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Background: In laryngeal carcinoma, regional nodal metastasis serves as a significant prognostic factor. A special biomarker is needed to predict the status of nodal metastases. N-cadherin, a binding protein, aids in cell migration and enabling tumor cells to spread to new locations. The involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in metastasis includes fostering the dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor and enhancing tumor cell motility. Objective: This study seeks to explore the distinctions and relationships in N-cadherin and MMP-9 expression among patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma at various N stages. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional approach, this study conducted an analytic observational investigation on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded patients whose histopathological diagnosis is laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital in 2018-2021. The samples were divided into N stages based on radiological imaging from the CT scan. Immunohistochemistry examinations were performed using N-cadherin and MMP-9 antibodies and scored using the immunoreactive score (IRS), based on percentage and intensity. The differences in expression and correlation between N-cadherin and MMP-9 were analyzed using statistical tests. Results: Statistical insignificance was observed in N-cadherin expression at various N stages (p = 0.099). There were significant differences in MMP-9 expressions at various N stages (p = 0.0006338). There was no correlation between N-cadherin and MMP-9 expression at various N stages in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.0638, rs = 0.27). Conclusion: In laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, MMP-9 serves as a predictor for lymph node metastasis, which, if present, deteriorates the patient's prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Objective: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the role of placenta VEGF level using immunocytochemical techniques and comparing the obtained results with PAS FIGO grading. This retrospective cross sectional study on total sampling of formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from placenta sampling of elective surgery which were diagnosed as PAS. Sample were immunostained using VEGF and semi-quantitatively Immuno Reactive Score (IRS) measured based on modified Remmele scale index. The result obtained 32 samples that meet inclusion criteria which are found into grade I (n=5), grade II (n=11) and grade III (n=16). This study showed average VEGF at grade I (4.68±1.03), grade II (3.81±1.41), grade III (4.46±1.82) and no significant difference of VEGF expression between grade I, grade II and grade III (p = 0.264). Intraplacental VEGF do not describe the severity of PAS FIGO grading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of breast cancer is one the highest among all groups of cancers in women around the world, causing many bone metastases cases. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) DP and PPARã are known to have a substantial effect in inhibiting bone metastasis in breast cancer. This research aims to analyze the expression of PGD2 (DP) and PPARã in bone metastasis in breast cancer. An observational analytic research with a cross sectional retrospective approach was done on 44 FFPE tissues from breast cancer in the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. The samples were divided into 2 groups based on whether bone metastasis is present or not, then the samples were immunostained using PGD2 (DP) and PPARã antibodies. The difference of PGD2 (DP) and PPARã expression were analyzed using Mann- Whitney and the correlation of PGD2 (DP) and PPARã were analyzed using the Spearman test. Results in this study showed a significantly lower expression of PGD2 (DP) in breast cancer where bone metastasis is present in comparison to breast cancer where bone metastasis is not present (p=0.002). Significant expression of PPARã was also revealed to be lower in breast cancer cases with bone metastasis in comparison with breast cancer cases where bone metastasis is not present (p=0.001). Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between the PGD2 expression (DP) and PPARã in bone metastasis breast cancer (rs = 0.780, p = 0.000). In conclusion, PGD2 (DP) and PPARã expression were revealed to be significantly lower in breast cancer cases with bone metastasis in comparison to breast cancer cases where bone metastasis is not present. The significant correlation between PGD2 (DP) and PPARã expression proves that these two proteins play a substantial part in bone metastasis found in breast cancer cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation in the tumor microenvironmentisanessentialaspectof tumor biologicalactivity. Interferon γ and IL-10 are pro-inflammatoryand anti-inflammatorycytokinesthatplay a crucialrole in regulatingthehost'simmuneresponseto cancer cells. IFN-γ and IL-10 expression are associatedwithpoor prognosis andlowsurvivalrate in breastcarcinomapatients. This cross-sectional study was performed on the 60 paraffin-embedded samples of radical mastectomy during January 2016-December 2019 at Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya. The samples were divided based on tumor size into four groups (T1, T2, T3, T4). TheanalyzedwasusingKruskal Wallistest. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of IFN-γ and IL-10. There was a significant difference in IFN-γ expression in the four groups (p=0.005) and no significant difference in IL-10 expression in the four groups (p=0,191). Interferon gamma and IL-10 were important in determining prognosis and targeted therapy in breast cancer patients. These results may contribute to the development of breast cancer research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]