the mixing of inks. The primary objective of this study was to assess the result of using transparent and opaque white in mineral oil-based offset printing inks on the rheological and printability properties of these inks as well as the ideal mixing ratios in terms of print quality. Transparent and opaque white were added into the standard offset magenta ink variable ratios. Differences in ink viscosity, tack, and flow (rheological) values affect such parameters as adhesion, transferability, and printing stability in these inks. Prints were made on matt-coated papers of the same grammage with these inks, and contact angle, solid ink density, color strength, and print gloss values of these ink films were measured. Color differences () of inks in comparison to the standard ink were...

Introduction: Printing inks oil selection is related to the desired nature of the varnish in the ink production. Petroleum-derived mineral oils and vegetable oils can be used in offset inks. Methods: In this study, the behaviors of vegetable- and mineral oil-based inks on uncoated and coated paper surfaces were investigated in terms of printability. Solid tone test prints were done with offset printing of these inks. Print gloss of the printed samples was measured and a light fastness test was implemented on these samples in order to determine the resistance to fading. Absorption behavior and contact angles of the ink-printed films on the test papers were measured with the sessile water drop method depending on time, and surface energies were calculated. Results: On both paper types, linseed–soybean oil-based vegetable ink gave the highest brightness value. The lowest print gloss results on the paper were obtained from soybean oil-based inks. The lowest color change was recorded with mineral oil-based inks on gloss-coated papers. According to the ink-film–surface relation, when the contact angle is high, surface energy decreases and the absorbency of the ink-film is lower. Conclusions: In this study, the behaviors of vegetable- and mineral oil-based inks on different paper surfaces, and the effect on the quality of printability as well as differences, have been evaluated, taking environmental and health factors into consideration.

In this work, standard laboratory printing applications with IGT (ISO 12647-2) were applied on uncoated and matte-coated papers using offset inks (DIN ISO 2846-1). Surface roughnesses of uncoated and coated sheets were recorded to be 195 and 13 ml/min, respectively. Air permanence values of uncoated and coated papers were found to be 5.6 and 0.103 μm/Pa·s, respectively. Changes in the print densities were recorded up to 48 h. Print density changes for uncoated and matte-coated papers were surprisingly found to be in similar paths (8% in the first 4 h), although significant differences between surface roughnesses were recorded. Furthermore, paper samples showed similar behaviors for the percent volume changes, where drop volume disappeared within 6 min. It is concluded that matte coating did not have any significant effects on print density change and drop volume change.

Some panels and particleboards were made from reed mats and blends of reed-wood chips to be used inside buildings for sound and heat insulations. It was seen that the outer layers of the reed body (spike) was almost water resistant and exceptionally resistant to the penetration of common adhesives. Therefore, the panels from stitched reed mats exhibited very poor mechanical strength. The sound transmissions of such panels (1–3 km/s) made with various combinations, however, were recorded to be excellent compared with that of particleboards made of wood (17 km/s). Blends of reed chips (2 cm) and wood chips, however, gave particleboards with better mechanical properties (5–17 MPa) than that of panels made from reed mats (2 MPa). An increasing amount of reed chips in tested particleboards was recorded to be improving both sound and heat insulations from 17 to 6 km/s and from 0.34 to 0.27 W/mK, respectively. The bending strength of samples, however, was reduced from 26 to 5 MPa. Thickness swelling was also noted to increase from 18% to 85% due to reed chips addition. It was concluded that the outer layers of water reeds should be modified via chemical and/or enzymatic methods to increase the interfacial bounds between adhesives.

Medeniyetin kurulmasında, bilgi depolama ve aktarımında tartışmasız bir yeri olan kâğıt, günümüzde artık çok çeşitli amaçlar için hayatın her kademesinde yer almakta, giderek tüketimi inanılmaz boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Kâğıt sektöründe hammadde problemine çözüm için, sürdürülebilir ormancılık çalışmalarından daha ziyade, sürdürülebilir geri dönüşüm teknolojilerini geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda atık sınıfına giren kâğıtın, lifler dışında bulunan bütün bileşenlerini en ekonomik ve çevreci metotlarla ayırmak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, toner baskılı ofis kâğıtlarının mürekkep ve kirliliklerinden arındırılmasında enzim ve ultrasonik enerji kullanımı konusunda elde edilen bazı sonuçlar tartışılmış ve geri dönüşüm açısından kâğıt sektörü çevresel açıdan irdelenmiştir. Use of Enzyme and Ultrasonic Energy in Paper Recycling Paper has undeniable key roles in establishing civilization, archiving and transferring knowledge. Paper is in all parts of daily life for different purposes today and its consumption is getting at unbelievable level. For solving the problems related to insufficient raw materials, the sustainable recycling technologies should be developed rather than concentrating on sustainable forestry practices. In this sense, extracting all materials from waste papers with economical and environmentally friendly methods are extremely important. In this study, some results obtained from an experimental study carried out on the deinking of toner printed office papers with the help of enzymes and ultrasonic energy were discussed and paper industry was examined in respect to recycling and environment.

A number of thin biomaterials were prepared via a wet formation method from seven different unbeaten plant fibers without using any chemical additives. It is noted that sheets made with short fibers (Flax-B: 0.32 mm and Straw-UB: 0.36 mm) and high fine content (Flax-B: 9.77% and Straw-UB: 10.64%) showed higher tensile index values (Flax-B: 27 Nm/g and Straw-UB: 25 Nm/g) than those made from long fibers. Despite having the longest fibers (1.11 mm) in studied samples, the tensile index values of sheet sample made from Pine-S-UB was just 12 Nm/g, which is just half of short-fibered (0.36 mm) straw sheets. Air permeability of sheets made from Pine-S-UB and Straw-UB were 5322 and 917 ml/min, respectively. Densities of the same sheets in the same order were 493 and 539 kg/m3. It is concluded that long cellulose fibers actually produce bulky materials with limited interfiber contacting areas, while short ones give biocomposites with higher density values indicating a firmly compacted internal structure in the case of utilizing plant fibers without beating and refining. Results would be usable when producing biocomposites from plant fibers via wet formation followed by various resins and polymer moldings.

A number of thin biocomposites were produced from waste corrugated board pulp with 15% and 30% blending of wool fibers (WF), ceramic fibers (CF), and cotton dust (CD), respectively. The highest sound absorption value was obtained from samples containing 30% wool fibers. Printability of control sheets unfortunately was remarkably damaged. Ceramic fibers improved the thermal stability of control sheets, which was followed by WF and CD. Tensile and burst indexes of samples, however, were greatly reduced. It was furthermore found that CD, CF, and WF additions increased the air permeability values of resultant papers parallel to great reduction on densities.

The effects of filler and coating on the behaviors of water and oil-based ink on the paper surface were investigated. Fillers reduced the air permeability and surface energy hence increased the liquids uptake. The coating was more effective than the internal addition of fillers for the improvement of water and ink absorption. Sizing interfered with the fillers, but had negligible effects on the movements of oil-based ink on papers. The quality of coating in terms of printing performance was dependent on the improvement of surface smoothness, microcapillary formation and the absorption properties of fillers in the coating layer.

The influence of various fillers on sizing efficiency, adsorption and hydrolysis of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) has been investigated. Results indicated that the precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) improved AKD retention, both bound and unbound. The sizing efficiency was reduced as PCC contents increased, which might be attributed to the decrease in the relative AKD dosage to fibres and AKD hydrolysis promoted by PCC. Less amount of AKD was adsorbed on PCC, compared with calcined clay and TiO2 fillers under the same conditions. Hydrolysis studies indicated that PCC had a more detrimental effect on AKD hydrolysis than clay and TiO2.

Bu araştırmada, kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) ve Monteri çamı (Pinus radiata D. Don.) türlerinden toplam verim ve delignifikasyonu geliştirmek amacı ile alternatif bir Sodyum borhidrür (NaBH4)-Kraft kâğıt hamuru elde etme yöntemi üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Delignifikasyon derecesi ve hamur verimi üzerinde reaksiyon koşullarının etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.Sonuçlar, sodyum borhidrür ilavesinin bilinen Kraft yöntemine göre her iki çam türünün hem verim hem de delignifikasyonunu geliştirmek için daha etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Sodyum borhidrür (NaBH4)-Kraft yönteminin, geleneksel Kraft yönteminin tek başına verdiği kappa numarası ve yüksek verim açısından, daha hızlı ve daha seçici olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ancak, kızılçam için en iyi Sodyum borhidrür (NaBH4)-Kraft kâğıt hamuru üretim koşulu Aktif Alkali: %16, Sülfidite: %28, NaBH4 oranı: %0.5 iken, Monteri çamı için en iyi Sodyum borhidrür (NaBH4)-Kraft kâğıt hamuru üretim koşulunun ise Aktif Alkali: %20, Sülfidite: %26, NaBH4 Oranı: %0.7 olduğu bulunmuştur., The Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.) species were pulped using an alternative Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)-Kraft pulping process with the aim of improving delignification and total yield. The effects of reaction conditions on the pulp yield and degree of delignification were evaluated.The results indicate that adding sodium borohydride to conventional kraft process was effective for improving both delignification and yield of both pine species. It was found that the delignification proceeded more rapidly and more selectively with NaBH4-kraft than it did with conventional kraft alone, giving higher yields at a given kappa number. However, the best Sodium borohydride NaBH4- Kraft pulping condition for the Calabrian pine was found with 16% Active Alkali, 28% Sulfidity and 0.5% NaBH4 level whereas the best pulping conditions for Monterey pine was found with 20% Active Alkali, 26% Sulfidity and 0.7% NaBH4 level.

This paper presents the results of trials to evaluate the color-stripping behaviour of offset printing colors and the effect of coating on deinking performance. Oil-based four-color inks were separately printed as base printing on coated and uncoated white poster paper, and then extensive pulping and deinking processes were carried out. Standard offset printings were conducted on paper samples using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black colors (CMYK), and the effects of deinking efficiency on the removal of each color were analysed. The pulps were made at Micro-Maelstrom Laboratory Pulper at specified conditions with and without bleaching agents. Formamidin sulfinic acid and hydrogen peroxide formulation were used as reductive and oxidative bleaching agents, respectively. Flotation deinking and thickening of pulp were practiced using Degussa flotation and thickening cell. The changes in the optical properties, such as brightness, whiteness, and color value (CIE L, a b) of deinked pulp were determined. It was found that optical properties of color-stripped pulps from coated papers were better than that of uncoated office papers. However, yield was quite low in coated papers since fillers were lost during flotation process. Cyan color was found to be the most difficult one in four main color printing inks stripping out in the deinking process.

A number of thin biocomposites through wet lying methods were prepared from old corrugated boards with blends of luffa fibres (LF) and yarn waste (YW) at 15 and 30%. Mechanical, optical, printability and sound absorption properties of manufactured materials were determined. Addition of both LF and YW improved the brightness of control sheets, but unfortunately significantly reduced the burst and tensile indexes. Sound absorption values were found to be improved by both LF and YW parallel to the increase in the air permeability. Thermal stabilities of prepared sheets were also slightly improved by LF and YW as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, addition of LF and WY were noted to increase both the changes in print density and tone values of resultant materials. It is concluded that LF and YW could be better utilized with recycled cellulose fibres in producing some insulation and packaging materials. Key words: Recycling, print density, sound absorption, insulation, luffa fibres, waste textiles.

Medeniyetin kurulmasında, bilgi depolama ve aktarımında tartışmasız bir yeri olan kâğıt, günümüzde artık çok çeşitli amaçlar için hayatın her kademesinde yer almakta, giderek tüketimi inanılmaz boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Kâğıt sektöründe hammadde problemine çözüm için, sürdürülebilir ormancılık çalışmalarından daha ziyade, sürdürülebilir geri dönüşüm teknolojilerini geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda atık sınıfına giren kâğıtın, lifler dışında bulunan bütün bileşenlerini en ekonomik ve çevreci metotlarla ayırmak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, toner baskılı ofis kâğıtlarının mürekkep ve kirliliklerinden arındırılmasında enzim ve ultrasonik enerji kullanımı konusunda elde edilen bazı sonuçlar tartışılmış ve geri dönüşüm açısından kâğıt sektörü çevresel açıdan irdelenmiştir. Use of Enzyme and Ultrasonic Energy in Paper Recycling Paper has undeniable key roles in establishing civilization, archiving and transferring knowledge. Paper is in all parts of daily life for different purposes today and its consumption is getting at unbelievable level. For solving the problems related to insufficient raw materials, the sustainable recycling technologies should be developed rather than concentrating on sustainable forestry practices. In this sense, extracting all materials from waste papers with economical and environmentally friendly methods are extremely important. In this study, some results obtained from an experimental study carried out on the deinking of toner printed office papers with the help of enzymes and ultrasonic energy were discussed and paper industry was examined in respect to recycling and environment.