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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterial pathogen that causes various kinds of infections. The use of antibiotics is usually done to treat the infection. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has various resistance abilities that can avoid the efficacy of antibiotics. The emergence of drug resistance events encourages the need for the discovery of new antibiotic drugs, one of which comes from fungals secondary metabolite. Soil fungi from mangrove ecosystems have not been studied much. Interestingly, these soil fungi have unique adaptive responses. This response also affects the secondary metabolites it contains. Knowing this information, mangrove soil samples were cultured on fungi media which were then tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa through antagonist test and microdilution test. Three fungal cultures with yeast characteristics were obtained and each of the secondary metabolite ethyl acetate extracts of these three fungi had antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity was indicated by the % inhibition parameter. The terpenoid content in fungal cultures may be responsible for the antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This research is an initial screening of the search for new antibiotic candidates, so further research study such as isolation and species determination needs to be done.

The emergence of antibiotic resistance becomes a barrier in controlling infectious diseases, so it is necessary to find new alternative antibiotics. This study aimed to explore the potential of estuarine soil fungals secondary metabolites isolated from Katialada Village Gorontalo Location One and test their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial parameter observed was the percent inhibition of ethyl acetate extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. The estuarine soil samples were cultured in PDA media producing five single fungal isolates differentiated based on color morphology, texture, and shape coded IS2-BTG-4.1.1, IS2-BTG-4.1.2, IS1-BTG-4.2, IS2-BTG4.3.1, and IS2-BTG-4.3.2. Those five samples were fermented using PDB media and the fermented products were extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were screened for its compound using a TLC plate and antibacterial testing with a single concentration of 100 g/mL in the microdilution method. The screening results showed that the five ethyl acetate extracts contained terpenoid compounds and code IS2-BTG-4.3.2 also had alkaloids. Based on the antibacterial test results, the five ethyl acetate extracts had growth inhibitory activity on the Staphylococcus aureus, with the percentage showed by IS2-BTG-4.1.1 50,2% ± 14,8%, IS2-BTG-4.1.2 35,6% ± 12,9%, IS1-BTG-4.2 13,0% ± 7,3%, IS2-BTG-4.3.1 13,6% ± 6,0%, and IS2-BTG-4.3.2 by 12,4% ± 9,2%.

There is an urgent need for novel drug leads, especially for microbial infections due to continuing emergence of drug resistance. Natural products are the backbone of modern medicine and the lichens have an important role to play in the discovery of novel drugs. Indonesia is gifted with a diverse array of lichens, which remain underexplored for medicinal applications. In this study, we have collected a lichen, Candelaria fibrosa, and conducted phytochemical and bioactivity studies. Using high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we have isolated and characterised two depside compounds, atraric acid (7) and methyl 3-hydroxy orsellinate (8). These two depsides were reported from this lichen species for the first time. The evaluation of the crude methanol extract against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, indicated insignificant activity. However, the isolated compounds have been previously reported to possess low antimicrobial activity against common pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) but to show significant anti-legionellosis.

Introduction: In this work, we used a thread-paper microfluidic device (μTPAD) system, where a threaded part for the handling of the whole blood samples and a paper part for the reaction of plasma with immobilized bioreagents integrated into woman pad as a wearable sensing device namely as smart women pad. The μTPAD as a wearable smart woman pad is developed for the detection of pH and urea in mensuration blood as real samples. Methods: This combined device was constructed to cover the elements required, that is, separation of red blood cell, conditioning, analyte reaction, and colorimetric detection. The color change in sensing areas was measured in the RGB values via a smartphone using the Color Grab after a smart woman pad was used. The thread allowed red blood cell sampling and separation, while the paper microfluidic device was used for conditioning, biorecognition, and colorimetric transduction of pH and urea as analytes. Results: The time needed for analysis was measured as 110 s using the equilibrium method for both analytes, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 72.55 μg/mL for urea, with precision around 1.68%, while for pH around 0.80%. The smart woman pad allowed rapid detection of pH and urea in menstruation blood as real samples for monitoring of the kidney functions, and the results showed an agreement with the conventional methods that have been generally used in the clinical laboratory. Conclusion: The smart woman pad has the potential to be used as a wearable device to monitor the health status of the user via its blood mensuration analysis.

Diabetes mellitus prevalence in Indonesia reached 19.5 million cases, which has affected the productive age population. The indigenous people of Indonesia are blessed with the second largest biodiversity in the world, including vegetables, which are also prepared as medicaments. Vegetables are well-known as natural antioxidants which evolved in metabolic disease prevention, including diabetes mellitus. One of the Government of Indonesia’s strategic plans in health is to develop new antidiabetic from nature. In this study, nineteen vegetable species were collected and evaluated for their antioxidant activity followed by computational-based bioprospecting. The study indicated Ipomoea aquatica, Paederia foetida, Plumbago zeylanica, Nauclea pallida, Sauropus androgynus, Wrightia pubescens, and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus to contain high antioxidant components. Computational experiments on chemical constituents previously reported from the same species showed potent compounds with high affinity against α-glucosidase (3a4a). 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dihydroquercetin-3-O-α-D-glucopyranoside 1, stigmasterol 7, and chitanone 12 are the most potent compounds from Ipomoea aquatica, Paederia foetida, and Plumbago zeylanica, respectively, which are superior to a standard drug, acarbose. The four vegetable species are feasible for conventional drug sources or developed as botanical dosage according to the Indonesian government’s strategic plan. Further studies are necessary to ensure adequate preclinical and clinical data to meet the requirement of safe and potent medicine. Nevertheless, Nauclea pallida and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus are valuable species with potent yet understudied antioxidant sources.

Thermal properties are essential parameters in transformations of solid state. It is useful for estimating physicalchemical interactions that occur specifically in a multicomponent system as cocrystal. However, there is still minimum information about determining the thermal properties of cocrystal in literature. In this study, the investigation of thermal behavior of cocrystal was determined in non-isothermal conditions based on the Kissinger method. The ketoprofen-malonic acid (KMA) and ketoprofen-nicotinamide (KN) cocrystal used as model were prepared using solvent evaporation method, while the characterization was performed by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). From the experimental results, the activation energy (Ea ) of pure ketoprofen, KMA cocrystal, and KN cocrystal are 264.38, 384.77, and 116.64 kJ mol-1, while the enthalpy of activation (ΔH*) are 261.31, 381.78, and 113.76 kJ mol-1, respectively. The calculated values of entropy of activation (ΔS*) for pure ketoprofen, KMA cocrystal, and KN cocrystal are 465.22, 809.77, and 84.34 J K-1 mol-1 and the free energy of activation (ΔG*) of pure ketoprofen, KMA cocrystal, and KN cocrystal obtained by general thermodynamic equation are 89.53, 90.87, and 84.62 kJ mol-1, respectively. Experimental results of the thermodynamic parameters showed cocrystals to have a positive value of ΔS*, indicating the formation of cocrystals was a nonspontaneous process. Also, the KMA cocrystal had greater free energy of activation (ΔG*) than the KN cocrystal which indicated the formation of the crystal lattice involving greater binding energy than KN cocrystal.

An extensive phytochemical study of a foliose lichen from Indonesia, Parmelia cetrata, resulted in the successful isolation of 13 phenol and depside derivatives (1–13) including the previously unre...

Pada saat ini sudah banyak dilakukan penelitian terhadap khasiat antibakteri suatu tanaman. Salah satu sumber alternatif antibakteri dari bahan alam adalah tumbuhan anyang-anyang. Penelitian potensi antibakteri tumbuhan anyang-anyang bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai IC50 esktrak dan fraksi dari tumbuhan anyang-anyang (Elaeocarpus grandiflorus J. E. Smith) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Escherichia coli (E. coli). Ekstraksi dilakukan secara maserasi dan fraksinasi secara partisi cair-cair. Uji aktivitas antibakteri yang dilakukan adalah metode mikrodilusi dengan mengacu pada protokol yang ditetapkan oleh Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) M07-A9. Skrining fitokimia dilakukan dengan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) untuk mengetahui golongan senyawa yang terdapat dalam ekstrak dan fraksi daun anyang-anyang. Nilai IC50 diperoleh dengan melakukan analisis probit terhadap masing-masing nilai persen penghambatan setelah pemberian 5 seri konsentrasi sampel ekstrak dan fraksi daun anyang-anyang. Kontrol positif menggunakan injeksi gentamisin 40.000 µg/mL dan kontrol negatif menggunakan dimetilsulfoksida (DMSO) 1%. Ekstrak daun anyang-anyang memiliki IC50 yang paling rendah yakni sebesar 360,969±10,542 µg/mL. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan sampel dan fraksi positif mengandung polifenol. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak methanol kasar daun anyang-anyang mempunyai potensi menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli.

The Meru Betiri National Park in Indonesia is host to more than 266 medicinal plants species, of which 10 were investigated for their phytochemicals as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activit...

Eighteen extracts of six medicinal plants of Meru Betiri National Park (Jember, Indonesia) were studied for their anti-diabetic potency as well as their antioxidant activities (DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were also determined. Total phenols and flavonoid content increased with polarity order, from hexane, ethyl acetate to methanol extracts. Similar pattern resulted in antioxidant activity testing. Ethyl acetate extract of Antidesma bunius, methanol extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa and Lunasia amara possessed higher α-amilase inhibition compared to standard inhibitor, acarbose. Moreover, ethyl acetate extract of Antidesma bunius, methnaol extract of Arcangelisia flava, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lunasia amara and hexane fraction of Merremia mamosa indicated higher α-glucosidase inhibition compared to standard anti-diabetic drug, acarbose. The extracts with higher phenolic and flavonoid content did not always showed higher inhibition activities α-amilase and α-glucosidase. Overall, the six medicinal plants exhibited potent sources for diabetic mellitus medication. Keywords: Antioxidant, Phenolic, Flavonoid, α-amilase inhibitor, α-glucosidase inhibtior, Anti-diabetic, Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesian medicinal plants

Impregnation of aluminium ion onto silica gel (SG) surface (Al/SG) is to increase the adsorption capacity of an anionic dye such as Indigo carmine (IC). The impregnation was carried out using wetness impregnation. The change of the functional group was evaluated by FTIR, crystallinity was determined using XRD, surface morphology were studied by SEM-EDX, while surface area and pore size using N2 gas adsorption-desorption analyzer. Meanwhile, the best of IC adsorption condition onto SG and Al/SG occurred consecutively at pH 2 and 3. The optimum adsorption of both adsorbent was 25.707 and 88.143 mg.g-1 with the adsorption efficiency 21.82% and 80.47%, respectively. Whereas, isothermal adsorption model of SG and Al/SG consecutively followed Langmuir and Freundlich model. The equilibrium adsorption was achieved in 60 min of contact time following pseudo-second order kinetic model. This study provides information about the replacing negative charge in the surface of the adsorbent with cation would increase the adsorption capacity of the anionic adsorbate.

The potential source of bioactive protein from pigmented rice seed was investigated by buffered extracting from nine varieties (Merah-SP, Gogo Niti-2, Merah Wangi, Super Manggis, Lamongan-1, Mota, Ketan Hitam-2, Beureum Taleus, and Aek Sibundong) and non-pigmented rice (IR-64) as a control. The potent contributor to free radical scavenging of extracted proteins was evaluated by analyzing their free amino acid composition. The free radical scavenging and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory activity of these proteins were analyzed in-vitro. The free radical scavenging activity was analyzed using various standard methods, including radical cation 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate acid (ABTS•+), hydroxyl radical (OH•) and defense against radical-mediated DNA damages by hydroxyl. Total free amino acid content ranged between 77.7-181.2 g/100 g protein, and among them, Ketan Hitam-2 displayed the highest abundant antioxidant amino acid grouping (23.23%) and shown significantly higher ABTS•+ activity (IC50=8.64 µg/mL) and OH• activity (IC50=20.33 µg/mL). Moreover, Ketam Hitam-2 also exhibited notable ACE-I inhibitory activity (IC50=6.20 µg/mL) and protected hydroxyl-induced oxidative damage to DNA. The in-vitro systems for free radical scavenging and ACE-I inhibitory were used to acquire the data. The potency of Ketan Hitam-2 seed protein could be utilized as a natural nutraceuticals compound.

The anti-malarial potency of Indonesian medicinal plants was evaluated through computational study. From 43 Indonesian medicinal plants, 238 previously reported compounds were carefully docked into HAP (histo-aspartic protease) with codename 3FNT in which the enzyme plays an important catalytic role in Plasmodium falciparum innate metabolism. Exhaustive docking experiments produced 6 best hits molecules including AM210 (4-hydroxy- 3-methoxy strychnine), AM213 (protostrychnine), and AM216 (pseudostrychnine) which have less free energy compared to HAP native ligand, 1,2-ethanediol. This study revealed the potency of Strychnos nux-vomica L. as a source for antimalaria and support its traditional claims.

Infeksi nosokomial merupakan infeksi bakteri yang sering terjadi di Indonesia dan disebabkan oleh bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Menurut data World Health Organization (WHO) prevalensi infeksi nosokomial di negara berkembang berkisar antara 5,7% hingga 19,1% dengan prevalensi gabungan sebesar 10,1% dan prevalensi infeksi nosokomial di Indonesia sebesar 7,1%. Infeksi merupakan penyakit yang mengancam jiwa, sehingga perlu penanganan cepat dengan pemberian agen antibakteri. Salah satu sumber bahan alam yang berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri baru yaitu fungi tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri fungi tanah yang diisolasi dari muara di Desa Pasir Putih, Situbondo, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan sampel tanah pada media PDA hingga didapat enam isolat yang diberi label IS-B1-A1, IS-B1-A2, IS-B1-T1, IS-B1-T2, IS-B1-B1, dan IS-B1-B2. Semua isolat kemudian difermentasi selama 14 hari dan diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat sebelum dilakukan uji mikrodilusi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus menunjukkan bahwa semua ekstrak dari isolat fungi kode IS-B1-A1, IS-B1-A2, IS-B1-T1, IS-B1-T2, IS-B1-B1, dan IS-B1-B2 memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dengan nilai persen penghambatan sebesar 51,1±2,6%; 84,6±3,1%; 72,7±7,9%; 82,9±7,6%; 65,6±0,8%; dan 88,2±2,8% pada konsentrasi 100 μg/mL.

Objective: The tobacco leaves are a rich source of many biologically active substances. Flavonoids are one of the bioactive substances contained in tobacco leaves with a wide range of pharmacological properties. This study has been aimed to formulate the antibacterial periodontal gel containing the flavonoids fraction of Kasturi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. Methods: Fraction flavonoids obtained from methanolic extracts of tobacco leaves, which have been purified from nicotine. Different concentrations of flavonoids fraction (0, 25, 0,5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml) were prepared with Carbopol-974P. The strength of flavonoid gel adhesion in ex vivo mucosa was tested by the falling liquid film method. Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial agent was followed by the disk diffusion method. Results: The flavonoid gels have better adhesion parameters (time, strength, and distance) than gel bases. The antimicrobial by the zone of inhibition studies proved that flavonoids periodontal gels with concentrations of 4 mg/ml are highly active against Porphyromonas gingivalis with the zone of inhibition >10 mm which was higher than quercetin gel formulations (control groups). Conclusion: Gel formulation containing the flavonoids fraction of Kasturi tobacco (N. tabacum) leaves could be a good candidate for periodontal gel with good mucoadhesive gel and antibacterial agent.

roteins hydrolyzed from melinjo seeds (Gnetum gnemon) at green (GM), yellow (YM) and red (RM) stages of maturity were studied for their effectiveness in antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The seed protein extract was hydrolyzed using alcalase 2.4L, and the resulting hydrolysates with the highest degree of hydrolysis, protein profile, and the most potent contributors to antioxidant and invitro antidiabetic activities were identified. The degree of hydrolysis value of hydrolysates ranged from 52-84%, and the SDS-PAGE protein profile showed two distinct bands in which the band with molecular weight of 30 kDa degraded more intensively. Antioxidant capacity was measured using different standard methods, including radical cation 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS•+) assay, hydroxyl radical (OH•), and superoxide anion (O2•-) scavenging. The green hydrolysate (GMH) had significantly higher (p

Annona muricata L. has been used traditionally in Indonesia to treat disease. Phytochemical studies on the alkaloid fractions from the root of Annona muricata L. from Malang-Indonesia resulted in the isolation of an unreported benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (+)-xylopine 5 as well as four known alkaloids (1-4). The crude methanol extract and alkaloid fractions were tested against Plasmodium falciparum K1 and against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter buamanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) with insignificant activities (MIC > 32 µg/mL). Individual alkaloids were tested against a human suspension cancer cell line (HL-60 leukemia cells) and two human fibroblastic cancer cell lines (A549 lung cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cells) in which compound 5 was the most toxic alkaloid with IC50 values ranging from 20 to 80 µM.

Lichen is a unique composite organism that arises from algae and fungi symbiotic relationship. There are 18,500 recorded lichen species worldwide but only limited number of global species has been tested for their biological activities. In particular, Indonesian lichens are rarely investigated. In this study, we collected and identified nine lichen species from six different locations in East Java Indonesia and screened their crude methanol extracts against gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and cancer cells (MCF7, Widr and Hela). While only the methanol extract of Parmelia cetrata Ach and Parmelia dilatata Vain inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa, most lichen extracts possessed moderate cytotoxicity. Cladonia scabriuscula methanol extract was cytotoxic against MCF7, Widr and Hela cell lines with IC50 value of 324, 324, 476 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, methanol extract of Physcia cf. millegrana Degel indicated cytotoxicity against Hela cell line with IC50 value of 137 μg/mL. This study revealed anticancer potency of lichen of Java Island for the first time and further research is necessary for isolating the bioactive compounds.

Jayus J, Akroman R, Nurhayati, Nugraha AS, Piluharto B, Seviour RJ. 2021. Structural elucidation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Curvularia lunata isolate RJ01. Biodiversitas 22: 2699-2705. An exopolysaccharide (EPS) was recovered from culture filtrates of the fungus Curvularia lunata isolate RJ01 prepared in Jember, Indonesia. Based on a prominent peak at 883 cm-1, FTIR analysis suggested it is a ?-D-glucan, a proposal confirmed by subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis which showed anomeric protons omit the signal at d4.37 and 4.8 ppm, and sugar proton signal in the region of 2.5 to 4.2 ppm. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the acid hydrolysates of this glucan revealed the presence of glucose (64%) and a mixture of galactose and mannose (36%). Digestion with (1-->3)-?- and (1-->6)-?-glucanase from Acremonium sp. IMI 383068 gave consistent linear products of (1-->3)-?-glycosidic linkages, since the glucan was digested by (1-->3)-?-glucanase only. The rheological behavior of aqueous EPS solution suggests it behaves as a pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid and thus has the potential for use as a thickening agent in foods. This study is the first report on the structural elucidation of EPS from C. lunata.

The indigenous people of Indonesia have used medicinal plants to survive infectious diseases, including malaria. The knowledge has been passed through the generation and a limited number of the plants have been studied properly. Malaria infection has been an endemic and complicated problem in the archipelago where drug-resistant cases worsen the situation. Natural product study without pharmacological information has been a drawback to the development of natural-based antimalarial. Computational chemistry protocol gives lower cost facilitation to later a conventional in vitro bioassay. In this study, virtual screening was deployed to find a Proplasmepsin II enzyme inhibitor, in which the enzyme plays an important in this parasite metabolism. The enzyme (1PFZ) was collected from the PDB database followed by docking validation before exhaustive docking calculation of 238 compounds from 43 Indonesian medicinal plants. The docking protocol was valid as indicated by rmsd value of 1.275 A. One top hit molecule, AM56, was gained with its free energy of binding value of 10.8 kcal/mol which is better than the interaction of the native ligand, propane-1,2,3-Triol, with the free energy of binding ( G) score of 3.9 kcal/mol. AM56 was a secondary metabolite of Borassus flabellifer and its anti-plasmodium was previously studied. However, the mechanism of action of AM56 was never been reported. This study was able to discover a molecular scaffold of proplasmepsin II enzyme inhibitor and can be used as a pathway to QSAR study of AM56 semi-synthetic derivatives.

Malaria is one of the major causes of death in tropical and sub-tropical countries, caused by the infection of the protozoan parasite (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi). As the prevalence of parasite drug-resistant strains increasing, alternative medicine to eliminate malaria is needed. In this study, a molecular docking protocol was employed to predict and select natural compounds from Indonesian medicinal plants as an antimalarial drug candidate. The docking protocol was validated by the RMSD value of crystal versus docking calculation. From 43 species of plants, 238 total compounds were collected and docked into Plasmepsin IV (PMIV) enzyme which plays a role in the nutrition uptake of Plasmodium in human blood circulation. This enzyme was collected from a protein database with codename 5I70. The protocol was produced an acceptable RMSD value of 1.435 ?. The docking experiment resulted in AM202 (Cassiamin B) from Cassia siamea as the best potent Plasmepsin IV inhibitor. This compound has the potential candidate for future anti-malarial drugs. Cassiamin B had an affinity value of -11.2 kcal/mol which was higher than PMIV’s native ligand (-3.8 kcal/mol).

Medicinal plants have been a notable source for antimalarial agents. This study was aimed to investigate the antimalarial potency of Indonesian medicinal plants used traditionally in malarial fever therapy. A total of 238 compounds derived from 43 plants traditionally used to alleviate malarial fever were collected and loaded into molecular docking protocol. The compounds were screened against Hypoxanthine-Guanine-XanthinePhosphoribosyltransferase (HGXPRT, 3OZF) using the AutoDock Vina software 1.1.2. The compound is important for the purine synthesis of the parasite. The experiment resulted in AM125 (20-isoveratramine) from Cyanthillium patulum to possess the highest affinity with free energy (?G)-11 kcal/mol, which is better than HGXPRT native ligands (-6.4kcal/mol). This suggested Cyanthillium patulum was a potential source for antimalarial agents in which its constituents, 20-isoveratramine might responsible for the claims.

PurposeThis study aims to describe the treatment preference, especially in relation to traditional medicine, modern health care and a combination of both, in diarrheal cases among the Tengger ethnic minority group.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey was conducted in all eight villages of Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province. Tengger people were major resident in the area for generations. Convenience sampling and a face-validated structured questionnaire were used to recruit and face-to-face interview 377 Tengger people.FindingsThe study found that modern health care was the dominant preference (52%, n = 196) selected by Tengger people when they have an episode of diarrhea, compared to traditional medicines and mixed approach. Most respondents opted to visit one facility or to stay at home (64.3%, n = 242). Statistical significant relationships were found between treatment choice and age (p p p = 0.011), distance (p p p Practical implicationsThis work could provide an insight that when the young Tengger people are having uncomplicated and common health illness, such as diarrhea, they tend to use modern treatment approach.Originality/valueThis study fulfilled an identified need to explore the trend of treatment approach across generations in the Tengger society as a model of the minor ethnic group in Indonesia.

An extensive phytochemical study of a foliose lichen from Indonesia

Kepundung (Baccaurea racemosa Muell.Arg.) merupakan salah satu tanaman berkhasiat di Indonesia yang mengandung flavonoid, polifenol, tanin, dan terpenoid yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. Kandungan senyawa dengan aktivitas antioksidan dapat dikaitkan dengan potensi aktivitas antidiabetes dari tanaman ini. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan antidiabetes ekstrak metanol, etanol, dan etil asetat dari daun kepundung. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode ultrasonik. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan secara kuantitatif dengan metode DPPH, sedangkan pengujian aktivitas antidiabetes menggunakan metode penghambatan enzim α-amilase. Nilai IC50 pada penentuan aktivitas antioksidan dan antidiabetes ditentukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang maksimum. Hasil penentuan antioksidan menunjukkan bahwa nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol, etanol, dan etil asetat masing-masing adalah 9,38 ± 0,15; 10,55 ± 0,09; dan 946,70 ± 2,31 ppm. Ini menunjukkan ekstrak metanol dan etanol memberikan hasil terbaik dalam aktivitas antioksidan. Nilai IC50 aktivitas antidiabetes in vitro ekstrak metanol, etanol, dan etil asetat masing-masing adalah 67,63 ± 0,36; 67,46 ± 0,23; dan 841,04 ± 1,52 ppm. Hasil ini juga menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol dan etanol daun kepundung memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes yang hampir sama

Lovabyta NS, Jayus J, Nugraha AS. 2020. Bioconversion of isoflavones glycoside to aglycone during edamame (Glycine max) soygurt production using Streptococcus thermophillus FNCC40, Lactobacillus delbrueckii FNCC41, and L. plantarum FNCC26. Biodiversitas 21: 1358-1364. Due to its strong radical-scavenging and antioxidative activity, isoflavones in soybeans have received great attention for the development of functional foods. This study focused on bioconversion of isoflavones glycoside into its aglycone form of edamame green soymilk fermented with three lactic acid bacteria (LAB), i.e., S. thermophilus FNCC40, L. bulgaricus FNCC41, and L. plantarum FNCC26 to produce soygurt. Green soymilk was fermented with 6% (v/v) of LABs as a starter culture for 24 hours at 37ºC. Its antioxidative activity were measured using DPPH free radical scavenging activity method. Daidzein and genistein released during fermentation were fractionated using HPLC and detected further by LCMS to confirm the presence of these two substances. The results showed that the population density of starter culture in green soymilk reached 109 CFU/mL, and the pH decrease from 6.8 to 3.5. All LABs cultures used in the fermentation process were able to produce free aglycone, releasing more daidzein and genistein. Increasing daidzein and genistein content in soygurt results in increasing antioxidative activity. The highest antioxidative activity (IC50 = 41.01 mg/mL) was found in the soygurt fermented with S. thermophilus FNCC40. This finding indicates that S. thermophilus FNCC40, L. bulgaricus FNCC41, and L. plantarum FNCC26 are potential as an effective starter culture to produce a soygurt with good antioxidant activity.