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Funding Information: Harshit Agrawal and Ari Hietanen are employees at Planmeca Oy., Finland. This work was partially funded by Business Finland. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 IEEE. Quality of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are marred by artifacts in the presence of metallic implants. Metal artifact correction is a challenging problem in CBCT scanning especially for large metallic objects. The appearance of artifacts also change greatly with the body part being scanned. Metal artifacts are more pronounced in orthopedic imaging, when metals are in close proximity of other high density materials, such as bones. Recently introduced mask incorporating deep learning networks for metal inpainting showed improvements over classical methods in CBCT image quality. However, generalization of results for more than one body part is still not investigated. We investigate, the use of gated convolutions for mask guidance inpainting to improve the filling of the corrupt metal area in projection domain. The neural network was trained with eight clinical metal affected datasets by incorporating data augmentation techniques. In the end, we validate our method on six clinical datasets. Our method shows promising results both in projections and reconstructed images.

We present new results for the SU(3) "sextet model" with two flavors transforming according to the two-index symmetric representation of the gauge group. The simulations are performed using unimproved Wilson fermions. We measure the meson and baryon spectrum of the theory for multiple bare quark masses at two different lattice spacings. To address the pressing issue of whether the model is inside or below the conformal window, we compare the spectrum to the expectations for a theory with spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and to those of an IR conformal theory. Regardless of the answer (conformal or chirally broken), the theory is a cornerstone in our understanding of near-conformal and composite dynamics, ranging from Technicolor models to unparticle physics. It is also interesting for the composite dynamics of vector-like singlets with respect to the Standard Model interactions., Talk presented at the 33rd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, 14-18 July 2015, Kobe International Conference Center, Kobe, Japan

The kinetic resolution of 1-(3-pyridyl)buten-3-ylamine with activated and non-activated acyl donors and Burkholderia cepacia lipase (lipase PS-D) under dry conditions has been studied. The N -acylation in isopropyl acetate ( E >100) and the acidic hydrolysis of the ( R )-amide produced gave the corresponding enantiomerically enriched amines.

A three-step, one-pot synthesis and diastereoresolution sequence is described in anhydrous toluene starting from methyl α-D-2,3,4-tri-O-acetylgalacto- (1a), -manno- (1b) and -glucopyranosides (1c). The reaction sequence, including consecutive transformations through the aldehyde [PhI(OAc)2, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)] and cyanohydrin [basic resin or (R)-oxynitrilase] into the (6R)-cyanohydrin ester (lipase) is shown to proceed in a one-pot cascade, except that the basic resin (when used) should be removed before the addition of the enzymatic acylation reagents. We have shown that the effective transformation of 1a (75 % reaction yield) through labile intermediates gives the stable (6R)-cyanohydrin butanoate (85 % de). Further diastereomeric purification by chromatography is possible, although the product is already of high diastereopurity. (6R)-Cyanohydrin esters are obtained through acylation with Burkholderia cepacia lipase. The (6S)-ester (de 99 %) is produced by Candida rugosa lipase when the sequence is started from 1c whereas the other sugar derivatives are less suited to the reaction with lipase.

We study four-dimensional large-N SU ( N ) Yang–Mills theory coupled to adjoint overlap fermions on a single site lattice. Lattice simulations along with perturbation theory show that the bare quark mass has to be taken to zero as one takes the continuum limit in order to be in the physically relevant center-symmetric phase. But, it seems that it is possible to take the continuum limit with any renormalized quark mass and still be in the center-symmetric physics. We have also conducted a study of the correlations between Polyakov loop operators in different directions and obtained the range for the Wilson mass parameter that enters the overlap Dirac operator.

Fully acetylated D- and L-α-mannosylacetaldehydes have been prepared and used as substrates to produce the corresponding cyanohydrins or cyanohydrin acetates with (2S) or (2R) configuration, respectively, at the cyanohydrin moiety. The (R)-oxynitrilase-catalysed synthesis and lipase-catalysed diastereomeric kinetic and dynamic kinetic resolutions were investigated. Sequential catalysis with almond meal [an economic source of (R)-oxynitrilase] and Burkholderia cepacia lipase was shown to be a straightforward method that yielded the four diastereomeric target cyanohydrins, the absolute configurations of which were confirmed by 1 H NMR analysis.

Barbier-type indium-mediated allylations of different N,N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-protected aldimines with a number of allyl bromides followed by high-yielding deprotection afforded allylic amines in good to excellent yields. The racemic amines were then subjected to enzymatic kinetic resolution in order to obtain the corresponding (S)-amines and (R)-amides. When acyl donors with a terminal double bond were applied in the enzymatic kinetic resolution, the product amide could be converted into unsaturated lactams in a straightforward manner by utilizing ring-closing metathesis. Furthermore, the enantiopure (S)-1-phenylbut-3-enylamine was converted into the corresponding diallylamine, which was subjected to ring-closing metathesis to yield a substituted dehydropiperidine mimicking a number of natural products.

We present results from a lattice study of SU(2) gauge theory with 2 flavors of Dirac fermions in adjoint representation. This is a candidate for a minimal (simplest) walking technicolor theory, and has been predicted to possess either an IR fixed point (where the physics becomes conformal) or a coupling which evolves very slowly, so-called walking coupling. In this initial part of the study we investigate the lattice phase diagram and the excitation spectrum of the theory.

We investigate the continuum spectrum of the SU(2) gauge theory with $N_f=2$ flavours of fermions in the fundamental representation. This model provides a minimal template which is ideal for a wide class of Standard Model extensions featuring novel strong dynamics that range from composite (Goldstone) Higgs theories to several intriguing types of dark matter candidates, such as the SIMPs. We improve our previous lattice analysis [1] by adding more data at light quark masses, at two additional lattice spacings, by determining the lattice cutoff via a Wilson flow measure of the $w_0$ parameter, and by measuring the relevant renormalisation constants non-perturbatively in the RI'-MOM scheme. Our results for the lightest isovector states in the vector and axial channels, in units of the pseudoscalar decay constant, are $m_V/F_{\rm{PS}}\sim 13.1(2.2)$ and $m_A/F_{\rm{PS}}\sim 14.5(3.6)$ (combining statistical and systematic errors). In the context of the composite (Goldstone) Higgs models, our result for the spin-one resonances are $m_V > 3.2(5)$ TeV and $m_A > 3.6(9)$ TeV, which are above the current LHC constraints. In the context of dark matter models, for the SIMP case our results indicate the occurrence of a compressed spectrum at the required large dark pion mass, which implies the need to include the effects of spin-one resonances in phenomenological estimates., 35 pages, 18 figures

We present a non perturbative study of SU(2) gauge theory with two fundamental Dirac flavours. We discuss how the model can be used as a template for composite Dark Matter (DM). We estimate one particular interaction of the DM candidate with the Standard Model : the interaction through photon exchange computing the electric polarizability of the DM candidate. Finally, we briefly discuss the viability of the model given the present experimental constraints., Contribution to proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2015), 14-18 July 2015, Kobe, Japan

We present a lattice study of a four fermion theory, known as Nambu Jona-Lasinio (NJL) theory, via Wilson fermions. Four fermion interactions naturally occur in several extensions of the Standard Model as a low energy parameterisation of a more fundamental theory. In models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking these operators, at an effective level, are used to endow the Standard Model fermions with masses. Furthermore these operators, when sufficiently strong, can drastically modify the fundamental composite dynamics by, for example, turning a strongly coupled infrared conformal theory into a (near) conformal one with desirable features for model building. As first step, we study spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking for the lattice version of the NJL model., Contribution to proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2015), 14-18 July 2015, Kobe, Japan

Conference Proceedings, 7 pages and 4 figures. Talk presented at the 32nd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, Columbia University, New York City, NY

We study the meson spectrum of the SU(2) gauge theory with two Wilson fermions in the fundamental representation. The theory unifies both Technicolor and composite Goldstone Boson Higgs models of electroweak symmetry breaking. We have calculated the masses of the lightest spin one vector and axial vector mesons. In addition, we have also obtained preliminary results for the mass of the lightest scalar (singlet) meson state. The simulations have been done with multiple masses and two different lattice spacings for chiral and continuum extrapolations. The spin one meson masses set lower limits for accelerator experiments, whereas the scalar meson will mix with a pGB of the theory and produce two scalar states. The lighter of the states is the 125 GeV Higgs boson, and the heavier would be a new yet unobserved scalar state., 7 pages, 5 figures, talk presented at The 32nd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, June 23-28, 2014, Columbia University, New York

The standard method to calculate non-perturbatively the evolution of the running coupling of a SU(N) gauge theory is based on the Schr\"odinger functional (SF). In this paper we construct a family of boundary fields for general values of N which enter the standard definition of the SF coupling. We provide spatial boundary conditions for fermions in several representations which reduce the condition number of the squared Dirac operator. In addition, we calculate the O(a) improvement coefficients for N>3 needed to remove boundary cutoff effects from the gauge action. After this, residual cutoff effects on the step scaling function are shown to be very small even when considering non-fundamental representations. We also calculate the ratio of Lambda parameters between the MS-bar and SF schemes., Comment: 33 pages, 6 figures

We study, via first principles lattice simulations, the nonperturbative dynamics of $SU(2)$ gauge theory with two fundamental Dirac flavors. The model can be used simultaneously as a template for composite Goldstone boson dark matter and for breaking the electroweak symmetry dynamically. We compute the form factor, allowing us to estimate the associated electromagnetic charge radius. Interestingly we observe that the form factor obeys vector meson dominance even for the two color theory. We finally compare the model predictions with dark matter direct detection experiments. We find that the composite Goldstone boson dark matter cross sections is constrained by the most stringent direct-detection experiments. Our results are a foundation for quantitative new composite dynamics relevant for model building, and are of interest to current experiments., Comment: RevTeX, 26 pages, 10 figures. Highly expanded version where the details of the numerical analysis are spelled out in much detail. The updated manuscript includes also refined numerical analyses including more data. We also updated the comparison with direct-detection constraints. The results fully support the conclusions of the first version of the manuscript

The leading method to study the running coupling constant of non-abelian gauge theories is based on the Schrodinger functional scheme. However, the boundary conditions and O(a) improvement have not been systematically generalized for theories with more than three colors. These theories have applications in BSM model building as well as in the large N limit. We have studied the boundary conditions and improvement for the pure Yang-Mills theory within the Schrodinger functional scheme. We have determined for all values of N the boundary fields which provide high signal/noise ratio. Additionally, we have calculated the improvement coefficient ct for the pure gauge to one loop order for SU(N) gauge theories with N = 2, . . . ,8 from which N ≥ 4 are previously unknown.

We investigate the vector, axial and pseudo scalar mass spectrum of an SO(4) - MWT gauge theory with fermions in the vector representation of SO(4). Here we present the preliminary lattice results for the masses of vector and axial vector meson using Wilson fermions. These spectra are crucial for the discovery and to guide the searches of composite dynamics at the LHC.

The vector meson mass is computed as a function of quark mass in the large N limit of QCD. We use continuum reduction and directly compute the vector meson propagator in momentum space. Quark momentum is inserted using the quenched momentum prescription., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure;v2: caption of Fig. 1 corrected

We present preliminary results for simulations of SO(4)-gauge theory with two Dirac Wilson fermions transforming according to the vector representation. We map out the phase diagram including the strong coupling bulk phase transition line as well as the zero PCAC-mass line. In addition, we measure the pseudo scalar and vector meson masses, and investigate whether the theory features chiral symmetry breaking. If the theory is used for breaking the electroweak symmetry dynamically it is the orthogonal group equivalent of the Minimal Walking Technicolor model but with the following distinctive features: a] It provides a natural complex weak isotriplet of Goldstone bosons of which the neutral component can be identified with a light composite dark matter state; b] It is expected to break the global symmetry spontaneously; c] It is free from fermionic composite states made by a techniglue and a technifermion.

We present preliminary results for simulations of SO(4)-gauge theory with two Dirac Wilson fermions transforming according to the vector representation. We map out the phase diagram including the strong coupling bulk phase transition line as well as the zero PCAC-mass line. In addition, we measure the pseudo scalar and vector meson masses, and investigate whether the theory features chiral symmetry breaking. If the theory is used for breaking the electroweak symmetry dynamically it is the orthogonal group equivalent of the Minimal Walking Technicolor model but with the following distinctive features: a] It provides a natural complex weak isotriplet of Goldstone bosons of which the neutral component can be identified with a light composite dark matter state; b] It is expected to break the global symmetry spontaneously; c] It is free from fermionic composite states made by a techniglue and a technifermion.

We use a single site lattice in four dimensions to study the scaling of large $N$ Yang-Mills field coupled to a single massless Dirac fermion in the adjoint representation. We use the location of the strong to the weak coupling transition defined through the eigenvalues of the folded Wilson loop operator to set a scale. We do not observe perturbative scaling in the region studied in this paper. Instead, we observe that the scale changes very slowly with the bare coupling. The lowest eigenvalue of the overlap Dirac operator is another scale that shows similar behavior as a function of the lattice coupling.

We propose a general method (based on the Wang-Landau algorithm) to compute numerically free energies that are obtained from the logarithm of the ratio of suitable partition functions. As an application, we determine with high accuracy the order-order interface tension of the four-state Potts model in three dimensions on cubic lattices of linear extension up to L=56. The infinite volume interface tension is then extracted at each beta from a fit of the finite volume interface tension to a known universal behavior. A comparison of the order-order and order-disorder interface tension at the critical value of beta provides a clear numerical evidence of perfect wetting., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures. Added section on convergence of the algorithm, some clarifications and extra references. Version published on Phys. Rev. E

It is believed that fermions in adjoint representation on single site lattice will restore the center symmetry, which is a crucial requirement for the volume independence of large-N lattice gauge theories. We present a perturbative analysis which supports the assumption for overlap fermions, but shows that center symmetry is broken for naive fermions., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, Contribution to The XXVII International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory

We present preliminary results of lattice simulations of SU(2) gauge theory with two Wilson fermions in the adjoint representation. This theory has recently attracted considerable attention because it might possess an infrared fixed point (or an almost-fixed-point), and hence be a candidate for a walking technicolor theory. In this work we study the particle spectrum of the theory, and compare it with more familiar spectrum of the theory with SU(2) gauge fields and two flavors of fundamental representation fermions., 7 pages, 4 figures, talk presented at the XXVI International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, July 14-19, 2008, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA

We update Monte Carlo simulations of the three-dimensional SU(3) + adjoint Higgs theory, by extrapolating carefully to the infinite volume and continuum limits, in order to estimate the contribution of the infrared modes to the pressure of hot QCD. The sum of infrared contributions beyond the known 4-loop order turns out to be a smooth function, of a reasonable magnitude and specific sign. Unfortunately, adding this function to the known 4-loop terms does not improve the match to four-dimensional lattice data, in spite of the fact that other quantities, such as correlation lengths, spatial string tension, or quark number susceptibilities, work well within the same setup. We outline possible ways to reduce the mismatch., 14 pages

We consider the large N limit of four dimensional SU(N) Yang-Mills field coupled to adjoint fermions on a single site lattice. We use perturbative techniques to show that the Z^4_N center-symmetries are broken with naive fermions but they are not broken with overlap fermions. We use numerical techniques to support this result. Furthermore, we present evidence for a non-zero chiral condensate for one and two Majorana flavors at one value of the lattice gauge coupling., Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures; a reference added; version to be published in JHEP, small clarifications and references added

We measure the evolution of the coupling constant using the Schroedinger functional method in the lattice formulation of SU(2) gauge theory with two massless Dirac fermions in the adjoint representation. We observe strong evidence for an infrared fixed point, where the theory becomes conformal. We measure the continuum beta-function and the coupling constant as a function of the energy scale., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures; published, slightly extended version with added references. Conclusions unchanged

We consider large N gauge theory on a two dimensional lattice in the presence of a baryonic chemical potential. We work with one copy of naive fermion and argue that reduction holds even in the presence of a chemical potential. Analytical arguments supported by numerical studies show that there is no phase transition as a function of the baryonic chemical potential., 12 pages, 4 figures; Published version, typos corrected

An SU(2) gauge theory with two fermions transforming under the adjoint representation of the gauge group may appear conformal or almost conformal in the infrared. We use lattice simulations to study the spectrum of this theory and present results on the masses of several gauge singlet states as a function of the physical quark mass determined through the axial Ward identity and find indications of a change from chiral symmetry breaking to a phase consistent with conformal behaviour at beta_L ~ 2. However, the measurement of the spectrum is not alone sufficient to decisively confirm the existence of conformal fixed point in this theory as we show by comparing to similar measurements with fundamental fermions. Based on the results we sketch a possible phase diagram of this lattice theory and discuss the applicability and importance of these results for the future measurement of the evolution of the coupling constant.

We study the quark number susceptibility of the hot quark-gluon plasma at zero and non-zero quark number density, using lattice Monte Carlo simulations of an effective theory of QCD, electrostatic QCD (EQCD). Analytic continuation is used to obtain results at non-zero quark chemical potential. We measure both flavor singlet (diagonal) and non-singlet (off-diagonal) quark number susceptibilities. The diagonal susceptibility approaches the perturbative result above 20T_c, but below that temperature we observe significant deviations. The results agree well with 4d lattice data down to temperatures 2T_c. The off-diagonal susceptibility is more prone to statistical and systematic errors, but the results are consistent with perturbation theory already at 10T_c., Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures. Published version, references added, conclusions unchanged

A novel, comprehensive two-dimensional asymmetric field-flow fractionation-liquid chromatographic system is described (AsFlFFF-RPLC). The interface is based on a switching valve, and the whole sample is analyzed in both dimensions. The system proved to be repeatable and quantitative in the characterization of egg white proteins. Four peaks at 4, 5.5-6.0, 7.5-8.0, and 10.0-11.0 nm, and corresponding to lysozyme, ovalbumin, transferrin, and a dimer of transferrin, were obtained in the AsFlFFF first-dimension system. Lysozyme also produced an additional peak, which overlapped with ovalbumin. Twelve compounds were separated in the LC second-dimension system. Identifications were made with the help of standards (ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, lysozyme) and by comparison of the peak areas, particle sizes, and retention data with values given in the literature. The effect of heat on egg white denaturation was studied, and the unfolding of peptide bonds of the protein was found to be pronounced when the sample was heated in phosphate solution.

We construct periodic approximations to the free energies of Ising models on fractal lattices of dimension smaller than two, in the case of a zero external magnetic field, based on the combinatorial method of Feynman and Vdovichenko. We show that the procedure is applicable to any fractal obtained by the removal of sites from a periodic two-dimensional lattice. As a first application, we compute estimates for the critical temperatures of many different Sierpinski carpets and we compare them to known Monte Carlo estimates. The results show that our method is capable of determining the critical temperature with, possibly, arbitrary accuracy and paves the way for determination Tc of any fractal of dimension less than two. Critical exponents are more diffcult to determine since the free energy of any periodic approximation still has a logarithmic singularity at the critical point implying α = 0. We also compute the correlation length as a function of the temperature and extract the relative critical exponent. We find V = 1 for all periodic approximations, as expected from universality.

We use three dimensional reduced effective field theory (EQCD) and lattice calculations to determine the quark number susceptibility of QCD at high temperature. We find our results to agree well with known perturbative expansion as well as with other lattice data. We use three dimensional reduced effective field theory (EQCD) and lattice calculations to determine the quark number susceptibility of QCD at high temperature. We find our results to agree well with known perturbative expansion as well as with other lattice data.

Major hen egg white proteins have been widely studied for their functional properties but these studies still are unable to explain, alone, all of the biological properties of hen egg white. Hence, it is still interesting to produce pure and non-altered proteins to improve our knowledge on the biological properties of hen egg white. Presently, identification and characterization of both bioactive peptides and minor proteins from hen egg white is essential work for progressing in the understanding of hen egg white biological properties. With this objective in mind, a new process for a complete "mucin free" hen egg white fractionation based on ion exchange chromatography is proposed. "Mucin free" egg white is fractionated into six different fractions. Four of them are high-recovery yield purified fractions of lysozyme, ovotransferrin, ovalbumin and flavoprotein. The two other fractions are enriched in recently detected minor proteins in hen egg white.

In three dimensions, the gluon condensate of pure SU(3) gauge theory has ultraviolet divergences up to 4-loop level only. By subtracting the corresponding terms from lattice measurements of the plaquette expectation value and extrapolating to the continuum limit, we extract the finite part of the gluon condensate in lattice regularization. Through a change of regularization scheme to MSbar and (inverse) dimensional reduction, this result would determine the first non-perturbative coefficient in the weak-coupling expansion of hot QCD pressure., 11 pages

In this study, a potential fuel procurement planning model to sustainable energy production problems is considered. In Finland peat is commonly used as a fuel of energy plants. However, it is recently considered as non-renewable fuel. Therefore, we tested the model using Finnish Government’s peat fuel tax policy decisions for sustainable energy production. However, due to the complex nature of the renewable fuel-procurement problem, the optimisation model cannot be directly used to solve the problem in a manner that is relevant to the forest industry. Therefore, this model was combined with an energy-production model to better describe the combinatorial complexity of energy flows. The properties of the model are discussed and we present the examples of how the model works based on real-world data and optional fuel procurement constraints. The results show peat and forest fuel relationships which indicate that meeting peat tax targets may not be adequate for the future success of renewable energy production, because energy production costs are increasing and forest fuel procurement targets can not be achieved.

In reference [1] a unified description, both at the effective and fundamental Lagrangian level, of models of composite Higgs dynamics was proposed. In the unified framework the Higgs itself can emerge, depending on the way the electroweak symmetry is embedded, either as a pseudo-Goldstone boson or as a massive excitation of the condensate. The most minimal fundamental description consists of an SU(2) gauge theory with two Dirac fermions transforming according to the defining representation of the gauge group. We therefore provide first principle lattice results for the massive spectrum of this theory. We confirm the chiral symmetry breaking phenomenon and determine the lightest spin-one axial and vector masses. The knowledge of the energy scale at which new states will appear at the Large Hadron Collider is of the utmost relevance to guide experimental searches of new physics., 17 pages, 7 figures

We present a practical strategy to optimize a set of Hybrid Monte Carlo parameters in simulations of QCD and QCD-like theories. We specialize to the case of mass-preconditioning, with multiple time-step Omelyan integrators. Starting from properties of the shadow Hamiltonian we show how the optimal setup for the integrator can be chosen once the forces and their variances are measured, assuming that those only depend on the mass-preconditioning parameter., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, talk presented at the 34th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, 24-30 July 2016, Southampton, UK

We utilize lattice simulations of the dimensionally reduced effective field theory (EQCD) to determine the quark number susceptibility of QCD at high temperature ($T>2T_c$). We also use analytic continuation to obtain results at finite density. The results extrapolate well from known perturbative expansion (accurate in extremely high temperatures) to 4d lower temperature lattice data, 7 pages, 5 figures, Presented at the XXV International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, July 30 - August 4 2007, Regensburg, Germany