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Injury is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Accordingly, expanding access to trauma care is a Healthy People priority. The extent to which disparities in access to trauma care exist in the US is unknown. Our objective was to describe geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic disparities in access to trauma care in the United States.Cross-sectional study of the US population in 2010 using small units of geographic analysis and validated estimates of population access to a Level I or II trauma center within 60minutes via ambulance or helicopter. We examined the association between geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic factors and trauma center access, with subgroup analyses of urban-rural disparities.Of the 309 million people in the US in 2010, 29.7 million lacked access to trauma care. Across the country, areas with higher income were significantly more likely to have access (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.12-1.50), as were major cities (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.25-3.62) and suburbs (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.57). Areas with higher rates of uninsured (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.07-0.11) and Medicaid or Medicare eligible patients (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.59-0.82) were less likely to have access. Areas with higher proportions of blacks and non-whites were more likely to have access (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.19-1.58), as were areas with higher proportions of Hispanics and foreign-born persons (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.13-2.01). Overall, rurality was associated with significantly lower access to trauma care (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.18-0.23).While the majority of the United States has access to trauma care within an hour, almost 30 million US residents do not. Significant disparities in access were evident for vulnerable populations defined by insurance status, income, and rurality.

Epileptic disorders are typically characterized by the synchronous spike-wave discharges (SWD). However, the mechanism of SWD is not well-understood in terms of its synchronous spatio-temporal features. In this paper, based on the coupled thalamocortical (TC) neural field models we first investigate the SWD complete synchronization (CS), lag synchronization (LS) and anticipated synchronization (AS) mainly using the adaptive delayed feedback (ADF) and active control (AC). Then we explore the dynamics of 3-compartment coupled TC motifs with the interactive connectivity patterns of ADF and AC, as well as the various interactive weights. It is found that CS, LS and AS of motifs can coexist and transit between each other by changing the various interactive modes and weights. These results provide the complementary synchronization effects and conditions for the basic 3-node motifs. This may facilitate to construct the architecture based on patient EEG data and reveal the abnormal information expression of epileptic oscillatory network.

Background and Purpose— We examine whether the proportion of the US population with ≤60 minute access to Primary Stroke Centers (PSCs) varies based on geographic and demographic factors. Methods— Population level access to PSCs within 60 minutes was estimated using validated models of prehospital time accounting for critical prehospital time intervals and existing road networks. We examined the association between geographic factors, demographic factors, and access to care. Multivariable models quantified the association between demographics and PSC access for the entire United States and then stratified by urbanicity. Results— Of the 309 million people in the United States, 65.8% had ≤60 minute PSC access by ground ambulance (87% major cities, 59% minor cities, 9% suburbs, and 1% rural). PSC access was lower in stroke belt states (44% versus 69%). Non-whites were more likely to have access than whites (77% versus 62%), and Hispanics were more likely to have access than non-Hispanics (78% versus 64%). Demographics were not meaningfully associated with access in major cities or suburbs. In smaller cities, there was less access in areas with lower income, less education, more uninsured, more Medicare and Medicaid eligibles, lower healthcare utilization, and healthcare resources. Conclusions— There are significant geographic disparities in access to PSCs. Access is limited in nonurban areas. Despite the higher burden of cerebrovascular disease in stroke belt states, access to care is lower in these areas. Selecting demographic and healthcare factors is strongly associated with access to care in smaller cities, but not in other areas, including major cities.

Background: Primary Stroke Centers (PSCs) have lower mortality than non-PSCs. Disparities in access to PSCs could widen existing disparities in cerebrovascular disease. We examined whether the proportion of the US population with ≤ 60 minute access to PSCs varies based on geography, gender, race, or ethnicity. Methods: A cross-sectional geographic analysis of the US was conducted at the block group level (n=208,667). Prehospital time from the population weighted center of each block group to the nearest PSC (as of 12/31/10) via ground ambulance was estimated using validated prehospital time intervals and accounting for existing road networks. Neilsen-Claritas 2010 Census estimates were used to describe the population of each block group. The population with ≤ 60 minute access was calculated overall, and stratified by urbanicity (major cities, minor cities, suburbs, rural). Access was compared by stroke belt location (AL, AR, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN vs. all other states), gender, race, and ethnicity. Results: There were 811 PSCs in the US on 12/31/2010. Of the 309 million people in the US, 65.8% had ≤ 60 minute PSC access by ground ambulance. The proportion of the population with PSC access ≤ 60 minutes was: 87% in major cities, 59% in minor cities, 9% in suburbs, and 1% in rural areas. PSC access was lower in stroke belt states, due to poor access in stroke belt cities (Table). Non-White and Hispanic individuals were more likely to have PSC access than Whites and non-Hispanics; there was no meaningful difference in access by gender (Table). Conclusions: There are significant geographic and demographic disparities in access to PSCs. Access is poor in suburban and rural areas. Despite the higher burden of cerebrovascular disease in stroke belt states, access to care is lower in these areas. Public policy and systems planning is needed to ensure acute stroke therapies are available in these areas.