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Introducción. La inflamación es una respuesta fisiológica protectora del sistema inmunológico frente a diversos estímulos, tales como la infección o daño celular, la cual, al no resolverse de manera adecuada, puede ser perjudicial para le hospedero. En la búsqueda de nuevas lternativas terapéuticas que inhiban la respuesta inflamatoria, diversos estudios han reportado el uso de varias moléculas, tales como la resiniferatoxina (RTX), un potente agonista del receptor de potencial transitorio vanilloide (TRPV)-1. Objetivo. Evaluar si el tratamiento con RTX exhibe propiedades antiinflamatorias, utilizando un modelo murino de inflamación inducida por lipopolisacárido (LPS). Material y métodos. Se estimularon ratones BALB/c con LPS y posteriormente fueron tratados con dexametasona (DEX), capsaicina (CAP), Bay 11-7082, capsazepina (CPZ) y RTX. Además, otros grupos de ratones fueron estimulados con LPS y luego tratados con Bay 11-7082 y CPZ más RTX. Después del tratamiento, se determinaron cuantitativamente los niveles plasmáticos de prostaglandina (PG)-E2, óxido nítrico (NO), interleucina (IL)-1β y factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF)-α utilizando kits de EnzymeLinked ImmunoSorbent Assay ELISA. Resultados. El tratamiento con RTX disminuyó de manera significativa los niveles plasmáticos de PGE2, NO, IL-1β y TNF-α. Así mismo, se observó que los tratamientos con Bay 11-7082 y CPZ más RTX mostraron un efecto antiinflamatorio sinérgico, observándose una disminución significativa más pronunciada en los niveles plasmáticos de TNF-α y PGE2. Conclusión. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el tratamiento con RTX muestra propiedades antiinflamatorias, aparentemente asociadas con la vía de señalización factor nuclear (NF)-κB, independiente de los receptores TRPV1, colocando a la RTX como un fármaco potencial en el tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias.

The most common cause of admission to the Pediatric Dentistry service is dental pain, active deafness and an oppressive sensation that is sometimes throbbing and burning. Pharmacotherapy in Pediatric Dentistry must be effective, safe, and rational in neonates, infants, and children. The pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of pediatric patients from Integral Clinic of the Odontopediatric Specialty (CLIO) and Kindergarten Clinic (CLIJANI), Autonomous University of Zacatecas (UAZ) was carried out. Through an observational, exploratory, and cross-sectional study, 23 patients from the Pediatric Dentistry Specialty Clinic (CLIO/UAO/UAZ) and 35 clinical records of patients from CLIJANI, from August 2019-2020, were analyzed. Prior authorization for the patient, an interview, and pharmacotherapeutic follow-up were performed, recording data on the indicated drug, the dose, and the schedule of use. On carrying out the interview on pharmacotherapy with the parents or guardians who accompany the patient, 91.3% of the pediatric patients were not administered pharmacological treatment. It was observed that there is no adequate adherence to the pharmacological treatment in pediatric patients.

La luz solar es necesaria para todos los organismos vivos que habitan el planeta Tierra, pero debido a la contaminación ambiental, se ha generado un cambio climático a nivel mundial, que ha afectado a los seres vivos debido al desgaste en la capa de ozono, la cual es importante para evitar el paso de la radiación ultravioleta (UV); ésta afecta principalmente a los animales domésticos que están en contacto directo con ella, provocándoles lesiones cutáneas, tumoraciones ópticas, estrés térmico o incluso la muerte. La luz UV produce en la piel estrés oxidativo, el cual se da por una excesiva producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO), que pueden dañar a la célula causando envejecimiento celular o cáncer. Los antioxidantes neutralizan a estos agentes lesivos, pero van disminuyendo su actividad con la edad y el estado metabólico del organismo. Para la realización de este trabajo se hizo una revisión sistemática en bases bibliográficas (PubMed/MEDLINE, Science) y en revistas públicas por medio de internet; considerando la histología y fisiología de la piel y las afecciones a ésta provocadas por la exposición a la luz UV en animales domésticos. Es importante conocer los efectos de la radiación UV en la salud de los animales domésticos, ya que puede afectar económicamente a la actividad agropecuaria, comprometer el bienestar animal y la calidad e inocuidad de los productos de origen animal.

Background: The autoimmunity associated with environmental pollutants such as heavy metals is a phenomenon that has been described previously. The aim of the present study investigated the relationship between autoimmunity and lead pollutants in a cohort of children who lived in a mining settlement. Methods: Children were studied clinically and serologically. The serum lead concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, and antinuclear antibodies were analysed by immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot. Results: None of the studied children displayed any autoimmune disease. The lead concentration in the control group was negligible, at 0.10 ± 011 μg. L-1. In contrast, the study group had values of 12.72 ± 0.5 μg. L-1. The differences between the groups were significant (p < 0.0001). In addition, control sera were negative for antinuclear antibodies (ANA), while the sera of children living near the mining settlement showed ANA-positive titres (p < 0.001). These autoantibodies mainly recognized antigens associated with dividing cells, such as the mitotic apparatus and centrioles. Conclusion: The present results show how metallic pollutants induce environmentally associated autoimmunity and are reflected by antinuclear antibodies. This research should prompt us to take greater caution and implement permanent monitoring to ensure a healthy environment.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a keratinocyte-derived skin tumor. It is the second-most-common cancer affecting the Caucasian population and is responsible for >20% of all skin-cancer-related deaths. The estimated incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in the USA is >1000000 cases per year, of which roughly 20-30% are squamous cell carcinoma. To better understand and treat this challenging cancer, current research focuses on development of novel strategies to improve the understanding of tumor biogenesis on an individual basis. microRNAs are becoming important biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cSCC. This review describes the current knowledge on miRNA expression in cSCC and its role as a biomarker for personalized medicine.

An overlap syndrome of dermatomyositis and scleroderma is reported. The case corresponded to a 27-year-old female with a clinical picture of 14 months evolution, characterized by proximal muscles weakness, erythematous rash in wrists, knees, ankles, Gottron sign, heliotrope periorbital rash and dysphagia. A muscle biopsy was compatible with dermatomyositis; meanwhile the skin biopsy was compatible with scleroderma. Muscle enzymes were increased. Interestingly, the antinuclear antibody determination in HEp-2 cells was positive with a remarkable titer of 81,920 exhibiting a nucleolar pattern. Anti-Jo1 antibody was negative, but anti-PM/Scl-100 positive. The patient received methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide pulses, with gradual improvement. Present report constitutes a case of overlap dermatomyositis-scleroderma syndrome, with anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies (anti-exosome). The remarkable of this case was the exceptional high antinucleolar antibody titer.

The purpose of this study was to assess prescription rationality and most common prescription errors at the primary care clinic of a Mexican university.A retrospective drug utilization review of indication-prescription type was carried out. A random sample of 370 medical records of patients assisted over a year period, were reviewed. Prescription appropriateness was evaluated according to the variables: indication, dosage regimen, administration route, contraindications, interactions, medication duplicity, unnecessary or missing medications. Prescriptions were rated as appropriate (no prescription errors found) or inappropriate (at least one prescription error found). The benefit-risk ratio was calculated for each prescription. This study revealed a 58% of inappropriate prescriptions in the Mexican primary care university clinic, mostly due to errors on dosage regimen and innapropiate drug selection. As a result of chi2 analysis, it was found that the pharmacotherapeutic variables chosen for the prescription assessment in this study, were determinant in prescription appropriateness rating. Nimesulide, ciprofloxacin, ranitidine, ketorolac and paracetamol were the most prescribed drugs as well as the most common cause of errors found. The prescription error rate revealed by this study addresses the need for strategies to improve prescription's quality. Introducing pharmacists as a key part of health care team is a mean proposed to prevent medication errors and to solve the urgency of pharmaceutical care implementation in all primary care facilities in Mexico.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a racionalidade das prescrições como também os erros mais comuns nas prescrições emitidas pelo Centro de Saúde de uma Universidade no México. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de utilização de medicamentos que requeria prescrição médica. 370 expedientes médicos foram aleatoriamente selecionados e revisados, obtendo uma mostra estatísticamente representativa do total de consultas médicas realizadas no período de um ano. A validade da prescrição médica foi feita utilizando as seguintes variáveis: indicação, doses recomendada, via de administração, contra-indicações, interações, duplicação de medicamentos, medicamentos desnecessários ou faltantes. As prescrições médicas foram classificadas como: apropriada (se não foram encontrados erros nas prescrições) ou inapropriada (se foram encontradas ao menos um erro na prescrição). A razão risco-beneficio foi calculada para cada prescrição médica. O estudo revelou alta incidência de prescrições inapropriadas no Centro de Saúde da Universidade do México (58%), causada pelos erros nas doses recomendadas e na seleção do medicamento relacionado com a necessidade do paciente. Como resultado da análise chi2 , foi encontrado que as variáveis fármaco-terapêuticas escolhidas neste estudo para avaliar a prescrição médica, foram determinantes para classificar as prescrições como apropriadas. Nimesulide, ciprofloxacin, ranitidine, ketorolac e paracetamol representaram o maior número de medicamentos prescritos assim como a maior causa de erros encontradas nas prescrições. É importante que um farmacêutico valide os medicamentos prescritos no Centro de Saúde. Este estudo justifica o papel que os farmacêuticos mexicanos deveriam desempenhar para evitar erros na prescrição, como parte importante da equipe médica, assim como a urgência de implementar os cuidados farmacêuticos em todos os estabelecimentos dos Centros de Saúde no México.

The purpose of this study was to assess prescription rationality and most common prescription errors at the primary care clinic of a Mexican university.A retrospective drug utilization review of indication-prescription type was carried out. A random sample of 370 medical records of patients assisted over a year period, were reviewed. Prescription appropriateness was evaluated according to the variables: indication, dosage regimen, administration route, contraindications, interactions, medication duplicity, unnecessary or missing medications. Prescriptions were rated as appropriate (no prescription errors found) or inappropriate (at least one prescription error found). The benefit-risk ratio was calculated for each prescription. This study revealed a 58% of inappropriate prescriptions in the Mexican primary care university clinic, mostly due to errors on dosage regimen and innapropiate drug selection. As a result of chi2 analysis, it was found that the pharmacotherapeutic variables chosen for the prescription assessment in this study, were determinant in prescription appropriateness rating. Nimesulide, ciprofloxacin, ranitidine, ketorolac and paracetamol were the most prescribed drugs as well as the most common cause of errors found. The prescription error rate revealed by this study addresses the need for strategies to improve prescription's quality. Introducing pharmacists as a key part of health care team is a mean proposed to prevent medication errors and to solve the urgency of pharmaceutical care implementation in all primary care facilities in Mexico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a racionalidade das prescrições como também os erros mais comuns nas prescrições emitidas pelo Centro de Saúde de uma Universidade no México. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de utilização de medicamentos que requeria prescrição médica. 370 expedientes médicos foram aleatoriamente selecionados e revisados, obtendo uma mostra estatísticamente representativa do total de consultas médicas realizadas no período de um ano. A validade da prescrição médica foi feita utilizando as seguintes variáveis: indicação, doses recomendada, via de administração, contra-indicações, interações, duplicação de medicamentos, medicamentos desnecessários ou faltantes. As prescrições médicas foram classificadas como: apropriada (se não foram encontrados erros nas prescrições) ou inapropriada (se foram encontradas ao menos um erro na prescrição). A razão risco-beneficio foi calculada para cada prescrição médica. O estudo revelou alta incidência de prescrições inapropriadas no Centro de Saúde da Universidade do México (58%), causada pelos erros nas doses recomendadas e na seleção do medicamento relacionado com a necessidade do paciente. Como resultado da análise chi2 , foi encontrado que as variáveis fármaco-terapêuticas escolhidas neste estudo para avaliar a prescrição médica, foram determinantes para classificar as prescrições como apropriadas. Nimesulide, ciprofloxacin, ranitidine, ketorolac e paracetamol representaram o maior número de medicamentos prescritos assim como a maior causa de erros encontradas nas prescrições. É importante que um farmacêutico valide os medicamentos prescritos no Centro de Saúde. Este estudo justifica o papel que os farmacêuticos mexicanos deveriam desempenhar para evitar erros na prescrição, como parte importante da equipe médica, assim como a urgência de implementar os cuidados farmacêuticos em todos os estabelecimentos dos Centros de Saúde no México.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether phosphorylation has an effect on the characteristics of the 60 kD Ro antigen throughout the cell cycle. Cell extracts of synchronized HEp-2 cells were phosphorylated in vitro with exogenous ATP, examined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, and probed with specific anti-Ro sera. In addition, cellular ATP pools were radiolabelled in vivo with 32P. The presence of the Ro protein was detected with a molecular weight of 60 kD during all phases of the cell cycle, except at the M phase, where it was increased to 65 kD. Phosphorylation of the in vitro and in vivo cell extracts increased the molecular mass to 65 kD. Moreover immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Ro is hyperphosphorylated in the M phase. Phosphorylation did not change the recognition pattern of the anti-Ro sera.

Apoptosis plays a role in pemphigus IgG-dependent acantholysis; theoretically, the blockade of the caspase pathway could prevent the blistering that is caused by pemphigus autoantibodies. Using this strategy, we attempted to block the pathogenic effect of pemphigus IgG in Balb/c mice by using the caspase inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CMK. This inhibitor was administrated before the injection of pemphigus IgG into neonatal mice. The main results of the present investigation are as follows: (1) pemphigus IgG induces intraepidermal blisters in Balb/c neonatal mice; (2) keratinocytes around the blister and acantholytic cells undergo apoptosis; (3) the caspases inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CMK prevents apoptosis; (4) the inhibition of the caspase pathway prevents blister formation. In conclusion, inhibition of the caspase pathway may be a promising therapeutic tool that can help in the treatment of pemphigus flare ups.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease, whose skin lesions are exacerbated by environmental stressors such a UV light and heat. These physical factors modified the expression and localization of Ro60 protein and the homeostasis in the cell cycle. Objective: To better understand the molecular expression profile of Ro60, p53 and PCNA expression, and the possible activation of apoptosis through the Fas-L, FasR, caspase 8, and caspase 3 pathway, we developed an animal model under physical and chemical stress. Methods: Balb/c mice were exposed to UV radiation, heat, HgCl2, H2O2, ethanol, camptothecine and cicloheximide, in absence or presence of caspase 3 inhibitors. Afterwards, a skin extract was made it, proteins were characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, and p53, PCNA, FasL, FasR, caspase 8, and caspase 3 were immunodetected by ECL and densytometric analysis. Results: The Ro60 expression is modified under the influence of physical and chemical stressors, also it is increased mainly with UV light and heat in sharp contrast decreased with caspase 3 inhibitor. It was observed that p53 expression is increased by all the stressors except UV light, using the caspase 3 inhibitor the expression is abolished. In other hand PCNA, is down regulated under the influence of all the stressors but is considerable expressed with caspase 3 inhibitor. The induction of apoptotic pathway using stressors, was monitoring by changes of proteins like FasL, FasR, caspase 8, caspase 3, it was observed an increased levels of this proteins with HgCl2, camptothecine and cicloheximide, however in presence of caspase 3 the expression was decreased.

Pollution by heavy metals is an issue of vital importance due to the great environmental impact it has on the development and survival of living beings, mainly for the human species. Zacatecas is a state where mining has had great importance today, mainly in the extraction of gold and silver. The general objective of this project is to relate the bacterial behavior in the presence of Zn, Pb and As with a possible mechanism of bacteria-metal interaction, performing bacterial isolation from samples of mining tailings from the study areas, in order to evaluate tolerance. or bacterial resistance of said metals, as well as determining their concentration in bacterial isolates in order to propose a probable interaction mechanism, comparing the results obtained with those reported in the literature. The analysis of soil samples was carried out, isolating microorganisms and identifying them with the Gram stain. After this, the behavior of said isolates against metals was evaluated, measuring the optical density of the isolates. Later, the quantification of these metals was carried out by means of atomic absorption spectrometry to determine if the highest concentration was in the culture medium or in the biomass. The isolation of nine strains was achieved, five from the El Bote mine and four from Concepción del Oro, of which seven were Gram positive and two Gram negative. Of these, the bacteria that grew in the presence of Zn had a higher development in the presence of this metal compared to the control, as well as a higher concentration in the biomass than in the culture medium. In the case of As and Pb, these metals turned out to be toxic since they inhibited growth, and had a minimum concentration in the biomass, resulting in the highest amount in the culture medium. Compared with the bibliography, the results are consistent in the case of the three metals, proposing for the case of Zn a bioaccumulation mechanism, by taking advantage of this metal as a cofactor in its metabolic processes. In the same way, in the case of As and Pb, it has been proposed that the interaction with this metal was null, which could be through the biosorption and bioaccumulation mechanism, but being toxic to the bacteria isolated in this study. La contaminación provocada por metales pesados ha resultado ser un tema relevante debido al impacto ambiental y social en el desarrollo y supervivencia de cualquier ser vivo, principalmente para los humanos. La minería en el Estado de Zacatecas tiene gran importancia hoy en día, principalmente en la extracción de oro y plata. El objetivo general del presente proyecto es relacionar el comportamiento bacteriano en presencia de Zn, Pb y As con un posible mecanismo de interacción bacteria-metal realizando el aislamiento bacteriano a partir de muestras de relaves mineros de las zonas de estudio, para así evaluar la tolerancia o resistencia bacteriana dichos metales, así como determinar su concentración en los aislados bacterianos para así proponer un mecanismo de interacción probable, comparando los resultados obtenidos con los reportados en la literatura. Se llevo a cabo el análisis de muestras de suelo, aislando microorganismos e identificándolos con la tinción de Gram. Posterior a ello, se evaluó el comportamiento de dichos aislados frente a los metales, midiendo la densidad óptica de los aislados. Después, se realizó la cuantificación de estos metales mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica para determinar si la mayor concentración se encontraba en el medio de cultivo o en la biomasa. Se logro el aislamiento de nueve cepas, cinco de la mina El Bote y cuatro de Concepción del Oro, de las cuales siete fueron Gram positivo y dos Gram negativo. De estas, las bacterias que crecieron en presencia de Zn tuvieron un mayor desarrollo en presencia de este metal en comparación con el control, así como una mayor concentración en la biomasa que en el medio de cultivo. En el caso del As y Pb, estos metales resultaron ser tóxicos ya que inhibieron el crecimiento y tuvieron una mínima concentración en la biomasa, resultando la mayor cantidad en el medio de cultivo. Comparado con la bibliografía, los resultados son consistentes en el caso de los tres metales, proponiendo para el caso del Zn un mecanismo de bioacumulación, al aprovechar este metal como un cofactor en sus procesos metabólicos. De igual forma, en el caso del As y Pb, se ha propuesto que la interacción con este metal fue nula, pudiendo ser mediante el mecanismo de biosorción y bioacumulación, pero, resultando tóxicos para las bacterias aisladas en este estudio.